
Glass 

Book . C 7^~ 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 
BULLETIN NO. 2. 



EEPOET 



ON 



BIRD MIGRATION 



IX THE 



MISSISSIPPI VALLEY 



THE YEARS 1884 AND 1885, 



BY 



W. W. COOKE. 



EDITED AND REVISED BY DR. C. HART MERRIAM. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1888. 



y. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

division of economic oknithology. 
Bulletin No. 2. 



EEPOET 

4 3 4 

BIRD MIGRATION 

IN THE 

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY 



IX 



THE YEARS 1884 AND 1885, 



BY 



W. W. COOKE. 



EDITED AND REVISED BY DR. C. HART MERRIAM, 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE* 

lOQQ 

7365—Bull. No, 2, 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Letter op Transmittal 3 

Prefatory Letter 5-6 

First Part 7-49 

Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley: 

Introduction 9-10 

Theoretical Considerations 11-12 

Speed at which Birds Migrate 12-16 

Eelation of Migration to Barometric Pressure and Temperature .. 16-25 

A Study of the "Bird Waves" which passed up the Mississippi Valley 

during the Spring of 1884 25-33 

Synopsis of Migration at Saint Louis from January 1 to May 27, 1884. 33-37 
Progress of Vegetation and Awakening of Animal Life in the Missis- 
sippi Valley during the Spring of 1884 37-41 

List of Stations and Observers for 1884 41-43 

List of new Stations and Observers for 1885 43-44 

Form of Schedule used in 1885 45 

Notes on the Migration and Distribution of each Species reported as in- 
habiting the Mississippi Valley 46-49 

Second Part 51 

Systematic Eeport 53-295 

Index *.. 297 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



United States Department of Agriculture, 
Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, 

Washington, D. C, July 20, 1887. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bul- 
letin No. 2 of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, a 
special report upon Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley in 1884 and 
1885, by Prof. W. W. Cooke. 
Respectfully, 

0. Hart Merriam, 

Ornithologist. 
Hon. Norman J. Colman, 

Commissioner of Agriculture. 

3 



PREFATORY LETTER. 



The present report, which has been prepared by Prof. W. W. Cooke, 
with the assistance of Mr. Otto Widinann and Prof. D. E. Lantz, is the 
first fruit of the co-operative labors of the Division of Economic Or- 
nithology of the Department of Agriculture and the Committee on 
Bird Migration of the American Ornithologists' Union. It consists of 
two parts: (1) an introductory portion treating of the history and 
methods of the work, together with a general study of the subject of 
Bird Migration, including the influence of the weather upon the move- 
ments of birds, the progression of bird waves and causes affecting the 
same, the influence of topography and altitude upon migration, and the 
rates of flight in the various species 5 and (2) a systematic portion in 
which the five hundred and sixty species of birds known to occur in the 
Mississippi Valley are treated serially, the movements of each during 
the seasons of 1884 and 1885 being traced with as much exactness as 
the records furnished by the one hundred and seventy observers in the 
district permit. 

The chapters entitled "The Belation of Migration to Barometric Press- 
ure and Temperature," and "A Study of the Bird Waves which passed 
up the Mississippi Yalley during the Spring of 1884," are worthy of the 
most careful perusal 5 and the articles on the Kingbird and Purple 
Martin, in the systematic portion of the report, are particularly in- 
structive. Indeed, I feel no hesitancy in expressing the belief that the 
present report is the most valuable contribution ever made to the sub- 
ject of Bird Migration. 

For the opinions herein expressed, relating to the theoretical questions 
involved in the study of Bird Migration, Professor Cooke alone is re- 
sponsible. Some of these opinions are diametrically opposed to those 
held by the editor, but in a few instances only has the editor taken the 
liberty to add his views on the subject ; in all such cases the interpo- 
lated remarks will be found in bracketed foot notes, over his initials. 
In fact, it has not been thought proper to make any changes in the First 
Part of the report, save the verbal alterations necessary in preparing it 
for the press. In the Second Part, or " Systematic Eeport," the case is 
entirely different, for this portion of the report deals with fact instead 
of theory. Here the editor has deemed it his duty to make the subject- 
matter conform to the present state of knowledge on the subject. With 



this end in view, changes have been made freely, and the portions re. 
lating to the geographical distribution of the various species and sub- 
species have been largely rewritten. In this task the editor has received 
invaluable assistance from Mr. Eobert Eidgway, Curator of Birds in 
the U. S, National Museum. 

The nomenclature adopted is that of the new Check List of the 
American Ornithologists' Union, with the additions and corrections 
contained in Ridgway's Manual of North American Birds, which, for- 
tunately, became available just as this report was going to press. The 
number in brackets following each name is that which the species bears 
in Ridgway's Nomenclature of North American Birds, as published in 
Bulletin 21 of the U. S. National Museum, 1881. 

The admirable map which accompanies this report has been prepared 
under the supervision of Mr. Henry Gannett, chief geographer of the 
TJ. S. Geological Survey. 

My own connection with the report has consisted in bringing together 
under the head of each species the matter contributed separately for the 
two years; in arranging it in accordance with the nomenclature of the 
American Ornithologists' Union ; in revising* the systematic portion 
of the report (Part Second); in incorporating the original Appendix t 
into the body of the text, and in the editorial revision of the manu- 
script of the whole report — a labor which, for the past year and a half, 
has consumed all of the time not required in the performance of my 
routine official duties. 

C. Hart Merriam, 

Editor. 

Washington, D. C, July 20, 1887. 

* This revision has consisted in rewriting the habitats of most of the species and 
subspecies; in casting out some forms which had been included upon erroneous 
identification or insufficient evidence ; in correcting statements of fact ; in transfer- 
ring (in a few cases) the notes sent under a stated species or subspecies to a nearly re- 
lated species or subspecies known to inhabit the region under consideration to the 
exclusion of the form reported ; in the addition of a number of species and subspecies 
now known to inhabit the region ; in the insertion of additional matter under species 
already given ; in the interpolation of authorities for second-hand statements; and 
in the omission of matter of questionable reliability. In all of these directions the 
editor feels that the report is susceptihle of still further improvement, but want of 
time and reluctance to longer delay the publication of an already long-delayed and 
much-clamored-for document must be his excuse for its incompleteness and imper- 
fections. 

t The original appendix consisted of a very briefly annotated list of about one hundred 
and forty birds supposed to inhahit the District, but concerning which no reports had 
been received from our observers. Some of these have been eliminated, as resting upon 
insufficient evidence ; the remainder, for the convenience of those who use this book, 
have been incorporated in their proper places in the general text, accompanied by a 
statement of their geographical distribution, and such other facts of interest as might 
be added without too greatly increasing the bulk of the report. 



FIRST PART. 



BIRD MIGRATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, 



By W. W. Cooke. 



In the winter of 1881-82 the attempt was made to secure the assist- 
ance of the ornithologists of Iowa in studying the migrations of birds ; 
but a change of residence on the part of the author from Iowa to Minn- 
esota necessitated a modification of the original scheme, and it was de- 
cided to increase the size of the area to be investigated so as to include 
the whole Mississippi Yalley. All the ornithologists of that district were 
invited to co-operate by contributing notes on the winter birds and re- 
porting dates of the spring arrivals. Answers were received from 26 
persons who promised to aid in the work, but at the end of the season 
it was found that but 13 had actually forwarded observations. These 
13 were distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; Missouri, 2; Kansas, 1; 
Illinois, 3; Nebraska, 1; Iowa, 2; Minnesota, 2; Wisconsin, 1. Thus 
it will be seen that a small part only of the Mississippi Yalley was rep- 
resented. The notes contributed were published, without comment 
or change, in Forest and Stream for October, November, and Decem- 
ber, 1882. 

The same work was undertaken for the spring of 1883, and, by a lib- 
eral use of the press, a much larger corps of observers was obtained. 
The names of 42 persons were received, but of these 26 only furnished 
reports. They were distributed as follows: Texas, 1; Mississippi, 2; 
Tennessee, 1; Kansas, 2; Arkansas, 1; Missouri, 3; Illinois, 7; Iowa. 
4; Wisconsin, 2; Minnesota, 3 — thus leaving Louisiana, Indian Terri- 
tory, Nebraska, and Dakota with no representatives. 

The larger part of the hundreds of notes received from these observ- 
ers was never written up, and for that reason frequent reference will 
be made to them in the present report.* Some of the species were 
treated in the Ornithologist and Oologist for 1883, and the full notes 
from two of the stations appeared in the American Field for December, 
1883, and January, 1884, and were afterwards issued as Bulletin No. 1 
of the Eidgway Ornithological Club of Chicago. 

The founding of the American Ornithologists' Union (in September, 
1883) greatly enlarged the scope of the work, but did not materially 

[* Since the above was written most of these notes have been printed in the Orni- 
thologist and Oologist.— C. H, M.] 



10 

alter its character. As is weil known, this society was formed of the 
most prominent ornithologists of North America, and gathered to itself 
the best of the younger, active field workers. 

When, therefore, it was announced that, at the first meeting of the 
new Union, " a committee was also appointed on the l migration of birds,' 
to co-operate with Mr. W. W. Cooke in connection with his work on 
this subject in the Mississippi Valley, and consists of the following 
gentlemen, with power to add to their number: Merriam, Brown, Pur- 
die, Wheaton, Chamberlain, Grinnell, Henshaw, Cory, Merrill, Fisher, 
Bicknell, Mearns, and Mcllwraith,"* a new impulse was given to the 
work, and ornithologists all over the district hastened to send their 
offers of aid. 

Under the efficient management of the chairman of the committee, 
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, arrangements for the spring campaign were soon 
completed. The whole of the United States, British America, and Alaska 
were included in the scheme, and the field was divided into fourteen 
districts, each under the charge of its own superintendent. The su- 
perin tendency of the work in the Mississippi Valley remained in the 
same hands as for the two previous years, and the district was made to 
include Mississippi, the portions of Kentucky and Tennessee west of 
the Tennessee river, Illinois, Wisconsin, the northern peninsula of 
Michigan, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, In- 
dian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, and Manitoba. 

The work begun in the Mississippi Valley December 1, 1883, under 
the auspices of the American Ornithologists 7 Union, has been carried 
on uninterruptedly to the present date. Its progress has been chron- 
icled from time to time in The Auk, and in the Ornithologist and Oolo- 
gist, in which latter magazine, for May, 1884, appeared a list of the 
observers and a rough map of the district, showing the location of the 
stations. Since then the names of many new observers have been added 
until the number at the close of the season of 1884 was 160. Reports 
on spring migration in 1884 were received from 109 stations. These 
reports may be characterized as follows: Merely a few notes, 25 ; a 
scattered report on the whole or a part of the migration, 50 ; a full re- 
port on the whole migration, 34. These 109 stations were distributed 
over the Mississippi Valley as follows : Mississippi, 6 ; Tennessee, 1 ; 
Illinois, 22; Wisconsin, 14; Louisiana, 2 ; Arkansas, 1 ; Missouri, 9 ; 
Iowa, 18 ; Minnesota, 11 ; Texas, 4; Indian Territory, 2 ; Kansas, 5; 
Nebraska, 3 ; Dakota, 8, and Manitoba, 3. 

Eeports were received on the fall migration of 1S84 from about half a 
dozen observers. Individually, these reports were of a high grade of 
excellence, but their number was too small to allow of any accurate 
tracing of the southward movements of the various species. They will 
be found incorporated in the body of this report. 

* Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VIII, 1883, p. 225. 



11 



THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 



Before proceeding to treat in detail of the phenomena presented by the 
records of the migration observers, it may be well to glance for a moment 
at the general causes of migration, and at some of its more striking 
and interesting features. 

Without entering into a discussion of the causes which long ago 
started birds on their periodical change of habitation^ we shall not be 
far out of the way in considering their present migrations the result of 
inherited experience. To be more explicit, the first migrations were 
doubtless very limited in extent and probably were intelligent move- 
ments which through repetition became habitual, and the habit was 
transmitted from parent to offspring until it has become, as we see it 
now, the governing impulse of the bird's life. It is undoubtedly true 
that love of the nesting ground, which is to them their home, is the 
foundation of the desire for migration ;* and year after year they find 
their way thousands of miles back to the same box or tree by the exer- 
cise of memory — not always the memory of the individual, but the 
memory inherited from numberless preceding generations which have 
passed and repassed over the same route. 

In the study of the yearly cycle of migrations there are two movements 
for which we must seek the cause — the restless pushing northward in 
the spring, in spite of cold, rain, sleet, and snow; aud the southward 
journey in the fall. We have already stated that the northward move- 
ment is caused by a strong home love — an overpowering desire to be 
once more among the familiar scenes of the previous summer. The re- 
turn movement is obviously the result of two causes— the approach of 
winter and the failure of the food supply. Of these two, the latter is 
probably by far the more powerful, since it is well known that single 
individuals of species which retire far to the south often remain behind, 
and, favored by an abundance of food, withstand the most severe 
weather. Thus, many Eed-headed Woodpeckers remain through the 
winter in the cold climate of northeastern New York, frequenting the 
heavy timber where there is a great quantity of their favorite foodjt 
and it is not unusual for a few Eobins to spend the winter in north- 
central Wisconsin, sheltered in the thick pine forests ; while Ducks aud 
even Wilson's Snipe have been known to remain throughout the whole 

[* I cannot concur with Professor Cooke in the belief that " love of the nesting 
ground * * * is the foundation of the desire for migration." In a lecture on Bird 
Migration which it was my privilege to deliver in the U. S. National Museum, April 
3, 1886, I said : " Some ornithologists of note have laid special stress upon the ' strong 
home affection'' which prompts birds to leave the South aud return to their breeding 
grounds. To me this explanation is forced and unnecessary. Birds desert their 
winter homes because the food supply fails ; because the climatic conditions be- 
come unsuited to their needs ; because the approach of the breeding season gives rise 
to physiological restlessness ; and because they inherit an irresistible impulse to move 
at this particular time of the year." — C. H. M.] 

tMerriam, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. Ill, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 123-124. 



12 

winter in Wyoming, near the hot springs, whose warmth keeps the neigh- 
boring waters and ground from freezing. Nevertheless, it is as yet un- 
explained why some birds, notably many of the warblers, retire in winter 
to such a great distance south, some even crossing the equator and pass- 
ing several hundred miles beyond. Certainly neither cold nor hunger 
can be the cause of such wanderings. 

It has been often noticed that during the fall migration many birds 
seem to be able to foretell the approach of storms from the north, and 
hurriedly depart southward, before human eyes can detect any signs of 
the coming change. There is a large accumulation of evidence on this 
point, all seemingly in support of the proposition which has been for- 
mulated by one of our leading ornithologists in the following words : 
"Birds discern approaching meteorological changes."* Some ornithol- 
ogists deny this, saying that in such cases the birds have out-traveled 
the storm, in which they were at first caught, their superior powers of 
flight enabling them to pass ahead of it ; or that they have been warned 
by the hasty approach of more northern birds coming from the area 
over which the storm was moving. 

If we study fall migration merely, there seems to be no doubt of the 
truth of this statement, but if we include spring migration the question 
becomes much more involved. If birds discern approaching meteor- 
ological changes, why is it that so many thousands perish each year 
by being caught in storms and frozen to death '? Certainly an approach- 
ing storm in spring must give just as plain and early a warning as one 
in the fall, yet the same birds which are said to foresee it at the latter 
time and escape, rush blindly forward a few months later and are over- 
taken, their death paying the penalty of their rashness. Tbe hardy 
waterfowl (Ducks and Geese) push northward in the spring, encounter 
storms, and are turned back, only to repeat the same tbing a dozen 
times before they reach their summer quarters, but each time, instead 
of avoiding the approaching storm, they do not retreat until its actual 
presence drives them back. If they can foresee these changes, then 
their love of home and their desire to return to it must be wonderfully 
strong. 

SPEED AT WHICH BIRDS MIGRATE. 

In studying the speed at which birds proceed northward in their mi- 
grations one is beset by many difficulties. To determine the compara- 
tive speed of the several species is easy enough, but to determine the 
absolute rate— the exact number of miles which a particular bird makes 
during one day's journey — is beyond our power. If migration were a 
steady movement northward, with the same individuals always in the 
van, numerous careful observations might make it possible to arrive at 
an approximation to the truth ; but instead of this, migration is per- 
formed something after the manner of a game of leap-frog. While in 



*J. A. Allen, in Scribner's Monthly Magazine for October, 1881, p. 938. 



13 

the fall migration the younger birds lead,* in the spring they loiter be- 
hind, and it is the old birds, those in whom we may suppose the love 
of home and the desire for procreation are strongest, which press for- 
ward so eagerly. Moreover, of these old birds, those which arrive first 
at a given place, as a rule, are birds which lived there the previous 
summer and which will remain there to breed.f Thus the vanguard is 
constantly arresting itself, and the forward movement must await the 
arrival of the next corps, which may be near at hand or far in the rear. 
The movement of migration, then, is made up of a series of constant 
overlappings, and the real speed is evidently much greater than the 
apparent. Of this real speed of transit we can take no account, and our 
calculated rates, therefore, are of value only in so far as they show the 
relative speed of migration of the different species. In the accompany- 
ing report the speed of migration is calculated in the following manner: 
The most southern reliable record is selected for comparison with the 
most northern record of the same character ; the distance in miles be- 
tween these two stations is divided by the number of days elapsing from 
the time the species made its appearance at the southern station to the 
date at which it was seen by the northern observer. The result gives 
the average daily rate of migration in miles for the species. For exam- 
ple : The Baltimore Oriole was seen at Eodney, Miss. (lat. 31° 52'), April 
7. It was not seen at Oak Point. Manitoba (lat. 50° 30'), until May 25, 
It was therefore 48 days in passing over the 1,298 miles between the 
tw 7 o stations, which gives an average speed of 27 miles a day. This 
subject will be treated as thoroughly as possible, since it has received 
little or no attention heretofore ; indeed, there were no data in existence 
for its study until the notes were collected on which the present report 
is based. 

The first records published in this country relating directly to the 
speed at which birds travel appeared in the Ornithologist and Oologist 
for January, 1884 (pp. 1 and 2). These notes were based on the records 
of six species in the spring of 1883 ; and though the notes for 1884 are 
many fold more numerous they do not give grounds for a change in 
the general rate of speed set forth in that article. It must be kept 
constantly in mind, however, that no complete and scientific study of 
the subject is as yet possible, and that the present records are given 
merely because they are the best now obtainable, and because they 
may furnish some material for the use of the future student. 

The records of fifty-eight species for the spring of 1883 give an 
average speed of 23 miles a day for an average distance of 420 miles. 

[* The opinion here expressed by Professor Cooke, namely, that in fall young birds 
migrate before their parents, has been long accepted in Europe, but is contrary to 
the experience of most leading American ornithologists and to the evidence collected 
by the Committee on Migration of the American Ornithologists' Union, as will appear 
in a future publication of the Division. See, also, Mr. Brewster's recent essay on the 
subject, in the Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. — C. H. M.] 

[+This statement needs much qualification. — C. H, M.J 



14 

A slightly smaller number of species for the spring of 1884 give exactly 
the same average speed over an average distance of 861 miles. Hence 
it is probable that future observations will not materially change this 
estimate. 

A study of the records for 1883 led to the statement that in spring 
birds migrate more rapidly in the northern portion of their routes of 
travel than in the southern. As this statement was based on the notes 
of one year only, it became a matter of much interest to ascertain 
whether the facts observed would hold good in future seasons and thus 
admit of formulation as a general law, or whether they had been the 
results of specially favorable conditions in the latter part of a single 
season. Accordingly, in the spring of 1884, twenty -five species of well- 
known birds, concerning which we had fall records, were selected for 
careful study. The result bears out the foregoing statement. The dis- 
tance traveled was divided as nearly as possible into two equal por- 
tions and the speed was calculated for each. Some of the records do 
not admit of division ; others show an equal speed throughout ; while 
six show an increase of 77 per cent, in speed for the northern half, and 
three show a decrease of 47 per cent. Thus it will be seen that the 
record is strongly in favor of the increase. The same result may be 
reached by calculating the average speed of these twenty-five species 
separately for each of the different months in which migration is per- 
formed ; the average speed for March is 10 miles, for April 23 miles, 
and for May 26 miles, per day. The record for 1884 also confirms the 
statement that the later a bird migrates the higher average speed it 
will attain. This would naturally be inferred from the preceding re- 
marks. 

These calculations are averages which give the rate of speed at which 
the bird would travel provided it moved regularly each day. But we 
know that many pauses occur, that on many days there is no advance j 
hence, on the days of movement the speed must be much higher than 
that given. This is clearly seen in the case of the Purple Martin. From 
latitude 38° 40' to 46° its average rate is but 13 miles a day ; but we 
have good reason to believe that there was a pause from April 3 to 
April 14, and another from April 18 to May 3. Taking out the first of 
these pauses, the rate is raised between latitude 38° 40' and latitude 
43° 43' to 35 miles a day, and, not counting the second pause, the rate 
for the rest of the distance is 28 miles. 

We must also take into consideration the fact that in all probability 
the same bird seldom migrates for several nights in succession, but 
stops to rest after a flight of a night or two, so that the birds migrating 
one night are not the same individuals that were moving the night be- 
fore. 

It has been stated above that the average rate for April is greater 
than that for March, and is exceeded hy that for May ; but it cannot 
be said that the actual number of miles performed in a night's journey 



15 

is therefore greater. This may or may not be the case. The facts 
observed will be sufficiently clear if it is remembered that the later in 
the season a species moves the less hindrance it will meet from the ele- 
ments, and the fewer pauses will be necessitated in its journey. Dur- 
ing the mouth of May there are few if any nights in which migration 
does not take place ; while a bird that migrates in March must expect 
to be stopped by storms at least one week in four. 

In regard to the relative speed at which the different species travel, 
all that can be said at present is that those which migrate later have, 
as a rule, the highest rate. Thus the average speed of the Robin, Cow- 
bird, and Golden shafted Flicker is about 12 miles a day, while the aver- 
age of the Summer Eedbird, Baltimore Oriole, Buby-throated Hummer, 
and Nighthawk is 28 miles. If we try to calculate the relative speed of 
the different families, we find that some of the species in a family mi- 
grate early and slowly, others late and rapidly, bringing the average 
of most of the families very close to the general average of all, which, 
as already stated, is 23 miles a day. 

Birds have seldom been seen while on their way in undisturbed mi- 
gration at night. The observations given by W. E. D. Scott and J. A. 
Allen (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, 1881, pp. 97-100, and 188) are 
the most important, but in these nothing is said concerning the speed 
at which the birds were supposed to be moving. It is known that birds 
do not move rapidly, as a rule, when migrating in the day-time, but 
from the meager material at hand it may be inferred that the speed at 
night is considerably greater. During day-migration the smaller land 
birds rarely fly faster than 15 miles an hour, though the larger birds, 
such as Cranes, Geese, Ducks, etc., move much more rapidly. At Red 
Rock, Ind. Ter., between August 25 and September 5, 1884, the Cliff 
Swallows and Nighthawks were conspicuous every morning and even- 
ing, slowly drifting south and southwest in their fall migration. For 
an hour and a half parties of birds would pass by in almost unbroken 
succession. Many hundred Nighthawks were seen during a single even- 
ing, and the number of Swallows was much greater. The result of 
liming them on several occasions gave a rate of about 10 to 14 miles an 
hour, the former being the more usual speed. This slow rate was 
caused by the irregularity of the flight, as the birds captured their 
evening and morning meals on the wing. The morning flight lasted an 
hour only, and was made at about the same speed. Thus a distance of 
about 30 miles would be traveled by each individual during the morn- 
ing and evening together, but no one can say how much farther, if any, 
they traveled during the night. * 

The advance of the hosts of Warblers, as they move incessantly for- 
ward from tree-top to tree- top, is still slower, probably being but a few 
miles during a whole day. Geese in their northward flight along the 

[* The material gathered from the keepers of light-houses seems to indicate that 
neither Swallows nor Nighthawks migrate to any extent after night fall. — C. H. M.] 



16 

Atlantic coast traverse great distance's, sometimes covering from 300 to 
600 miles at a single flight; and, it cannot be said positively that the 
larger birds do not do the same over the land. Still, the records so far 
made seem to indicate that the smaller land birds, such as Warblers, 
Finches, and the like, do not perform long journeys at one time when 
over land, but their voyages over the Gulf of Mexico prove that even 
these small species possess great power of flight. 

The preceding discussion shows that we are entirely wanting in exact 
knowledge on the subject, and that for some time to come all we can 
hope to do is to gather material. In this connection the facts accumu- 
lated by the keepers of light-houses are of the utmost importauce, and 
the publication of the report containing these data is looked for with 
great interest. 

THE RELATION OF MIGRATION TO BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND TEM- 
PERATURE. 

In studying the spring migration of 1884 use was made of the tri-daily 
weather reports of the Signal Service, of which about 50 stations were 
in or near the Mississippi Valley. These reports give the temperature, 
state of barometer, dew point, direction and force of wind, amount of 
rainfall, and character of the sky. The observations on which they are 
based were taken at 7 a. m., 3 p. m., aud 11 p. m. In the following study 
the 11 p. m. records were used for those birds which migrate by night, 
and the 7 a. m. records for such species as Ducks and Geese, which per- 
form the bulk of their movements in the forenoon. 

To render the study more easy, weather maps were made, one for each 
day, based on the 11 p. m. observations. The maps were made as nearly 
as possible like those now printed daily by the Signal Service at Wash- 
ington ; that is, the state of the weather and the direction of the wind 
were marked at each station on the map in symbols which are plain and 
easily comprehended, so that the eye could take in at a glance the gen- 
eral state of the weather in the whole Mississippi Valley. At each 
station the temperature, state of barometer, and force of wind were indi- 
cated. Dotted lines were then drawn connecting all places having the 
same temperature, and solid lines connecting places of equal baromet- 
ric pressure. The former, called isothermal lines, were drawn for every 
five degrees of Fahrenheit; while the latter, called isobaric lines, were 
drawn for every tenth of an inch of pressure. The area of the lowest 
pressure is never stationary, but is constantly moving, and in an east- 
erly direction. It may be moving northeast, east, or southeast, aud 
rarely north or south ; but never northwest, west, nor southwest. The 
usual direction in the Mississippi Valley is a little south of east. It so 
happens that the particular wave which we study moves northeast- 
ward, but this is an exception to the general rule. Though it may 
move south or north for a time, it will surely turn east in the end. 
In the body of the report, under the Purple Martin, the relation of 



17 

migration to atmospheric cold and warm waves is discussed, and the 
statement is there made that the warm waves begin in the northwest 
and move toward the southeast. The cause of this lies in the move- 
ment of the area of low pressure. It is a law of the movement of winds 
that they go toward an area of low pressure, and from an area of high 
pressure. If, then, an area of low pressure develops, say in southwestern 
Dakota, it will be but a few hours before a south or southeast wind will 
be blowing over Nebraska and Kansas, and a warm wave will be started 
in these States. As this area passes eastward to Miunesota its effect 
will begin to be felt in Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, while by the time 
it has reached Lake Michigan it will probably have produced southeast 
winds even to the Gulf of Mexico. But an area of low pressure is fol- 
lowed by one of high pressure, producing an opposite effect, and the 
isotherms which bent north to welcome the coming of the low area turn 
rapidly southward before the icy breath which blows from an area of 
high pressure. Thus the cold and warm waves both come from the 
same quarter, and both move in the same direction ; that is, the direc- 
tion in which the area of low pressure is advancing. Since it is known 
that low pressure is generally accompanied by clouds and rain, while 
areas of high pressure are cloudless, it would be naturally supposed 
that migration would take place during high pressure ; but, as has 
already been stated, the area of low pressure attracts a south wind, and 
the increased warmth more than overbalances the cloudiness. Fully 60 
per cent, of the spring migration of 1884 took place in cloudy weather. 
It is probable, though I am not aware that it has as yet been proved, 
that in the fall migration the reverse is the case, and the larger move- 
ment takes place in clear weather. 

Following is a full record of the relation of migration to atmospheric 
conditions for the seven days from March 19 to 25, 1884, contrasted with 
a week's migration in May. 

March 18, 1884, at 11 p. m., there was no marked atmospheric dis- 
turbance throughout the United States. The minimum of the cold 
wave had occurred the day before and the temperature was gradually 
rising in the Upper Mississippi Valley. It is this part of the Mississippi 
Valley (from latitude 39° northward) to which the present study is con- 
fined. The temperature was quite high (50° at Saint Louis, and 37° at 
Saint Paul), but fell rapidly from Saint Paul northward till it reached 
20° at Moorhead, Minn.* The barometer varied only two-tenths of an 
inch from 29.9 inches in eastern Arkansas and southern Illinois to 30.1 
at Moorhead, Minn. The prevailing winds were very light E. to N". 
The weather was cloudy, with several light rains. There was little 
change toward the morning of March 19, except the shifting of the wind 
to N. and W., while the area of low pressure moved east to Caps 
Hatteras. Very little migration took place, and the few birds that 

* It need hardly be said that no one can follow these remarks intelligently without 
referring to the map accompanying this report. 

7365— Bull. 2 2 



18 

were moving northward niay.be well called "birds of the first wave," 
that is, Ducks, Geese, Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Robins, and Blue- 
birds. These are the birds with which we have to deal iu the study of 
these seven days. Migration was reported from southern Wisconsin 
and northern Illinois, against a northeast wind, with the temperature 
but two or three degrees above freezing, and from east- central Kansas 
under slightly warmer conditions. It seems likely that some of these 
notes belong to a warm wave which occurred two days before, but it is 
also certain that some Ducks and Geese were migrating iu tbe early 
morning hours, straight against the northerly winds. 

March 19 at 11 p. m. an area of slightly lower pressure bad just passed 
over the Upper Mississippi Valley, and tbe barometer rose steadily 
all night. Between Saint Paul and Saint Louis the temperature re- 
mained the same as the day before; northward it was slightly higher; 
the winds were light, and were everywhere from NE., UW., and W- 
The temperature ranged from 45° at Saint Louis to 2J° at Moorhead. 
The average barometer, at 1L p. in., was 30.07 inches, and at 7 a. m. of 
the 20th, 30.15 inches. Cloudy weather was reported everywhere ex- 
cept in the Lake Superior region. In general, the condition may be 
said to have been very unfavorable for migratiou, yet new arrivals were 
still noted from the same places as on the day previous, with the ad- 
dition of records from southeastern Dakota, eastern Iowa, and south 
central Iowa. It would seem that the Ducks and Geese were so desirous 
of reaching their breeding grounds that they pushed northward in 
spite of the wind and the clouds, as soon as the temperature rose two 
or three degrees above freezing, regardless of the fact that the winter's 
snow still covered the ground, and the lakes and rivers were still bound 
with ice. Not until a week later did any streams open in the region 
which was now being invaded by the migrating hosts. 

March 20 was characterized by very high barometer and by a marked 
advance of the isotherm of 30° to points north of Duluth an i Moor 
head. There was no place in the Upper Mississippi Valley at 11 p. m., 
March 20, where the pressure was less than 30.2, and in western Da- 
kota it was30.3. Calm weather orvery lightnorth winds prevailed, with 
clear weather along the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and cloudy 
weather with light rains on the Missouri. The minimum tempera- 
ture at Saint Louis was 43° ; at La Crosse 37°; at Saint Paul 20°, and 
at Moorhead 23°. It was a moderately fair night for migration. The 
culmination of the high pressure was reached, and already in the south- 
ern Rocky Mountain region the low pressure was developing which 
was to bring about the immense movements which took place during 
the next three days ; already the isotherms in that quarter were begin- 
ning to move northward and the wind along the Gulf coast had changed 
to SE. The birds seemed to have a foreknowledge of the approaching 
change, for twice as many 'firsts' were recorded as during the two 
previous days. Some of these came from central Missouri, where the 



19 

change was at this time slightly felt. The main portion came from the 
same districts as on the day previous. There was practically no ad- 
vance of the van, but a filling up of the country already traversed by 
the scouts. 

On the night of March 21, at 11 p. m., an area of low barometer (29.9 
inches) was passing eastward across the Upper Mississippi Valley and 
was central at North Platte, iNebr. It produced SE. winds of moderate 
strength in all the Mississippi Yalley except the extreme northern part, 
above La Crosse. The temperature rose throughout the district to 50° 
at Saint Louis and 35° at Saint Paul ; but north of this, beyond the in- 
fluence of the SE. wind, it fell rapidly to 18° at Moorhead and 11° at 
Saint Vincent. The isotherm of 40° was carried up to La Crosse. As 
morning approached, the temperature still rose in the northern part 
and the sky became overcast with some local clouds and rain. It was 
a night of much migration, owing to the influence of the area of low 
pressure, which at 7 a. m., March 22, was central at Omaha and Tank- 
ton, where the barometer at 3 p. m. registered 29.71 inches. This was 
a fall at Yankton of .32 inch during sixteen hours, while the center of 
the low area moved but a few miles; and the necessary result was a 
great rise in temperature and consequently great movements among 
birds. But the movements took place only to the east of the low press- 
ure area ; for it is a law of atmospheric circulation that the winds are 
attracted from the south, not directly toward the center of the low press- 
ure area, but toward places to the east of it in the same direction that 
it is moving, while the winds which it attracts from the north move 
toward places to the west or behind it. Migration, therefore, would be 
looked for in vain to the south, west, or north of Yankton. The whole 
of this immense movement, which in number of records was as great as 
that of the three previous days together, and in number of individuals 
was many times greater, took place to the southeast and east of Yank- 
ton. The SE. winds prevailed up to La Crosse, and this place also 
marked the limit of the night's movement in that direction. A map 
was made of the migration which took place on this day, and it was 
found to cover a very nearly circular area, 250 miles in diameter, the 
center of which was midway between Keokuk and Davenport. Some 
idea of the great number of birds which were migrating during this night 
may be had from the fact that at Saint Louis twenty-six different species 
were noted as having arrived or increased. It is well to bear in mind 
that all these birds were migrating on a rapidly falling barometer, hence 
in the face of what is usually considered a sign of an approaching storm ; 
and it may be noted also that all this great movement did not advance 
the van, which remained where it had been before. 

March 23, bird migration was at a standstill. The area of low press- 
ure, which was central at Yankton in the afternoon of the 22d, had 
moved to Saint Paul by 11 p. m., the barometer falling steadily to 29.61 
inches. During the night it moved KE. to Marquette, Mich., falling 



20 

still more to 29.56 inches. In the mean time an area of high pressure 
developed at Dodge City, Kans. The effect on the wind was as fol- 
lows : From Saint Louis southward the winds began to shift to SW.; to 
the northwest of that place they became IW. and N.; while to the 
northeast of Saint Louis they shifted to SW. and W. As would be 
expected, those places which had W. and NW. winds had clear skies, 
while the district from Saint Paul and La Crosse to Chicago and east- 
ward was cloudy. The temperature from Saint Paul northwest, north, 
and northeast rose. At Saint Paul it was stationary, and thence south- 
ward it fell a few degrees, but still remained warm. The wave of migra- 
tion seems to have exhausted itself in a single night. Some forty 
'firsts 7 were recorded for this day, but, except at two places, they 
seem to have been arrivals of the previous day, which had been over- 
looked. These two stations, Waupaca, Wis., and Heron Lake, Minn, 
(with its neighborhood), furnished one-half of the forty records, and 
both are on the northern edge of the district covered by the preceding 
night's migration. It seems, then, that at these places there was a local, 
though, in the case of Heron Lake, a very large migration. 

March 24 was marked by cloudy weather after a clear night. South- 
erly winds prevailed over the Upper Mississippi Valley, varying from 
SE. to SW., and mostly light. The temperature had fallen, on an av- 
erage, 5° from Chicago to Bismarck and northward. It had risen 
strongly 9° to 11° at Yankton and Omaha, this rise probably being the 
cause of the arrival of immense numbers of water-fowl during the day 
at Heron Lake, Minn., all coming from the west, that is, from the 
direction of Yankton, at which place at 7 a. ra. a S. wind was blowing. 
It was a day of general low pressure. The whole district, from Cairo 
to Moorhead, was included between 29.80 and 29.89 inches. Northward 
and eastward, in Manitoba and at Marquette, Mich., the barometer fell 
to 29.65; in the southwest, at Fort Smith, Ark., it fell to 29.71; and 
westward, at Deadwood, Dak., it rose to 30. An area of low pressure 
developed at Port Smith, Ark., in the early evening of March 23, and 
became pronounced during the next twenty-four hours. At 7 a. m. of 
the 24th the effect of this area was hardly felt, but by night the wind 
had been attracted to it over most of the Upper Mississippi Yalley, 
bringing from the north colder, clearer weather. This day, therefore, 
was the turning point, and the beginning of a cold wave which was 
already felt to the northwestward of Cheyenne. The temperature at 
11 p. m., March 24, was 47° at Saint Louis, 42° at Chicago, 50° at Des 
Moines, 37° at Saint Paul, and 32° at Moorhead. 

This was the last day of the warm wave which commenced on the 
evening of March 21, and the birds made the most of their opportunity 
and advanced a whole degree farther north. The hosts which had 
rested during the night of the 22d moved forward and fully occupied 
all the country up to latitude 45°, with an innumerable host along the 
Mississippi Eiver at 45° 25', and scouts up even to 47° on the Mis- 
souri. 



21 

That this was the culmination is easily seen from the records, which 
fell from seventy-three notes on the 24th to but seventeen the next clay. 

Let us now calculate the average conditions under which birds were 
migrating during these seven days. A few more than three hundred 
records of 'firsts 7 were contributed for these seven days, and the tem- 
perature at which the species were migrating is found to be as follows : 
25°, one record (a Goose, in more senses than one) ; 29°, a cousin to the 
last; 31°, eighteen firsts; 33°, twelve firsts; 35°, eleven firsts; 37°, 
forty firsts ; 39°, forty-one firsts ; 41°, fifty-two firsts ; 43°, sixteen 
firsts ; 45°, twenty-five firsts; 47°, five firsts; 49°, seventeen firsts; 51°, 
nine firsts. Thus it will be seen that the favorite temperature for mi- 
gration of "birds of the first wave" ranges from 37° to 41° Fahrenheit. 

In cloudy weather there were 143 records ; in clear weather 101, or 
exactly 60 per cent, cloudy, to 40 per cent, clear. 

With reference to the wind, it has been found that with the wind 
north there were 29 records; NE., 31; E., 12; SE., 75; S., 23; SW., 
27; W., 39; and NW., 9. It will be noticed that the most unfavorable 
winds, namely, the E. and NW., are directly opposite those winds 
which have the greatest number of records. Combining, we have for 
E. and W., 51 records; for NW., N., and NE., 69; and for SE., S., and 
and SW., 125 records, showing how greatly the birds prefer a southerly 
wind to help them on their journey. 

The effect of barometric pressure will appear from the following 
statement : March 19 there were 24 records with an average pressure 
of 30 inches; March 20,35 records at 30.04 inches; March 21, 43 records 
at 30.24 inches ; the 22d, 82 records at 30.15 inches ; the 23d, 45 records 
at 29.80 inches ; the 24th, 73 records at 29.85 ; and the 25th, 17 records 
at 29.86 inches. These give an average of exactly 30 inches, or the 
normal pressure ; but it must be remembered that the great wave of 
the 22d began when the pressure was very high and took place on a 
falling barometer. It is probable that a large number of observations 
taken throughout the season would give from 29.93 to 29.95 as the 
average pressure at which most birds migrate. 

The above study of the influence of atmospheric conditions upon mi- 
gration pertains to a single week in March, when the first wave was 
passing over the Upper Mississippi Yalley. A similar study will now 
be made for a week in May, just before the close of migration for the 
spring. The seven days from May 4 to May 10, 1884, have been chosen. 
This brief period includes two warm waves and an interim of inde- 
terminate nature. Naturally, the birds were migrating under very dif- 
ferent conditions, and, as a result, a very different set of birds was con- 
cerned. One may look in vain for notes on Ducks, Geese, Eobins, and 
other early species. In their stead the brilliantly- colored Orioles, Gros- 
beaks, Indigos, and Tanagers will be found. In the place of the frost 
and cold of March, there is a summer temperature with frostless nights, 
and swarms of insects are ready for the Warblers, Yireos, and Fly- 



22 

catchers. But the laws of atmospheric movements remain unchanged, 
and their effect on the movements of birds is the same in kind, but 
slightly different in degree. A north wind still retards their move- 
ments, but it comes with no icy breath, and when the fancy takes them 
they move easily against its no longer dreaded force. 

May 3, the record began at 11 p. m., at which time there was an area 
of low pressure in northeastern Dakota and Manitoba, the barometer 
being very low at Qu'Appelle (29.38 inches). Most of the Mississippi 
Valley was included between 29.7 inches and 30.0 inches, the latter 
being the reading all along our eastern border. 

This low area produced southerly winds over most of the district, 
there being nothing but S., SE., and SW. winds in the region north of 
Saint Louis. The temperature was high (58° to 61°) along the Missis- 
sippi and the lower Missouri to Saint Paul and Omaha, falling to 55° 
at Saint Vincent and Bismarck, and falling rapidly around the lakes to 
42° at Marquette. South of Milwaukee and Omaha the weather was 
cloudy; north of these places, clear. During the night the low area 
moved south to a point a little below Bismarck, the south wind still blow- 
ing over the Mississippi Valley, with increased cloudiness in the north- 
ern part. By 3 p. m. May 4, West Las Animas, Colo., was the center 
of the low area, and there was a decided fall in pressure over all the 
United States east of the Kocky mountains, causing the south wind to 
blow still harder, with clouds and local rains in the Upper Mississippi 
Valley. Such was the preparation for the bird wave of the night of 
May 4, for after 3 p. m. the low area turned northeastward and passed 
directly across the upper part of the district, being central at Yankton 
at 11 p. m., with a pressure of 29.64 inches. Thus all the migration 
during the nights of May 3 and 4 was on a falling barometer — on the 
night of the 4th with cloudiness, and on both nights with warm south- 
erly winds. 

In the study of migration in May, one must deal almost entirely with 
the 11 p. m. weather observations, for towards the latter end of migra- 
tion the movement is for the most part by night. It is true that a few 
birds, the Warblers for instance, move a little during the daytime, pass- 
ing slowly from tree to tree; but short distances only are made in these 
journeyings, leaving the bulk of the movement to be performed at night. 

During the night of May 3 but few movements took place, and more 
than half of these were around Saint Paul and to the northward, where 
the influence of the low area in Manitoba was already beginning to be 
felt. The full advance was postponed until the next night, which was 
one of great movement over most if not all of the country between Saint 
Louis and Manitoba. The districts which furnished but nine records 
for the night of May 3, on the next night showed nearly seventy. The 
wave seems to have been most pronounced in Iowa, northern Illiuois, 
southern Wisconsin, and at Saint Louis, with a heavy wave in Mani- 
toba and another in northern Texas; but it is not unlikely that this 



23 

seeming volume was clue in part to the greater number of observers, 
for in each district the number of records of this wave was about pro- 
portionate to the number and excellence of the observers. It seems 
probable that to the northeastward the limit of the wave was at Madi- 
son, Wis., and thence up the Mississippi to Saint Paul. There is a 
striking similarity in the species which were reported from the sta- 
tions between Saint Paul and Saint Louis, but while the northern 
stations reported the first males, Saint Louis reported the first females 
and bulk. Nearly one-half of the record is made up of notes on the 
Baltimore Oriole, Orchard Oriole, Kose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunt- 
ing, Bobolink, Catbird, and Eedheaded Woodpecker. No less than 
twelve records of the Baltimore Oriole were sent from six different 
States. These species would now be looked for in vain in the notes 
from Manitoba. A great bird wave was felt there, it is true, but the 
species composing it were totally different, being those, like the Yellow- 
rumped W^arbler and White-crowned Sparrow, which passed through 
the central district some weeks before. As in the great wave studied in 
March, about half as many notes were reported the day after the wave 
had passed (in this case May 6), but these notes came from the same 
places as the day before, and were in ones and twos, indicating that 
they treated of species which arrived the day before but escaped notice. 
The only exception to this was in northeastern Wisconsin, where the 
notes indicated a large local wave; but, even here, it seems more likely 
that the observer was unable to be in the field May 5, and consequently 
did not see the arrivals until the next day. 

The period described above was followed by a north wind. The low 
area had passed east of the Mississippi Valley, and was followed by 
colder and at the same time cloudier weather. During May 7 and 8 
there was not a record of the whole eighty with a S., SE., or S W. wind. 
But the birds did not stop. There seems to have been a regular though 
not rapid advance, for on the night of May 6 there were thirty-six rec- 
ords, every one with N". or IW. wind and cloudy sky. Had this state 
of things lasted but a single night, one might be inclined to regard the 
records as mistakes on the part of the observers, but the whole eighty 
records for the two nights can not be wrong, and the inference is that 
during the latter part of migration there is no night so unfavorable but 
that some migration takes place. 

The least movement of the seven nights under consideration took 
place on the night previous to May 9. A low area had developed two 
days before in Manitoba and had £>assed across Lake Superior, becom- 
ing central at Port Huron May 8, at 11 p. m. It had produced a great 
rise of temperature (5° to 11°) in the Upper Mississippi Valley — so much 
so as to make this section actually warmer than the middle portion. At 
La Crosse the thermometer registered 70° ; at Saint Louis, 65° ; Omaha, 
09° ; Little Eock, G6°; Bismarck, 55°; Fort Elliott, 53° ; but the area 
extended so far north that the south wind it caused was of too short 



24 

duration to start migration, ^lie notes received came from places where 
tlie southerly winds were felt, principally in northeastern Illinois, with 
the single exception of a batch of records from central Iowa, where a 
northwest wind prevailed. The weather over the whole of the district 
was clear, with an average barometric pressure of about 30 inches. 

In western Nebraska and eastern Colorado the barometer, though 
high, was falling, and during the daytime of May 9 it fell rapidly. At 
Yankton, during the sixteen hours previous to 11 p. in., May 9, the press- 
ure fell .34 inch to 29.74 inches. Thus the low area developed right in 
the Mississippi Valley, and its influence was speedily felt, bringing on 
southerly winds and sending northward almost the last great wave of 
the spring migration. The temperature did not vary much from that 
of the night before, except to rise a little in the immediate vicinity of 
the low area and to fall at La Crosse and northeastward ; the sky was 
mostly clear ; the wind variable — the low area not having had time to 
fully affect the winds. All the records came from places where the 
winds were southerly — consequently from the cloudy places — so that 
although the larger part of the Upper Mississippi region was clear, the 
cloudy records form 73 per cent, of the wiiole number. Another thing 
was noticeable, namely, that notwithstanding the fact that the sky was 
cloudy, yet the dew point was many degrees below the temperature, 
showing that the air was very dry. The average of the difference be- 
tween the temperature and dew point of the records of May 5 is only 
four degrees, with a range from 0° to 8°, showing that the air was al- 
most fully saturated with moisture. The records of May 1L show an 
average difference of fifteen degrees, with a range from 11° to 33°. 
Thus it wilt be seen that the humidity of the atmosphere has little or 
no effect on migration, and can be left out of future investigations. 

This wave of the night of May 9, like the one of five days before, was 
very extended. Along the western shores of Lake Michigan, where the 
weather had been cold and disagreeable for the four days previous, it 
was most strongly felt. Then little or no movement was noted until 
the Mississippi was crossed. Here, from Keokuk to Moorhead, the 
night was marked by great activity, and the movement extended in a 
southwesterly direction as far as southern Nebraska and Kansas. No 
notes were sent from southern Dakota, and it is probable that almost 
no migration took place in that Territory, as certainly none did in Man- 
itoba. Nor was the movement of special importance south of Keokuk. 
The influence of the low area had not yet extended south of that point, 
and it was not until the next night that a full bird wave occurred at 
Saint Louis. The above is an excellent example of a bird wave and a 
warm wave both working from the north southward. 

Eecapitulating, in the same manner as was done for the March notes, 
it is found that the temperatures at wdiich migration was made are as 
follows : At 46° there were 29 records of firsts ; at 52°, 11 records ; 55°, 
116 records; 59°, 66 records; 63°, 70 records; 67°, 9 records. Thus, in- 



25 

stead of a favorite temperature ranging from 37° to 41°, as was the case 
in March, it is found that from 55° to 60° is the favorite temperature for 
nearly the last wave. Indeed, 63° is about the average temperature at 
which the real rear guard, composed of Cuckoos, Whippoorwills, etc., 
usually moves. 

In cloudy weather there were 184 records, and in clear weather 113 ; 
or 62 per cent, in cloudy to 38 per cent, iu clear weather, as against 60 
and 40 per cent, respectively, in March. The records with relation to 
the wind are as follows : Wind K, 64 records ; NE., ; E., 6 ; SE., 47 ; 
S., 49 ; SW., 42 5 W., 23 ; NW., 33 ; or for N., KE., and NW, 97 j with 
138 for S., SE., and SW. 

The average barometer for 298 records was 29.88 inches, against 30 
inches in March. 

A STUDY OF THE " BIRD WAVES " WHICH PASSED UP THE MISSIS- 
SIPPI VALLEY DURING THE SPRING OF 1884. 

The following study, for obvious reasons, must be considered! as an 
experiment, known to be incomplete, and wanting in many essential de- 
tails. The project was not thought of until migration had commenced ; 
no instructions were issued to observers to note bird waves ; only a few 
sent in any specific notes on the subject, and most of the information 
relating to it had to be picked out of a mass of notes not pertaining to 
the question, and so intimately connected with other themes as to be 
difficult of separation. Under such adverse conditions no attempt 
would have been made to study the bird waves were it not for the ex- 
treme importance of the subject. It is during the nights of bird waves 
that the bulk of migration takes place. This is especially true of fall 
migration, though to a large extent of spring also. To study migration 
successfully it must be studied when most active. Moreover, it is on 
bird waves that the action of the weather is most apparent; hence, these 
waves furnish the readiest means of studying the relation between me- 
teorology and migration. The greatest drawback is met with in the 
difficulty of accurately observing and reporting bird waves. It is by 
far the hardest part of the field work in the study of migration, and 
requires more time and more constant presence in the field than most 
observers can give. 

The only station at which the successive bird waves were accurately 
and fully noted was that at Saint Louis, Mo, where Mr. Otto Wid- 
mann, the most careful, competent, and painstaking observer in the 
district, spent nearly the whole time in the field. For the present, 
then, all that can be done is to take the bird waves of Saint Louis as a 
text and see how far they extended, and how the movements of birds 
at other places agreed with them. From the absence of material, it 
will be impossible to study all the waves of the Mississippi Valley. 
Those observed at Saint Louis will be given in full, not only to serve 



26 

as a basis of comparison, but also to serve as a model for observers in 
future years. 

The expression "bird icave" lias been used many times. The term 
is capable of two interpretations; consequently, two methods of study 
are possible. 

(1) A "bird wave" may be considered to consist of a very large num- 
ber of individuals, of one or many species, which suddenly invade a 
certain area. In studying such a wave it is necessary to ascertain the 
species of which it is composed and the boundaries of the area over 
which it extends. 

(2) Certain species, known to be migrating in company on a given 
day, may be considered to constitute' a "wave," and their progress may 
be watched from day to day and from week to week. 

This latter mode of study is applicable to the earliest waves only, for 
it is only early in the season, if at all, that the same species which are 
together in the south keep together during the entire journey. In all 
the later waves the species migrating in company change from day 
to day. Hence no attempt will be made to follow waves of this char- 
acter; and the first, or bird waves proper, will alone be dealt withe 

It is usually believed that all birds reach their winter quarters by 
the end of December, but in this respect the winter of 1883-84 was 
exceptional. The fall of 1883 was very warm, and from latitude 39° 
southward there was no cold weather before Christmas. About this 
time, however, the real winter set in, and by January 2 it had extended 
southward to latitude 33°. Hence, fall migration did not end until the 
first week in January; and since spring migration began in central 
Mississippi on January 11, but little time was left between the end of 
the southward and beginning of the northward movement. It is to be 
observed, however, that the southward movement of January 1 was con- 
fined chiefly to the Thrush and Sparrow families, while the northward 
movement consisted wholly of water-birds. As examples of this late 
staying of birds at the north the following may be selected : Dr. G. S. 
Agersborg reported from Yermillion, Dak. (latitude 42° 56'), that "in 
early January birds were few, probably owing to previous mild weather. 
On January 5 winter set in, with the thermometer at 34^° below zero, 
and by the end of the month all our winter residents were here except 
the Bohemian Waxwing, the Evening Grosbeak, and the Magpie. Pur- 
ple Grakles and Cowbirds did not leave until December 26, a later date 
by twenty-seven days than any noted since 1867, when I commenced 
to record arrivals and departures." 

At Saint Louis, Mo. (lat. 38° 40'), the cold spell set in with a snow- 
storm January 1, causing most of the Bluebirds, Shrikes, Bed-tailed 
Hawks, Bed-shouldered Hawks, and Gulls to retreat southward, and 
bringing down large numbers of Crows. 

From Anna, 111. (lat. 37° 30'), C. W. Butler reported : "Until Janu- 
ary 2, I could pick strawberry blossoms growing out of doors and 



27 

uncovered; and all our winter residents were herein great numbers. 
But January 2 a heavy storm set in, and on the 4th the mercury was 
— 21°, the coldest day for twenty years. Ducks and a great majority of 
our winter birds left and stayed away during the cold spell, which 
lasted through January." Still farther south, H. Nehrling, from Pierce 
City, Mo. (lat. 36° 56'), reported that "Harris's Sparrow, the Fox 
Sparrow, the Song Sparrow, and Towhee, after being common in the 
early wiuter, all left about January 1." At Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 34° 
ll 7 ), the children were barefoot on Christmas Day, and the woods were 
fall of birds and bird song; after the cold spell of January 2 the woods 
were found still and almost tenantless. 

First wave of 1884. — Turning now to northward movements, it is 
found that the first spring wave occurred at Saint Louis (lat. 38° 40'), 
in the latter part of January. Its record is as follows : January 25, 
a warm wave set in which continued until February 5; the warmest 
day (maximum 67°) was January 30. During this time the creeks were 
free from ice after the 29th, and the ice broke up in the Mississippi. 
The first wave brought the advance guard of Robins, (Hernia migrato- 
ria), Eed- winged Blackbirds (Agelaius iilmniceus), Purple Crackles 
(Quiscalus quiscula), Mallards (Anas boschas). Sprig- tails (Bafila 
acuta), and Canada Geese (Br ant a canadensis). The Bluebirds (Sialia 
sialis), Shrikes (Lanius Mo ivci<mws), Red- tailed Hawks (Buteo boreal- 
is), Eed-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lincatus), and Gulls (Larus argen- 
tatus smiihsonianus), which had left during the coldest term, returned. 
Many Gulls passed, going north, and the vast multitude of Crows 
(Gorvus americanus), whose numbers had swelled to something near 
50,000 during the first half of January, decreased rapidly after the 26th. 

This being the state of affairs at Saint Louis, it remains to deter- 
mine the boundaries of the wave. As would naturally be expected, a 
large stretch of country south of Saint Louis was affected. In the 
extreme south, in Mississippi, the same wave of warm weather was 
found, but since water-fowl and other birds had been passing and re- 
passing all the month no special effect on migration was noted. On 
reaching southern Illinois a state of things exactly similar to that at 
Saint Louis was found. Thus at Anna, 111. (lat. 37° 30'), the "Ducks, 
which had left January 2, began to return and remained off and on 
during February, which was variable, raining and freezing alternately" 
(C. W. Butler). West of Anna, at Pierce City, Mo. (lat. 3G° 56'), on 
January 30 and 31, the Robins and Bluebirds, which had been sent 
south by the cold of January 2, returned; and large flocks of Red- 
winged Blackbirds passed north, followed a day or two afterward by 
large flocks of Canada Geese, Brant, Snow Geese, Mallards, Pintails, 
and Teal. Even as far southwest as Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat, 34° IP), 
the same wave was felt. It began there January 24, but was not de- 
cidedly felt until the 28th. It entirely obliterated all signs of winter 
and started the first spring migration. Ducks and Geese moved a 



28 

little, and most of the birds deserted their thick winter coverts, ap- 
pearing in town and on the prairie, while all the songsters burst forth 
in fall spring melody. Blackbirds, both Bed-winged and Cowbirds, 
increased decidedly ; grass started everywhere, and one wild flower 
was found. 

Directly east of Saint Louis the wave can be traced to Odin, 111. (lat. 
38° 39'), where the atmosphere was warm from January 27 to February 
4. The snow had all gone, and Geese appeared January 31, followed by 
Ducks February 2. West of Saint Louis the migration of Bluebirds 
was observed at Mount Carmel, Mo. (lat. 38° 45'), and of Kobins and 
Geese at Glasgow, Mo. (lat. 39° 14'). 

Above are the limits of this wave,_which, although of great extent to 
the south, east, and west of Saint Louis, proceeded no farther north. 
A study of the Signal Service report shows the reason for this. Al- 
though the warm wave was felt for several hundred miles north of Saint 
Louis, yet its power was not sufficient to produce any marked thaw or 
breaking up of the streams. Indeed, even in the latitude of Saint 
Louis, no marked effect was observed, except in the lowlands. Stations 
in the vicinity of Saint Louis, and only 30 or 40 miles farther north, did 
not feel its influence. And the same is true in the West. In Kansas 
there was no movement of birds. At Manhattan (lat. 39° 12'), though 
in the same latitude, there was no migration, and the Signal Service 
reports show that the nights were cold, and winter reigned until a month 
later. An apparently accidental movement was reported from Unadilla, 
Nebr. (lat. 40° 53', F. 0. Kenyon), where Geese arrived January 31, and 
Ducks February 2 j but it is possible that these birds were driven back 
from the north, as both Ducks and Geese had been reported January 11 
from Yermillion, Dak. (lat. 42° 56') — a locality where they had never 
before been seen in winter. A single record of Robins and Bluebirds 
came from Carlinville, 111. (lat. 39° 19'), February 2, with the statement 
that no others were seen for two weeks (Chas. W. Robertson). 

Second wave. — The second wave began at Saint Louis during the 
night of February 18, and was cut short on the 19th at 11.30 a. m. by 
a fierce snow-storm from the northwest. On the 18th, in the afternoon, 
the temperature rose rapidly with a good breeze from the southeast 
which moderated in the evening, but the temperature remained at 50° 
all night. The sky was clear in the evening, but cloudy in the morning. 
This wave brought more Robins, Bluebirds, and Purple Finches; many 
Mallards, Sprigtails, Green-winged Teal, and Canada Geese; it took 
off about half the Tree Sparrows (Spizella montwola), and brought the 
first migrants of the Goldfinch (Spinus tristis), White-crowned and 
White-throated Sparrows (ZonotricMa leucophrys and albicollis), Field 
Sparrows (Spizella pusilla). Song Sparrows (Melospiza fasciata), Swamp 
Sparrows (Melospiza palustris). Fox Sparrows (Passer ella iliaca), and 
Ghe winks (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). It appears to have been a local 
wave. No other stations reported any movement whatever on those 



29 

dates. There were, to be sure, a few records of apparently irregular oc- 
currences ; a single Bluebird was seen at Newton, Iowa (lat. 41° 42'), but 
none afterwards for three weeks ; a few Canada Geese were reported at 
Osceola, 111. (lat. 41° 15'), February 20, and a few Ducks and Geese at 
Linwood, Nebr. (lat. 41° 22'), between February 20 and 25. The weather 
reports show that this warm wave was felt even beyond latitude 41°, 
but such cold weather had preceded it that it could not break the bands 
of winter and produce a condition of affairs that should invite birds to 
further migration. 

Third wave. — A sudden rise of temperature at Saint Louis on Feb- 
ruary 25 and 26, again started the migrating hosts northward. There 
was not much of a u bird wave," but great movements of Geese took 
place on the first day, and of Bucks on the second. Bed-winged Black- 
birds and Bobins increased, and the first Snow Geese appeared, together 
with the first Turkey Buzzard, Sparrow Hawk, Busty Grackle, and 
Buddy Duck. The first frogs and mosquitoes were noted. 

Although the Signal Service reports show that this warm wave was 
quite extended and powerful, yet it was of too short duration to cause 
much movement among birds. The scouts of some of the hardier 
species moved a little farther northward, keeping mostly along the 
larger rivers. Bobins and Bluebirds advanced up the Mississippi river 
to Quincy, 111. (lat. 39° 55'); Bluebirds and Canada Geese were seen at 
Bichmond, Iowa (lat. 41° 26'), while large flocks of Bobins and Bluebirds 
appeared at Hillsborough, 111. (lat. 39° 12'), and also at Griggsville, 
111. (lat. 39o 43'). 

Until March 1 winter reigned supreme over all the land north of 
latitude 40°, and from February 27 to March 9 its icy fingers again 
closed around Saint Louis, driving all the Ducks south on March 2, and 
bringing on a " second winter." 

The next period has been marked " Indeterminate" in the record. It 
is neither a stand-still nor a period of much movement. It extends 
from March 9, when the "second winter" was brought to a close by a 
south wind, to March 16. During this time there was a continual 
though slight northward movement at Saint Louis, and much movement 
in the region just north of it ; and, what was of more importance, a gen- 
eral advance in the line of open water, inviting a forward march and 
preparing the way for the immense movements of the following week. 
At Saint Louis the arrivals were as follows : 

March 9 the first Ducks returned and passed north, followed two days 
later by large flocks of Bed-winged Blackbirds (both male and female), 
Purple and Busty Grackles, and the first individuals of the Killdeer 
{JEgialitis vocifera), Meadowlark (Sturnella), and Flicker (Colaptes), 
On March 12 came the first Snipe (Gallinago), and on the 16th the first 
Cranes (Grus mexicana). 

Thus, there was little change in the species present at Saint Louis, 
but a great increase in the number of individuals. This increase was 



30 

less apparent at Saint Louis- than at more northern points. The hosts 
of birds sent south by the inclement weather did not halt, on their return, 
at their former resting places, but pushed rapidly forward and spread 
over many miles of new country. The onward movement dates from 
about March 12, and during the remainder of the " indeterminate" period 
(that is, to March 16) Ducks, Geese, Robins, Bluebirds, Blackbirds, 
Meadowlarks, and Killdeer were found over all of northern Illinois 
and the southern edge of Wisconsin, all of Iowa and eastern Nebraska, 
while a few scouts, keeping close to the Mississippi river, followed it 
nearly to Saint Paul. The general dispersion of the birds at this time 
can be seen from the fact that seventy-two records of the arrival of 
Ducks, Geese, Robins, aud Blackbirds were received from the region 
indicated. 

Fourth wave. — At Saint Louis the first rain of the season occurred 
March 17, after a warm night (thermometer 56°), with a light south 
wind. Winter ended, and spring began with a suddeu start of vegeta- 
tion and an awakening of insect life. Many birds arrived during the 
night, and others were moving all the morning. The bulk arrived of 
the Robin, Flicker, Meadowlark, Bluebird, Chewink, Purple Grackle, 
Rusty Grackle, Red-winged Blackbird, Song Sparrow, and Blue- winged 
Teal. There was an increase of Wilson's Snipe, White-crowned, White- 
throated, and Field Sparrows. The first arrivals appeared of the Phoebe 
(Sayomis phcebe). Pectoral Sandpiper (Tringa maculata), Cowbird (Mo- 
lothrus ater), Field Plover (Bartramia longicauda), and the Little Yellow 
Rail (Porzana noveboracensis), while the bulk of the Tree Sparrows (Spi- 
zella monticola) departed. 

Since the movement in this wave consisted principally in an increase 
of those species which had already come in the preceding waves, and 
since few of the stations reported more than the first arrival, it is prac- 
tically impossible to work up the wave from the notes in hand. There 
seem to be intimations that the power of the wave was not great, but 
that its influence was felt more or less for a hundred miles north of 
Saint Louis and for a great distance west and southwest. 

Fifth wave. — March 22 ; this was next to the largest wave of the sea- 
son. The night before was warm (thermometer 53°) and cloudy, with 
a light southeast wind. The day was cloudy and threatening, with an 
increasing southeast wind. Many birds arrived during the night and 
others were moving all the forenoon. The following birds attained the 
height of the season — that is, the period of greatest abundance: Robin, 
Flicker, male Red- winged Blackbird, Purple and Rusty Grackles, Che- 
wink, transient Bluebirds, transient Purple Finches, and Song Spar- 
rows. The bulk arrived of the Shrike, Phoebe, and Wilson's Snipe ; 
and an increase was noted in the White-throated, Field, and Swamp 
Sparrows, male Cowbirds, and Red headed Woodpeckers. The first 
appeared of the Chippy (Spizella socialis), Brown Thrush (Harporhyn- 
chus rufus), Bewick's Wren (Thryothorits bexcickii), Grass Finch (Poo- 



31 

ccetes gramineus), Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramus sandioichensis sa- 
vanna), and the Mourning' Dove (Zenaidura macroura). There was 
also great movement among the Hawks and Ducks, and among the 
Waders of the genus Totanus. To appreciate the full effect of this 
wave, observations must extend over nearly the whole of the Missis- 
sippi Yalley north of Saint Louis. The warm wave was felt almost to 
British America, and everywhere it started the birds northward. Ow- 
ing to lack of notes the movements in the immediate vicinity of Saint 
Louis cannot be followed. The few stations iu that section that have 
furnished reports made no mention of any special movement and noticed 
but few arrivals, the principal one being that of the Brown Thrush. To 
the northward, however, the case was very different. The warm weather 
reached Iowa the following day (March 23) and the general character 
of the reports from Iowa and southern Wisconsin is well expressed by 
the following remarks from the observer at Waukou, Iowa (hit. 43° 15') : 

"We had a pleasant fall, and a severe winter until the middle of March. 
Since then it has been mild and pleasant until about April 1. Spring 
really began about March .23, and the first wave of birds came then. 
That was the greatest day for migration of birds I ever saw. The bulk 
of Robius, Bluebirds, Ducks, and Geese came, and hundreds of Black- 
birds came also." (E. M. Hancock.) 

Between Waukou and Saint Louis most of the reports mention ar- 
rivals which agree very closely with the birds of the fourth wave at 
Saint Louis. There is not enough uniformity iu these reports, however, 
to indicate with positiveness that the birds of the fourth wave spread 
over this section during the night of March 22, but there is a general 
tendency in this direction, so that it may be said that the arrivals re- 
ported March 23 over much of Iowa and southern Wisconsin were such 
as would have been noted had the fourth wave passed over during the 
previous night. The principal exceptions occurred along the courses of 
the larger rivers, where the arrivals were somewhat earlier (that is 
about March 20). North of Waukou the movements of the first wave 
only were recorded. In favored localities the effects began to be no- 
ticed March 23, but in the majority of cases the following c.'ay witnessed 
the great advance. The results of this wave are easily traced to lati- 
tude 45°, and in the neighborhood of the Mississippi and Missouri 
rivers to latitude 40°. Some idea of the magnitude of the flight of 
birds which took place March 23 may be had from the report from Heron 
Lake, Minnesota (latitude 43° 48'), with which the report from Storm 
Lake, Iowa (latitude 42° 37'), agrees almost exactly. It was the first 
wave of real migration, and brought Mallards, Pintails, Gadwalls, Wid- 
geons, Big and Little Scaups, Golden-eyes, Red-heads, Canvas-backs, 
Butter balls, Green- winged Teal, Hooded and American Sheldrakes, 
Spoon-billed Ducks or Shovellers, Braut, Herring Gulls, Coots, Killdeer 
Plovers, Bavens, large numbers of Blackbirds, and one Meadowlark. 
Most of the species appeared iu great numbers and some of the Ducks 



32 

in clouds. Most of the Ducks came from the west, being probably a 
part of the Missouri valley flight. By way of comparison, to show how 
little can be judged of the migration at one place by that of another, 
let us examine the state of affairs at Manhattan, Kans. (directly west 
of Saint Louis), in latitude 39° 12'. Here, during the first week of 
March, no arrivals were noticed. March 8 the first birds came, namely, 
Geese and Ducks — Mallards, Canvas-backs, Bed-heads, and Green- 
winged Teal were particularly abundaut. The first Killdeer were seen* 
on the 11th; two more on the 13th, at which date Meadowlarks ap- 
peared. It seemed as if spring had really come, but on March 13 a 
polar wave arrived and all was changed. The fifth wave was not felt 
here in the least, the weather being cold and snowy. To the southwest 
still another condition of things existed. At Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 
34° ll'), on March 22, the weather was hot and dry, with continuous 
south winds, more like summer than spriug. Fewer birds were present 
than at any time since February 1. The commonest species was the 
Savanna Sparrow. There were no Juncos, Tree Sparrows, White- 
throated Sparrows, White-crowned Sparrows, Harris's Sparrows ; Cow- 
birds, Eed- winged Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Ducks, or Geese. A few 
individuals of each of these species may still have lingered, but the 
bulk left some days previously, and none- were seen on the 22d. There 
was very little vegetation, owing to lack of rain. 

The study of this fifth wave leads naturally to the following state- 
ments concerning bird waves in general : The movements of bird waves 
are governed by those of atmospheric waves. Since a warm wave 
takes several days to pass from one end of the Mississippi Valley to 
the other, it must not be supposed that the whole of a bird wave is in- 
cluded in a single night. In the case of small waves, which are almost 
local in character, the whole effect may be felt in one night ; but waves 
ordinarily occupy the whole of two days, and often three or four. It 
must not be supposed that a bird wave consists of the same species of 
birds at all places where its effects are felt. Above, when speaking of 
the birds of the fourth wave, the species w r hich were moving at Saint 
Louis at this time were alone referred to. The ducks which arrived at 
Heron Lake, Minnesota, March 21, were as truly a part of the "fifth 
wave " as the Brown Thrushes and Bewick's Wrens which came to Saint 
Louis on the 22d. For further remarks concerning bird waves the 
reader is referred to the article on the Kingbird in the systematic por- 
tion of this report. 

For the instruction of observers, a copy of the " synopsis " of spring 
migration (in 1884) at Saint Louis, furnished by Mr. Widmann, is sub- 
joined. During the migration season Mr. Widmann sent reports every 
few days, but in this synopsis he has presented the substance of the 
same in condensed form and in such a graphic manner that the more im- 
portant movements of the bird waves can be seen at a glance, together 
with their relation to the lesser movements of migration. It is greatly 



33 

to be desired that at the close of the season each observer should supple- 
ment his regular reports with a synopsis of this sort. In the synopsis 
the following abbreviations have been used : F.=the first individual 
seen $ B. A.=the arrival of the bulk ; B. D.=the departure of the bulk ; 
L.=the last individual seen ; H.=the height of the season, or the period 
when the species is most abundant 5 T. V.=transient visitants. Thus 
when " B. A. Catbird T. V. " is spoken of, it means the arrival of the 
bulk of Catbirds which do not intend to remain to nest, but are passing 
through to their more northerly breeding grounds. 

Synopsis of Migration at Saint Louis from January 1 to May 27, 1884. 
By Otto Widmanx. 



Jan. 1. 1 Snow storm. 
2, 
3 
4 
5. 



Feb, 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 

19. 
20. 
21. 

22. 
23. 
24. 



>Coldest period; minimum tem- 
perature— 21° Fahr. on the 5th. 



Mississippi full of floating ice. 



!> Ground covered with snow. 



Moderately cold. 



Ther. 56° ; snow disappeared ; 
Snow Buntings gone. 

Crows begin to disperse. 



first flock of Geese seen. 



Mississippi gorged. 



, Mississippi entirely 
f frozen. 



J 

Warm wave. Guils return. ) 

Ther. 67°. f first Ducks (Mallards and Sprigtails) and the first | Creeks free from ice; ice 
Robins and Red-winged Blackbirds go north ; Gulls } in the Mississippi break- 
go north in migrating wedge; Bluebirds and | ing. 
Shrikes begin to return, I 



Red-tailed Hawks at stand. 



First Purple Grackle; Canada Geese go north 
75-85 Herring Gulls go north. 
First green shows itself on the ground. 
Large flocks of Ducks go north. 



Cold, dark, damp weather, with rain and snow. 



) South wind. Birds move; flocks of Geese go north ; also Mallards, Sprigtails, and Green- 
winged Teal. 
Increase of Bluebirds, Goldfinches, and Black-capped Chickadees (T. V.). 
1 First Fox Sparrow, Cbewink, White-throated, White-crowned, and Field Sparrows. 

First Robin at stand. Decrease of old Purple Finches. 
[ Ducks and Geese in manv flocks go north. 

( Cold winds. Robins in flocks. Bald-headed Eagle, Song, and Swamp Sparrow. 
1 Tree Sparrows have decreased at stands, but are found in large migrating flocks in the low- 
J lands. 

"I Ther. 58°. A great day for wandering Geese. First Snow Goose. Sudden rise, 
i Ther. 56°. Great day for wandering Ducks. First Turkey Buzzard, Sparrow Hawk, Rusty 
[ Blackbird, and Ruddy Duck; increase of Red-winged Blackbirds and Robins. First frogs, 
j and mosquitoes. 

73G5~Bull. 2 3 



34 



Feb. 27. Ther. 19°. ) 

28. Ther. 7°. > Ground bare.; Ducks remain in marshes. 

29. Slight rise. S 4 . 
Mar. 1. Falling temperature; snow-storm. 

2. Cold ; snowing again. Ducks go south. 

q •> I 

4 1' ^ Second winter. 

5. | Cold northerly winds, dark, gloomy skies. 

6. } Sleet ; ground covered ; watersheets frozen hard, and the Mississippi full of | 

floating ice. 

7. [ 

8. J J 

9. Thawing begins ; first Ducks go north again. 

10. General thaw ; wind high, southeast. Ducks go north. 

11. Falling temperature after a warm night. Great numbers of Ducks on the marshes. First large 

flocks of Purple Graekles, Fed-winged Blackbirds (both male and female), and Rusty Black- 
birds; first Killdeer and Meadow lark; a large flock of Robins with Flickers. 

12. Cold we3t wind. 

13. Wind southeast. Ducks move. First Wilson's Snipe ; first song of Robin, Chewink, and Song 

Sparrow. The Black Snowbirds (Junco), Purple Finches, and Tree Sparrows are excited; 
Swamp Sparrows increased. 

14. Cold north wind. 

15. Rising temperature, followed by a mild, clear night with light wind southeast, hut no arrivals. 

Temperature at Saint Louis, 54°; at Cairo, 47°; wind north. 

16. Wind southeast. Geese and Ducks are on the move. First Cranes. 

17. First rain of the season, after a warm nijiht. Ther. 5G°; wind light, south. Winter ends, and 

spring hegins with a sudden start of vegetation and awakening of insect lite. Birds have 
arrived during the night and others were moving all the morning. Bulk arrive of Robin, 
Flicker, Meadowlark, Bluebird, Chewink, Purple Grackle, Rusty Blackbird, Red-winged 
Blackbird, Song Sparrow, and Blue-winged Teal. An increase of Wilson's Snipe, White- 
crowned Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, and Field Sparrow. First Phoebe, Pectoral 
Sandpiper, Cowbird, Upland Plover, and Little Yellow Rail. 
Bulk departure of Tree Sparrow. 

18. Rain; wind east. Frogs noisy; turtles on logs. 

19. Rain; wind west to northwest. Vegetation progressing rapidly. Cranes go north. 

20. Cool; wind northwest to north. Elms and maples open blossoms. Geese go north. 

21. Rising temperature ; wind northwest to east. First Swan. 

22. Night: warm; thermometer 53°; cloudy; wind light, southeast. 
Day: cloudy, threatening ; increased southeast wind. 

GRAND BIRD WAVE. 

Many birds arrived during the night, and others were on the move all the forenoon. 

H. Robins, Flickers, Red-winged Blackbirds (males), Purple Graekles, Rusty Blackbirds, Che- 
winks, Bluebirds (T. V.), Purple Finches (T. V.), and Song Sparrows. 

B. A. Shrikes, Phcebe, and Wilson's Snipe. 

Increased: White-throated Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Cowbird (male), and 
Red-headed Woodpecker. 

F. Brown Thrasher, Chippy, Bewick's Wren, Grass Finch, Savanna Sparrow, Mourning Dove. 

Great movement of Hawks'. Ducks, and Yellow-legs. 

23. Cool; wind northwest, clear. First songs of Brown Thrush, Chippy, and White-throated 

Sparrow. 
Mating and song of Chewink, Robin, Bluebird, Shrike, Cardinal Grosbeak, Carolina Wren, 

Tufted Titmouse, Junco, Purple Finch, Fox Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Field Sparrow. Tree 

Sparrows are scarce. English Sparrow lays first eggs. 
First bat seen ; wiuged insects appear; also ants and worms. 

24. Rain all the morning. P. .M. clearing; wind shifting to southwest and northwest. Birds do 

not move until 5 p. m., when Ducks and Blackbirds go north. 
F. White-bellied Swallows go north at 5.30 p. m. 
F. Purple Martin in sight at 5.45 p. m. 

25. Sultry, with showers and hailstones; wind south, turning to west, high during tho afternoon. 

No arrivals except Martins. 
B. D. White-throat. d Sparrow (old), Rusty Blackbird, Mallard, Sprigtail, Baldpate. 
Decreased : Robins, Flickers, and Blackbirds. 

Numbers of Hawks go straight north. (Bald-headed Eagle, Marsh Hawk, Sparrow Hawk). 
No Tree Sparrows seen to-day. F. Butterfly going north. 
Early shrubs, such as Ribes and Syringa, put forth leaflets. 
26. Beautiful day ; wind west to northwest, abating; thermometer 60°, after a windy clearing up 

night. No arrivals. 

27. Night: clear; wind light, south, warm; thermometer 58°. Birds move. 
Day: wind increasing southeast. 

B. D. Junco, Purple Finch, Fox Sparrow, Song Sparrow. 

F. Winter Wren, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Golden-crowned King- 
let, Large-billed Water Thrush. 
Increased : Chippy (male), Brown Thrasher, Brown Creeper. 
F. Double-crested Cormorant. 

28. Night: stormy. 

Day : wind high, west to northwest. 

29. Wind north. 

30. Wind northeast shifting to southeast; calm. F. Female Purple Martins. 

Swans, Cranes, Ducks, and Hawks go north. 
31. Night: clear, warm; wind southeast, cloudy toward morning. Birds move. 
Dav: Cloudy, rainy, warm; wind southeast. 
B. D. Robin", Flicker. 
B. A. Chippy (male), Bewick's Wren, Chewink (T. V.), Brown Creeper, and the genera 

Numenius, liallus, and Porzana. 
Increased: Brown Thrush, Phcebe (T. V.), Cowbird (female). 



35 

Apr. 1. Night: Heavy rain ; wind southeast. Day: Wind increasing, west, falling temperature. 
F. Hermit Thrush. 

2. Cold Wast from northwest ; gloomy. 

3. Wind light, northwest; clear; uool night; hoarfrost. 

4. After a cool, frosty night, day clear, with light northwest wind. 
F. White-browed Yellow-throated Warbler. 

Decrease: Junco, Chewink (T. V.;. 

L. Fox Sparrow already gone. 

B. A. Cowbird, Kingfisher, Double-crested Cormorant, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. 

5. Wind northeast; rain; cloudy. 

6. Hazy ; wind east. Vegetation progressing rapidly, especially grasses. 
Flowering: Populus, Salix, Magnolia, Viola, Trillium. 

Leafing: tiambucus, Syringa. Lonicera, Melia, Larix. 

7. Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 

8. Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 
9. Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 

10. Cool; cloudy ; high west and northwest wind. 

11. Cool; wind strong, east. Loons go north. 

12. Rain; wind east to southeast. 

13. Rising temperature; wind southeast. In afternoon birds begin to move. Ducks and Geese go 

north. 
F. Chimney Swift, Pelican. 
Increase: Purple Martin. 

14. During night light thunder-storm and rain. Birds move. 
Day: Sultry; thermometer 72°; wind south. 
Departed: Winter Wren. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. 
L.Canada Goose; Snow Goose. 

B. A. Brown Thrush, Chippy (T. V.), Hermit Thrush, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Ruby-crowned 
Kinglet. 

Increase: Yellow-rumped Warbler. Chimney Swift, Mourning Dove, Purple Martin. 

F. Ccerulean Warbler, Blue-yellow-backed Warbler, Mockingbird. 

H. Cowbird, Double-crested Cormorant, Brown Creeper. 
15. Night: Warm; wind light, southwest. 

Day: Falling temperature; wind shifting to west and northwest. 

F. Cliff Swallow, Bough-winged Swallow. 
16. Cool; wind northwest, abating in evening. 
17. Night: Clear, calm, with light east wind. Birds move. 

A warm day; wind increasing, east. 

F. Black and White Creeper, Redstart, White-eyed Vireo, Golden-crowned Thrush, Yellow- 
throated Vireo. 

B. A. AVhite-throated Sparrow (old ones in high plumage), White-crowned Sparrow, Yellow- 
rumped AVarbler. 

18. Night : -Cloudy, rainy, calm. Birds move. 
Day : Clearing, sultry ; wind southeast, light. 

F. Kingbird, Maryland Yellow- throat, Red-poll Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler. 
H. White-throated Sparrow (old). 

19. Night : Dark, misty, calm, warm. Birds move. 

Day : Overcast, sultry ; wind east, light, shifting in afternoon to north, with rain. 

F. House Wren, Golden Warbler, Warbling Vireo, Wood Thrush. 

H. Brown Thrush, Chippy, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Swamp Sparrow. 

Increased: Golden-crowned Thrush, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Ccerulean Warbler, Savanna 

Sparrow, Chimney Swift, Mourning Dove. 
B. D. Hermit Thrush, Robin (female). 
L. Song Sparrow, Fox Sparrow. 
Leafing: Maples, Elms, Poplars, Hickory. The ground in the woods is covered with flowers; 

Cherry and Pear trees in full bloom, and Apple buds ready to open. 

20. Cold; wind north; dark, misty. 

21. Cold ; wind north ; dark, misty, rainy. 

22. Cold ; wind north ; dark, misty, rainy. 

23. Cold ; wind north ; dark, misty. About a dozen strange Martins crowd into the boxes to-night. 

They seem to be refugees from the north, looking lean, and some are barely able to fly. 

24. Cold ; wind north ; clearing. In afternoon rising temperature. The strange Martins return 

to boxes in the evening. 

25. Night : Clear, calm, but cooling off to light hoar frost. _ Birds leave. 
Day : Clear, calm ; wind north, light. 

No arrivals (except F. Catbird, oue, and F. Lark Finch, one), but of departures many. The 
Martins from the north leave. B. D. Brown Thrush (T. V.), Chippy (T. V.), Yellow-rumped 
Warbler, White-throated Sparrow (old), Wilson's Snipe. A Yellow-bellied Woodpecker 
(male), which had put up at Laclede Park since the 19th. also disappeared. 

26. Night: Warm, clear ; thermometer 57° ; wind east by south. Birds arrive. 
Day: Fair; increasing south wind ; thermometer 75°. 

B. A. Lark Finch, Wbite-eyed Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (T. V.), 
Blue Yellow -backed Warbler (female), Golden-crowned Thrush (T.V.), Red-poll Warbler, 
Redstart, Ccerulean Warbler, Pine-creeping Warbler, Wood Thrush (male). Red-winged 
Blackbird (female), Kingbird (male and T- V.). 

Increased: Maryland Yellow-throat (male), House Wren (male), Golden Warbler (male). 

F. Olive-backed Thrush, Small-billed Water Thrush, Yellow-breasted Chat, Black-throated 
Bunting, Baltimore Oriole, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-throated Green 
Warbler. 

B. D. Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Swamp Sparrow. 

27. Night: Warm, thermometer 67° ; threatening, with stiong southeast wind. 

Day: High wind from southwest; clearing. No change (except first flock of high-dress Gold- 
finches). 

28. Night: Clear, becoming cloudy; wind light, west, shifting to northeast and southeast. Ther- 

momter60°. Birds move. 

F. Orchard Oriole (male), Kentucky Warbler, Bell's Vireo, Indigo-bird (male), Maryland Yel- 
low-throat (female). 

B. A. Maryland Yellow-throat (male), Goldfinch (male), Baltimore Oriole (male), Rose- 
breasted Grosbeak (male), Kingbird, Summer Yellowbird (T. V.), House Wren. 



36 

Apr. 28. Increased: Black-throated Bunting (male), Cliff Swallow, Barn Swallow, Black-throated Green 
Warbler. 
L. Hermit Thrush. 

29. Night: Clear, hecoming cloudy; wind light, southeast ; temperature steady at 63°. 

First hot day; maximum temperature 82° (77° at 6 p. m.). The bird wave struck fully. In- 
credible number of birds present. 

B. A. Catbirds arrived in force (male, female, and T. V.); Black -throated Buntings (male) at 
stands, and small parties on the wing going east; Olive-backed Thrush and Small-billed 
Water Thrush in flocks ; Goldfinch (female), Indigo-bird (male), Orchard Oriole (old males); 
"Warbling Vireo, Black -throated Green Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Red-eyed Yireo, 
Bed-headed Woodpecker, Black and White Creeper, White-crowned Sparrow. 

F. Scarlet Tanager, Wilson's PThrush, Nighthawk, Bobolink (male), Wood Pewee, Traill's Fly- 
catcher, Acadian Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Warbler, 
Black-poll Warbler, Worm-eating Warbler, Blue-headed Vireo, Red-bellied Nuthatch, Great- 
crested Flycatcher, Lincoln's Sparrow, Bank Swallow, Black-crowned Night Heron. Apple 
trees in full bloom ; oaks open flowers. 

Note. — This enormous volume of bird life seems to have resulted from the combined operation of 
the following bird wave ; the start began in the north, and the warm wave reached Saint Louis the night 
of the 24th, at which time many birds left, but none arrived. The same warm wave, progressing from 
the Rocky Mountains eastward, started from El Paso on the 22d, reached Fort Smith and Shreveport 
on the 24th, Little Rock on the 25th, and the birds which arrived in Saint Louis on the 26th came 
probably from the southwest. Tho cold wave hovered over Kentucky from the 20th to the 25th, and 
no movement can have taken place before that day ; but when, on the night of the 28th, the bulk of 
birds from that quarter (southeast) reached Saint Louis it swelled the number of arrivals (from south 
and southwest) to this enormous height. 

30. Another warm night ; thermometer 70° ; clear; wind light, south. Birds, move. 

Day : Hot ; thermometer 83° ; wind southeast to southwest. More birds left than arrived. 
H. Yellow-breasted Chat (T. V.), White-crowned Sparrow, Black-throated Green Warbler, 

Savanna Sparrow, Red-headed Woodpecker, Goldfinch, White-eyed Yireo (T. Y.), Coerulean 

Warbler, Chimney Swift. 
B. A. Kentucky Warbler, Great-crested Flycatcher, Hooded Warbler, Maryland Yellow-throat 

(female), Redstart (female;. 
Increased: Bobolink, Bell's Yireo, Indigo-bird (male), Black-throated Bunting (male), Acadian 

Flycatcher, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Black-poll Warbler. 
F. Yellow-winged Sparrow, Orchard Oriole (two year old male). 
L. Shoveller Duck. 
May 1. Rain both night and day ; clearing in afternoon, with strong west wind. 
From May 1 to May 4, a stand-still. 

2. Cool ; wind northwest ; clearing. 

3. Cool; wind northeast ; in afternoon southeast, with rising temperature. 

4. Rain ; rising temperature; wind south. Nighthawks move. 

5. Night: clear; almost calm: wind southeast to south; warm; thermometer 63°. Birds move 

decidedly. 

Day: Fair; becoming threatening ; in afternoon a thunder-storm. 

H. House Wren, Maryland Yellow-throat, Summer Yellowbird, Black-throated Bunting (male), 
Catbird, Chimney Swift. 

B. Continued of Olive-backed Thrush, Small-billed Water Thrush, and White-crowned Sparrow. 

B. A. Bank Swallow, Wood Thrush (female), Lincoln's Sparrow, Rose-breasted Grosbeak (fe- 
male), Indigo-bird (male), Baltimore Oriole (female). 

Increased : Wood Pewee, Traill's Flycatcher, Orchard Oriole (males two years old) , Tennessee 
Warbler, Nashville Warbler. 

F. Black-billed Cuckoo, Hummingbird, Black and Yellow Warbler, Pine-creeping Warbler, 
Blue-headed Vireo (female), Indigo-hird (female), Orchard Oriole (female), Baltimore Oriole 
(birds of last year), Blue Yellow-backed Warbler (T. V.), Solitary Sandpiper. 

B. D. Goldfinch' (T. Y. males), Yellow-breasted Chat (T. V.), White-eyed Yireo (T. Y.), Yel- 
lowrumped Warbler (young). 

L. Red-bellied Nuthatch, flock of Purple Finch (young), Red-poll Warbler. 

6. Night: Partly clear; warm ; temperature 02° ; wiud south to southeast. 
New arrivals. 

Day: Rainy, dark ; wind shifting to west ; falling temperature. 

Many T. Y. present. 

F. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-poll Warbler (female), Black-capped Flycatching Warbler, 

Chestnut-sided Warbler. 
Increased: White-throated Sparrow (young). 

B. A. Black-poll Warbler (male), Black and Yellow Warbler, Redstart (T. Y.). 
H. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Orchard Oriole (male), Indigo-bird (male). 

7. Night and day : Strong west wiud ; dark. 

8- Night: Clear, fair, cool ; wind west to northwest. 
Day: Clear, beautiful ; thermometer 72° ; wind northwest. A great day for wandering Bobo- 
links. 
B. D. Catbird (T. Y.), Golden Warbler (T. V.), Goldfinch (female). 
F. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 
9. Night: clear, bright* full moon ; wind northwest; thermometer 64°. 
Day : Clear, bright, lovely ; wind northwest. 

H. Bobolink (male), Tennessee Warbler (male), Black-poll Warbler (male), Redstart (female). 
B. A. Indigo-bird (female and young male), Orchard Oriole (female), Least Flycatcher, Black- 
throated Bunting (young males). 
F. Orchard Oriole (one-year-old males). 
JO. Night: Clear, calm; wind northwest ; warm; thermometer G9°. 

Day: Fair; wind changing to southeast; rising temperature ; thermometer 85°. 

Full bloom : Oak, Hickory, Walnut. 

Many T. Y. Warblers. 

F. Blue Golden- winged Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler 

(young). 
B. A. Yellow- winged Sparrow, Cuckoo. 
H. Chestnut-sided, Black and Yellow, Black-poll, Nashville and Teunessee Warblers. 



37 

May 10. L. Yellow-rnmped and Black-throated Green Warblers, Blue-headed Yireo, Swamp Sparrow, 
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (female). 

11. Night: Clear, calm; wind northwest; warm, thermometer 69° to 64° : moonlight. 
Birds arrive. 

Day: In forenoon bright, in afternoon overcast, rainy; wind north to northeast. 

A great day for migration ; oak woods full of T. Y. birds going north all day. Mourning Doves 
present in great numbers; White-throated Sparrows (young) in large flocks, and the same of 
young Olive-backed Thrushes, Bobolinks, Red-winged Blackbirds (female), and Blue Jays in 
flocks going north; Double-crested Cormorants (young), two parties go north ; Nighthawks 
at great heights ; also Waders (species unknown) going north. 

T. Y. present of Wood Thrush, Warbling Yireo, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Baltimore Oriole, 
Red-headed Woodpecker, Scarlet Tanager. 

H. Wood Pewee, Traill's Flycatcher, Bells Yireo. 

F. Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Canadian Flycatching Warbler, Summer 
Redbird (young). 

B. A, Purple Martin (young), Redstart (young, one year old). 

12. Night : Cloudy, calm ; wind northeast; foggy. No arrivals, but decrease of many. 
Dav: Clearing;; in afternoon thunder-storm. 

B. D. Wood Thrush (T. V.). Olive-backed Thrash, White-throated Sparrow (young). White- 
crowned Sparrow, Mourning Dove (T. Y.), Red-headed Woodpecker (T. Y.), Yellow-breasted 
Chat (T. Y.), Least Flycatcher. 

13. Night: Threatening, calm; wind west ; rainy. 

Day : Falling temperature; cloudy; wind northwest. No new birds. T. Y. getting scarce. 
B. D. Black-poll, Chestnut-sided, "Nashville, and Tennessee Warblers. 

14. Cool ; wind northwest. 

15. Slowly rising temperature ; wind west. Yesterday and to-day but few T. Y. present. 

16. Night : Clear, calm; wind southwest ; thermometer 68°. 
Day; bright; wind northeast. 

17. Night: Clear, calm; wind southeast; thermometer 68°. In these two days birds move and 

the rear guard arrives. 

B. A. Bobolink (female and young male), Alice's Thrush, Black-throated Bunting (female), 
Mockingbird (voung), Barn Swallow (voung). 

L. Kingbird (T. Y.), Traill's Flycatcher (T. Y.), Mourning Dove (T. Y.), Black and Yellow 
Warbler, Nashville Warbler, \Vhite-throated Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, Least Fly- 
catcher, Black-capped Flycatching Warbler. 

18. High south wind ; thunder-storm. 

19. Strong west wind ; cool. 

20. North wind. L. Lincoln's Sparrow, Bobolink. 

21. South wind; clear, calm. F. Connecticut Warbler, Mourning Warbler. L. Tennessee Warbler, 
Wilson's Thrush, Canadian Flycatcbing AVarbler. . 

22. South wind. L. Double-crested Cormorant, Solitary Tattler. 

23. Wind southeast, shifting to northwest. 

24. Wind northwest; cool. 

25. Wind northwest; L. Alice's Thrusn, Black-poll Warbler. 

26. Wind northwest ; L. Olived-backed Thrush. 

27. North wind ; L. Nighthawk (fourteen T. Y. go north in the evening). 

PROGRESS OF VEGETATION AND AWAKENING OF ANIMAL LIFE IN THE 
MISSISSIPPI YALLEY DURING THE SPRING OF 1884. 

This subject will be treated from the south northward in steps or 
sections of two degrees each, beginning with latitude 28° and extending 
to latitude 53°, or over 25 degrees of latitude. Thus it will be seen 
that the observations cover a tract of country 1,750 miles in length. 
In studying each section the endeavor has been to make the dates in- 
dicate fair averages for the middle of the section. For example, in 
the section which extends from latitude 38° to latitude 40°, the dates 
are as exact as possible for latitude 39°. For the southern half they 
would then be a day or two earlier, and for the northern part somewhat 
later. It is also intended that the dates shall express average time ; 
for instance, in the appearance of flowers, one observer, in a sunny and 
well protected nook, finds the "first flower'' while the rest of the coun- 
try is bleak and bare. Another does not consider it proper to record 
flowers as present until they can be found almost anywhere. In giving 
dates of flowering, an average has been taken of the several dates re- 
ceived, with a leaning toward the earlier. The same remark applies to 
the other dates treated in this chax^ter. The number of observers in 
the first five sections is so deplorably insufficient for the extent of the 
country that the dates must be considered as the merest approxima- 



38 

tions; for the next four sections they are quite full and accurate, while 
for the last two they are again insufficient. In studying the movements 
of any species of bird, reference to this part of the report will show 
with considerable accuracy the conditions under which it was migrating 
and the prospect for a plentiful food supply. 

I. This section (extending from latitude 28° to latitude 30°) contains 
the extreme southern part of Louisiana and the middle part of south- 
ern Texas (the reports from Texas coming from the region of the Kio 
Grande). In Louisiana, in the spring of 1884, the earliest leaves be- 
gan to show on briar bushes and willows the first week in February, 
followed the next week by grass and flowers. This is of course a moist 
country, while in southern Texas the climatic conditions are different. 
Vegetation there was much later iu starting, owing to the lack of rain. 
The first rain after September fell March G, and was followed imme- 
diately by the blooming of myriads of plants and the rapid development 
of leaves previously in bud. Frogs in this part of Texas had but a short 
winter vacation, being heard both in January and Februar5 T ; while the 
first in Louisiana was reported March 13, but they must have croaked 
some time before. The bulk of the insects appeared in both places at 
the same time, namely, the middle of March. There was no frost in 
this part of Texas, and in Louisiana the last " freeze v occurred February 
15. In Louisiana the first snakes were not reported. In Texas the 
first rattlesnakes were seen March 1G, and other snakes much earlier. 
The first bat was recorded February 27.* 

II. This section (from latitude 30° to latitude 32°) consists of the 
southern part of Mississippi, central Louisiana, and central Texas. No 
reports were received from Louisiana, and Mississippi sent but few. 
In Texas the last frost was recorded February 27, followed, March 3, 
by the first rain. As in the more southern part of Texas, the first rain 
immediately started the grass, leaves, and flowers, and by April 1 
flowers were in the height of bloom. In Mississippi flowers were plenti- 
ful March 25. Battlesnakes appeared in Texas March 29 ; and the first 
snake of the harmless sorts was seen in Mississippi February 11, which 
is rather an early date. Insects were noted as abundant in Texas March 
5, and in Mississippi March 28. 

III. This section (from latitude 32° to latitude 34°) includes central 
Mississippi, northern Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and northern Texas. 
Of these, Mississippi alone sent reports on vegetation, etc. These re- 
ports are as follows : Last frost, February 28 ; first leaves, February 10; 
beginning of real foliage," March 24 j first frog, February 4 j first toad, 
February 8; first snake, March 21; first insect, February 17. 

IV. This section (from latitude 34° to latitude 3G°) includes west- 
ern Tennessee, northern Arkansas, and Indian Territory. Indian Ter- 
ritory alone reported, and the dates for latitude 34° 11' were as follows: 

[* Iu this latitude several species of bats must reiuaiu active, except during severe 
weather, throughout the eutire year. — C. H. M.I 



39 

Last snow March 8; ice broke up January 27 ; frost came out of ground 
February 1 ; last frost March 9 ; grass started February 1, but stopped 
in a few days, not to commence again until March 1. Leaves of small 
size could be found on briars February 29, but even April 8 there were 
not leaves enough on any tree to make shade. The first flower was 
found February 2, but no more until February 25, and by March 20 
seven kinds only had bloomed. The first frogs were heard February 
23. But few insects were noted before March 13. This is the record of 
a strictly prairie country on the eastern edge of the Great Plains. 

V. This section (from latitude 36° to latitude 38°) includes western 
Kentucky, southern Missouri, and southern Kansas. Only Missouri re- 
ported, and as follows: Last snow, April 8; last frost, April 9; firstgrass, 
March 18; grass high enough for pasturing, April 1 ; grass plenty, April 
27; first frog, March 2; first snake, March 23; and insects very numer- 
ous by April 27. 

YI. This section (from latitude 38° to latitude 10°) includes south- 
ern Illinois, central Missouri, and northern Kansas. This section sup- 
plied an abundance of notes. The last snow of winter melted the first 
week in February, but later snows came in Illinois and Missouri April 
7 and April 22. The ice broke in the Mississippi river February 1, and 
disappeared from ponds March 15. The first rain occurred March 17. 
Grass started March 22, and was pretty well up April 6, on which day 
an especially fast growth was made. Flowers appeared in the bot- 
tom lands about March 20, and on the prairies March 30; while from 
the high, dry lands of western Kansas, none were reported until April 4. 
The height of the season, as indicated by the opening of the apple-blos- 
soms, was April 29. The first leaves were reported March 25; first foli- 
age, April 19 ; and the opening of the latest leaves May 10. Frogs ap- 
peared in Illinois and Missouri March 15, in eastern Kansas March 26, 
and in the western part of the State not until the 31st. Snakes were 
reported March 22; toads about the same date, at which date also 
clouds of insects suddenly appeared. 

VII. This section (from latitude 40° to latitude 42°) includes north- 
ern Illinois, southern Iowa, and most of Nebraska. Here, also, snow 
fell April 1, 7, and 8, and in the northern part on April 20. Ice left 
the streams March 19; frost came out of the ground February 27, and 
the last frost was recorded May 3. Grass started during the first week 
in April; leases a few days later (April 10), but real foliage did not 
begin to unfold until May 10; the first flowers were seen April 2, and 
apple trees were in bloom May 8; the first frogs were heard March 22, 
but in Nebraska they were not recorded until April 11, which date prob- 
ably is a little late. Snakes were first noted March 27; toads, in the 
eastern part, April 20, and in the western part, May 2; insects may be 
supposed to have appeared about March 26, but ' first' dates were given 
all the way from March 17 to May 9. It is to be regretted that fuller 
records were not received from the extreme western parts of the dis- 



40 

trict. Such records would undoubtedly show that in moving west- 
ward — in ascending and entering the elevated, treeless, and almost 
rainless plains — all of the records would be later. This, indeed, is in- 
timated by many of the records of vegetation in hand, and is known to 
be the case with birds. 

VIII. This section (from latitude 42° to latitude 44°) includes south- 
ern Wisconsin, northern Iowa, southern Minnesota, and southern Dakota. 
The winter's snow left this section about March 20, but was quickly 
succeeded by a severe storm April 1, and by another on the 7th, 8th, and 
9th, while the frost kept returning and was heavy even as late as May 29. 
Ice broke iu streams March 26, and in lakes about April 6. Grass 
started April 25, many flowers having already appeared ; apple-blos- 
soms opened May 20; leaves started late (May 2), hut grew rapidly, 
the foliage proper beginning May 15. Frogs appeared March 26 ; in- 
sects on the 31st, and snakes April 10, while toads were not recorded 
till April 26. 

IX. This section (from latitude 44° to latitude 46°) includes the cen- 
tral portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Dakota. The winter's snow 
was all gone, except in sheltered localities, when the storms came the 
first week in April. Snow fell over the section April 6, and in most 
places also on the 7th. By April 10 the snow had all gone. Ice left 
the smaller streams March 26, and passed out of the Mississippi the 
30th. April 6 it disappeared from small lakes, but remained in the 
larger ones until April 13. Grass started in the west earlier than in 
the east. In Dakota it began to be seen April 7, but was a few days 
later in Wisconsin. The first leaves appeared May 10, so that here a 
larger part of the migration took place among bare trees than in the 
more southern districts. A few flowers, principally the hardy anemone, 
or wind flower, were out April 10, bub even by May 10 there were not 
many to be found. Frogs became musical April 4. Only two observa- 
tions were contributed on snakes, one in Minnesota April 2, and the 
other in Dakota May 3, giving little clue to the correct dates. A sin- 
gle toad was reported April 4, and he must have been a very early in- 
dividual. Insects appeared April 3. 

X. This section (from latitude 46° to latitude 48°) includes the north- 
central portions of Minnesota and Dakota and the northern part of 
Wisconsin. The only note contributed is to the effect that the ice left 
the large lakes April 20. 

XL This section (from latitude 48° to latitude 50°) includes northern 
Minnesota and Dakota and southern Manitoba. The only observations 
contributed relate to a few insects seen April 2, and to the revival of 
frogs April 15. 

From further north than this no notes were received except a single 
one, which stated that the ice passed out of Lake Winnipeg June 1. In 
addition to the observations above recorded, a few other data have been 
contributed. The "Gopher 7 "* was first seen at latitude 39°, March 15 ; 

[* Spermophilus tridecemlincatns is here meant. — C. H. M.] 



41 

at latitude 41°, in the west, March 28 ; in the east, April 1 ; at latitude 
43°, in the east, April 12 ; at latitude 4,5°, in the west, March 28; and at 
latitude 47°, in the west, March 27, showing that on the plains of the 
west these animals awakened simultaneously over a district 400 miles 
in width; while in the better watered, more thickly wooded, and there- 
fore more chilly eastern portion their winter sleep was much prolonged. 
Bats were first seen at latitude 29°, February 27 ; at latitude 39°, 
March 23; at latitude 42°, March 28; and at latitude 44°, April 15. Tur- 
tles moved their sluggish bodies above water at latitude 39° from March 
18 to 21, and at latitude 44° from April 20 to 24. The Tree-toad was 
heard about the same time (from April 27 to May 3) over the country 
between latitude 40° and latitude 44° 30'. 

LIST OF STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR 1884. 



Name of observer. 


Station. 


State. 


Latitude. 


C . H. Wood 


Moss Point 

Rodney 

Jackson 

....do 


Mississippi 


o / 

30 26 




31 52 


A. G. Gale 


do 


32 17 


George C. Eyrich 


....do 


32 17 


Yazoo City 


.. do 


32 50 


Maj. G. V. Young 


do 


33 34 


E. M. Hoke 


Water Valley 


... do 


34 08 




....do 


34 55 


Dr. T. H. Rye 




Tennessee 


36 31 


C.W.Butler 


Anna 

West Belleville . . . 
Odin 


37 30 




....do 

... do 


38 35 




38 39 




Alton 


do 


38 55 


Nat. Hist, and Ant. Society, A. W. Harris, President. 


Hillsborough 

Carlinville 

Whitehall 


...do 

do 


39 12 
39 19 


H. L. Kelly 


.. do 


39 27 


P. H. Rucker 




... do 


39 38 






do 


39 41 


T. W. Parker 




do . 


39 43 


W. S. Turner 




...do 


39 55 






...do 


40 08 




do 


do 


40 08 


C. W. Carter 


Aledo 


...do 


41 09 


Dr. E. 0. Boardman 




. do 


41 10 


E.E. Soule 




do 


41 18 


Dr. P. R. Sale 




...do 


41 28 






...do 


41 34 


H. M. Griswold 




do 


41 36 






do 


41 46 


P.L. Ong 




...do 


41 47 






do 


41 49 


Erank H. Wentworth 




....do 


41 51 


J. G. Parker 




do 


41 51 


H. K. Coale 


. do . . 


....do 


41 51 


J.R.Daley 


do . . . 


...do 


41 51 


John Gall 


Wright's Grove .. 
Polo 


.. do 


41 54 


H.A.Kline 


do 


41 58 


F.F.Kleckner 




.:..do 


42 05 


J". E. Dickinson 


Rockford 


.. do 


42 16 




Wisconsin 

do 


42 37 






42 45 


William Britten 




....do 


42 47 


G. W.F.Smith 




....do 


43 00 




... do 


.. do 


43 00 


C.J.Porter 


Jefferson 

Madison 

Richland Center.. 

Leeds Center 

North Freedom... 
Merritt's Landing. 

New Cassel 

La Crosse 


.. do 


43 01 




. do.. 


43 02 




... do 


43 06 


Dr. W. S. Burnhani 


...do 


43 19 




... do 


43 20 


William Toole 


....do 

.. do 


43 30 




43 37 


John Schrooten 


do 


43 43 




do 


43 45 


Charles H. Stoddard 


.. do 


43 45 


G.T.Cook 


Ripon 

Oshkosh 




43 47 


W.E. Ritter 


...do 


43 59 



42 



list of stations and observers for 1884 — continued. 



Name of observer. 


Station. 


State. 


Latitude. 


C.F.Carr .. 


Waupaca 

West De Pere . . . 
River Falls 


Wisconsin 

....do 


O / 

44 22 


S. W. Willard 


44 26 


Prof. F. H. King _ 


...do 


14 45 


I. N. Ward . 


.. do 


44 30 




do 


....do 


44 30 


Rev. F. 1ST. Wbite 




47 10 






t r 


29 30 


W. W. Edwards 


Abbeville 


... do 


29 57 


C. A. Bibbins 


..do 










35 3G 


Prof. F. L. Harvey 


Fayetteville 

Pierce City 

Beeds 


do 


30 02 


Prof. H. Nehriing 




36 56 


1ST. P. Ball 


do 


37 08 




do 


38 40 




Sedalia 

Mount Carmel . . . 

Kansas City 

Fayette 

... 'do 


... do 

... do 


38 43 


Mrs. M. ~M usick 


38 45 


G. E. StiUwell 


... do 


39 06 




.. do 

. do 


39 09 


M. P. Lientz 


39 09 


Prof. T. B. Smitb 


Glasgow 

Keokuk '. 


....do 


39 14 






40 20 


Dr. F. Kuitlian , 


do 


40 50 


Prof. C. J. Peed 


do 


.. do 

do 


40 50 




Mount Pleasant .. 
Morning Sun 


41 00 




....do 

...do 


41 05 


F. E veland 


41 14 






... do 


41 19 




Richmond 

Des Moines 

....do 


...do 

...do 


41 26 


IT. S. Grant 


41 36 




.. do 


41 36 


H. N. Berry 


Iowa City 

do 


.. do 


41 38 


....do 


41 38 


J W Preston 


. do 


do 


41 38 


Mrs. V. S. Williams 




do 


41 40 


J. W. Preston 


Newton 

Grinnell 


. . do 

.. do 

....do 


41 42 


Lynds Jones 

Prof. H. Osborn 


41 44 

4 2 00 


Tenny Smitb 


Grand Junction .. 


.. do 


42 01 


...do .. 


42 03 


Gr. D. Peck; 


La Porte City 

Webster City ... 

Dubuque 

Storm Lake 

Williamstown . . 

Douglas 

Waukon 

Mitcbell 

Fairmont 

Lauesboro 

Heron Lake 


...do 


42 18 




..do 


J 2 27 


E T. Keim 


....do 


42 30 


H. L. Bond 


...do 


42 37 




...do 


42 55 




...do 

....do 


43 00 




43 15 


J. W. Lindley 


... do 


43 19 


B. E. St. John 


Minnesota ... 

...do 


43 38 


Dr. J. C. Hvoslef 


43 43 


G H Selover 


.. do 

.. do . . 


43 48 

44 26 


Dr. J. H. Sandberg 


Red Wing 

Hastings 

Minneapolis 

do 


. . do 


44 32 


Rev. G. B. Pratt 


... do 


44 45 




. . do 


44 47 


E. S. Stebbins 


...do 


45 00 


U. S. Grant 


...do 


45 00 


H. W. Hamline 


do 


. . do . . 


45 00 


D r. P. L. Hatch 


do 


.. do 

... do 


45 00 




45 05 




Elk River 


..do 


45 25 




Frazee City 

White Earth 

Eagle Pass 

Del Rio 

San Antonio 

Sisterdale 


..do 


46 33 


Dr. C.P.Allen 


... do 

Texas 

.. do 


47 04 




28 43 


Dr Thomas W. Scott ... 


29 20 


H. P. Attwater 


...do 

.. do 

....do 


29 27 


F. Grasst 

Rev. I. B. Henry 


30 00 
30 43 






.. do . ... 

... do 

... do 

... do 

....do 


31 22 


Dr. Tbos W. Florer 


Waxahachie 

Decatur 

Gainesville 


32 23 


Mrs. F. M. Houts 


33 11 


G. H. Ragsd ale 


33 36 




33 43 


W. W.Cooke 


Caddo 


Indian Territory.. 
....do 


34 11 


T. J Dove 


34 55 


O. VV. Coggeshall 


Darlington 

Red Rock 


.. do 

....do 


35 37 


W W Cooke 


36 30 


W. J. Dixon 


Cimarron 


Kansas 

....do 


37 49 




38 21 




Ellsworth 


...do 


38 4.'. 




Ellis 


...do 


38 55 


Pro! F.H. Snow 


Lawrence 


... do 


39 00 



43 



LIST OF STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR 1884- 


-continued. 




Xame of observer. 


Station. 


State. 


Latitude. 


Prof. ~D. E. Lantz 


Manhattan 

...do 

Washington 

Davenport 




o / 

39 12 


Dr. C. P. Blachly 

M. L Penwell 


...do 


39 12 


.... do 


39 50 






40 21 


F. C. Kenyon 


...do 


40 47 


F. W. Powell 


Alda 


...do 


40 53 






do 


41 22 




Vermillion 

Sioux Falls 




42 56 




... do 


43 34 


S. D.Partch 




do 


44 15 


G. S. Bishop 




...do 


44 21 


T. P. Lindley 




....do 


46 00 


C. B. Strable 




... do 


46 30 


S. M. Edwards 




....do 


47 08 






....do 


46 58 


T. F. Eastgate 




... do 


47 52 




Two Rivers 


... do 


47 55 






49 28 


George Bryce, president). 


....do 


49 30 


Portage La Prairie 
Oak Point 


...do 


50 00 


A. T. Small 


do 


50 30 











During the migration season of 1885 the general character of the 
work remained the same. Many new observers added their names to 
the list, and their reports form a valuable portion of the material re- 
ceived during that year. A great effort was made to fill up those parts 
of the district which lacked observers in 1884, but with few exceptions 
this attempt proved unsuccessful, the reason being that there are no per- 
sons in these areas who are sufficiently acquainted with birds to report 
their movements. 

A list of the new observers and stations for 1885 was published in 
the Ornithologist and Oologist for August, 1885. It contains the names 
of sixty mine new observers, and of several of the observers of 1884 
who had changed their residence since the previous list was printed. 
Ninety of the observers of 1884 promised to send notes during the fol- 
lowing year, making the whole number of observers in 1885 one hun- 
dred and fifty-nine. 

LIST OF NEW STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR THE YEAR 1885. 



Name of observer. 


Station. 


State. 


Latitude. 




Shawneetown 

do 




/ 

37 43 




...do 


37 43 


E. J. Edwards 




....do 


39 12 






... do 


39 34 


W. S. Cobleigh. 




do 


40 41 






...do 


41 36 






.do 


41 42 




Clinton 

do 


Wisconsin 

do 


42 34 


A. B. Wilcox 


42 34 


H. L. Skavlem 




...do 


42 39 


Z. L. Welman 




..do 


42 55 


W. W. Gilman 


do . 


do 


42 55 


F. H. Webb 


Fort Atkinson 


...do 


42 56 


W. B. Hull 


... do 


43 00 


T. P. Camp 




. do 


43 31 


J. A. Shoemaker 


Green Bay 


do 


44 30 


R. P. By ram 


do 


44 30 


E. L. Brown 


Durand 


....do 


44 36 



44 



LIST OF NEW STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR THE YEAR 1885 — continued. 



Name of observer. 


Station. 


State. 


Latitude. 


0. G. Libby 


River Falls 


Wisconsin 

do 


o / 

44 45 


F. M. Style 


44 58 


W. S. Libby 


New Richmond. . . 


.. do ... 


45 09 




. do. . 








do 


46 50 


E. C. Wurzlow 






29 34 






....do 


30 00 


S. A. Ball 


Reed 




37 08 




Butler ... 


.. do .. 


38 14 








40 20 


Col G. B. Brackett . 




do 


40 43 






. . do 


40 50 






...do 


41 36 


H.L.Bond . 




...do 


41 38 


"W. M. Clute 




...do 


41 38 


C. R. Keyes 


.. do 


do 


41 38 






...do 


41 44 




do 


...do 


41 44 


Harry E. Peck 


La Porte City 


....do 


42 18 




.. do 


42 18 






...do 


42 28 




State Centre 

Emmetsburg 


...do 


42 59 


Rev. C. E. Cline 


...do 


43 08 




do ... 


43 26 


Pres. B. B. Abbott 


Albert Lea 


Minnesota 

... do 


43 58 




44 01 


E A Wise .. 




. . do 


44 26 






... do 


44 32 


H. Willard 


....do 


...do 


44 32 




...do .. 


do ... 


44 32 




Excelsior 

Excelsior 

Saint Paul 

Minneapolis 


... do 


44 55 




.. do 


44 55 


H. W. Slack 


do 


45 57 




do 


44 00 




.... do 


45 00 




...do 


....do 


45 00 




...do 


....do 


45 00 


H.P.Bennett ... . 


Saint Cloud 


....do 


45 32 


W. W. Cooke 




....do 


46 56 




White Earth 

San Antonio 

....do 


do 


47 04 






29 27 




....do 


29 27 






...do 


30 20 




Fort Worth 

Bonham 

Emporia 




32 44 


H.F.Peters .. 


. . do 


33 34 






38 21 




...do 


38 21 


William S. Smitli .. 




....do 


38 34 


J. F. Williams 


Topeka 

York 


...do 


39 03 






40 48 




Grand View 

Huron 

Valley City 

Steele 

Minto 




43 50 




...do 


44 21 




...do 


46 55 




.. do 


47 01 




...do 


47 58 


Will Dean 


....do 


48 04 


W. C. Bennett 


Fort Totten 


....do 


48 50 




Dalton 








Shell River 


....do 








....do 













[Note.— All of the stations enumerated in the above lists for 1884 and 1885 will be found on the ac- 
companying map of the Mississippi Valley. The exact position of each station is indicated by a black 
triangle. This map is particularly valuable to the student of the migration and distribution of species, 
because it shows at a glance the altitudes of the several areas embraced in the region of which the 
report treats. Altitude, it is well known, is the principal factor governing the distribution of species 
in places of the same latitude. — C. H. M.] 



45 



In the spring of 1885 Dr. 0. Hart Merriarn, chairman of the Commit- 
tee on Migration of the American Ornithologists' Union, prepared and 
sent out blank schedules for the use of the observers in reporting their 
notes. A copy (on a reduced scale) of the heading of one of these 
schedules is here given : 



1885. 
American Ornithologists' Union. 

committee on bird migration. 
BIRDS OBSERVED AT STATION. 



INLAND DIVISION. 



Number of station, • 



Name of station, 



Name and P. 0. address of observer, 



Name of bird. 



When was 
it first seen, 

and 
about how 
many were 
observed ? 



When 
was it 
next 
seen? 


When 

did it 

become 

common ? 


When 

was it 

last 

seen? 


Is it 

common 

or 

rare? 


Does 

it breed 

near your 

station ? 













Remarks. 



On the back of the schedules the following " Instructions" were 
printed : 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

In the first column should be stated the exact date when each kind of bird was 
first seen. This entry should be made on the day the bird arrives — not from memory 
afterwards (general statements, such as "late in March," "early in April," etc., are 
of no value). The number observed (approximate) should also be recorded. 

In the second column should be stated the date when the same kind of bird was 
next seen — whether this happens on the very next day, the next week, or not till a 
month later. 

In the third column should be stated the date when the bird becomes common. 
Some birds come in a body and are common from the day of their first arrival, while 
others straggle along and are not common for a month or more ; and others still are 
never common." 

In the fourth column should be stated the last date when the bird was observed. 
In the spring migration this column will remain vacant in those species which breed 
in the neighborhood, as it can be filled only when all the individuals go north. In 
the fall migration it should be filled in those species which pass farther south, but 
must remain vacant in those which spend the winter in the vicinity of the station. 

In the fifth column should be stated whether the species is abundant, common, tol- 
erably common, or rare. 

In the sixth column it is necessary only to say yes or no. 

Each schedule contained spaces for noting the movements of 3G spe- 
cies of birds. 

In 1885, schedules relating to spring migration were received from 
87 observers, distributed as follows : One in Mississippi, 12 in Illinois, 
16 in Wisconsin, 1 in Louisiana, 6 in Missouri, 19 in Iowa, 11 in Minne- 
sota, 5 in Texas, 4 in Kansas, 2 in Nebraska, 6 in Dakota, and 4 in Man- 



46 

itoba. These observers sent reports as follows: Twelve occupied less 
tban half a schedule, 21 occupied more than half but less than a whole 
schedule, 28 sent one full schedule, 10 sent one and a half schedules, 5 
sent two schedules, 4 sent two and a half schedules, and 7 sent three or 
more schedules. 

In addition to the schedules several hundred notes were sent in let- 
ters. Schedules relating to fall migration were received from 16 ob- 
servers, distributed as follows: One in Illinois, 1 in Wisconsin, 2 in Mis- 
souri, 3 in Iowa, 3 in Minnesota, 2 in Texas, 2 in Kansas, 1 in Dakota, 
and 1 in Manitoba. 

These observers sent reports as follows: Three occupied less than 
half a schedule, 1 occupied more than half but less than a whole sched- 
ule, 9 sent one full schedule, 2 sent two schedules, and 1, Mr. Otto Wid- 
mann, sent the most complete record of fall migration that has ever 
been made in the United States. 

NOTES ON THE MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EACH SPECIES 
REPORTED AS INHABITING THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

In the first circular on migration issued by the American Ornitholo- 
gists' Union, records were called for concerning four movements for 
each species of bird, namely, the arrival of the first, the arrival of the 
bulk, the departure of the bulk, and the last one seen. The notes con- 
tiibuted by observers relate principally to first arrivals. Of a few 
species a number of Masks' were noted, and of still fewer the move- 
ments of the bulk are recorded with sufficient fullness to serve as the 
basis of intelligent study. 

The second circular issued by the American Ornithologists' Union 
contained instructions for the year 1885. It called for records of the 
arrival of the first individual of a species, for the date when it was next 
seen, when it became common, and when the last one was seen. The 
records received under the second and third of these headings are very 
disappointing. These records are voluminous, numbering several thou- 
sand, but they are almost without value. The records of the second 
time the species was seen have served in a few instances as a check on 
the date of the first arrival, showing whether the first seen was a 
straggler or a regular arrival, but these instances are very much fewer 
than had been expected. When the dates of arrival and departure of 
bulk were asked for, not many observers gave these records, but the 
notes that were sent were usually of value, since in most instances they 
indicated a real movement of the species at the date specified. 

In my experience the record " common" can not be so interpreted ;■ 
indeed, it cannot be interpreted in any manner which will throw any 
light on the movements of the species. 

The records for 1885 give no intimation of the arrival or departure of 
the bulk of the species, but merely furnish notes on the first and the 
last, with two additional checks on the record of the first seen. What 



47 

lias just been said does not apply to Mr. Otto Widmann's notes for 1885, 
since, as in former years, he kept a full record of all the movements of 
each species. 

In preparing this part of the report the chief endeavor has been to 
trace the movements of the van of each species, while the more im- 
portant part, relating to the movements of the bulk, must be left un- 
noticed. 

The departure of a bird from any point is necessarily followed by its 
arrival at some other point; so that when a departure is noted a cor- 
responding arrival may be looked for. The record of a typical move- 
ment of a species in its northern migration would contain : 1st, the 
record of the earliest arrival ; 2d, the arrival of the bulk of the species 
at a point somewhat farther south ; 3d, the departure of the bulk from 
a point still farther south ; 1th, the departure of the last individual 
from the southern limit occupied by the species on the same day. 

Such a contemporaneous record would prove that during the previous 
night a general movement of the species had taken place. 

Were all the records as full as those of the first arrivals many such 
typical movements undoubtedly would be found. This, however, would 
be too much to expect. What we ought to find recorded is an arrival 
of the bulk of a species for each corresponding departure, and when 
the stations become sufficiently numerous, and the observers more 
thoroughly trained, these important items will be forthcoming in many 
if not in most cases. Then and not till then will something definite be 
known concerning the distance actually traveled by birds during a 
single night's migration. The computations based on first arrivals will 
always be very uncertain, and if accurate information ever is obtained 
it must come almost entirely from the movements of the bulk. * 

In the systematic portion of this report it has been found impracticable 
to give in full all the notes contributed by the different observers, be- 

[* Again I am forced to differ -with Professor Cooke. Tliere is do evidence to show 
that in any species of "bird a sufficiently large proportion of the total number of individ- 
uals comprising the migratory host move forward together at one time to justify the 
description of such a movement as that of " the hulk of the species. " On the con- 
trary, migration consists of a series of successive movements or waves, each of which 
brings a variable number of individuals to places a variable distance in advance of 
the point or points from which they started. It v^as the recognition of these facts 
that led me to omit reference to "bulk" movements in preparing the circular for 1885, 
and to insert the following statement, of which Professor Cooke makes no mention: 

" The committee particularly desires exact records of every increase and decrease 
in the numhers of a given species over a given area ; for it is only by the knowledge 
of the daily fluctuations of tbe same species in the same place that the progress and 
movements of a 'flight, ' or 'bird wave,' can he traced. Such data can he contrib- 
uted by experienced observers only, and in their procurement much time must he 
spent in the field. During the progress of the migratory movement the observer 
should go over the same ground day after day, and, if possible, both early in the 
morning and late in the afternoon. He should visit woodlands, thickets of dense 
undergrowth, and open fields; and, if possible, both swamp and upland should fall 
under his daily scrutiny. "— C. H. M.] 



48 

• 

cause of their voluminousiiess ; nor is it necessary to do so in the pres- 
ent connection. The prime object to be attained is a complete knowledge 
of the movements of each species. Such knowledge can be gained only 
by the accumulation of the facts noted by many observers over a term 
of years. The facts so accumulated will serve as a guide to the time of 
the appearance and disappearance of each species, and also will serve 
as a check to the observers 7 records. By this means the observers will 
be enabled to correct many mistakes into which they will fall, and will 
be guided to record many interesting facts which otherwise would 
escape notice. 

The above points have been dwelt upon in order that no observer may 
feel slighted should he not find credit given for all his observations. 
For example, some 60 or 70 stations scattered over every State in the 
district report the White-bellied Nuthatch as a resident. It is enough 
for present purposes to say that the species is resident throughout the 
Mississippi Valley. Or if, in the records of migration, 5 or G stations 
situated on the same parallel record the arrival of a species about the 
same time, it is more intelligible to say that on that date the van 
reached this latitude, than to give the name, latitude, and date for each 
of the stations.* 

The rule here followed is that the shorter the record the more easily it 
is comprehended, and the supposition is that the student of this report 
will always have a map before him. It is useless to attempt to study 
migration without this aid. 

The remaining or systematic portion of the report aims to be entirely 
historical rather than i)hilosophieal or theoretical ; and it must be re- 
membered that it is based upon notes, many of which, through lack of 
sufficient ornithological knowledge on the part of the observer, undoubt- 
edly *are erroneous, but which, since they bear on their lace the appear- 
ance of truth, have been accepted as facts. Hence, while great care has 
been taken to make the statements as accurate as possible, errors un- 
doubtedly have crept in, and the author will consider ifc a special favor 
if those who discover such will communicate the fact to him. 

There remains the pleasant duty of acknowledging the assistance 
received from various sources. The first acknowledgments are due to 
the observers, without whose able and united efforts nothing could have 
been accomplished. These persons have given their time and thought 
to the work without compensation, stimulated only by their love of 
nature and their interest in scientific work; and many have expressed 
the pleasure it afforded them by the statement " the enjoyment we have 
derived from the work has more than repaid us." To Dr. C. UartMer- 
riam the thanks of all are due for his untiring zeal in In ingiug the work 
before the public and enlisting the services of observers, and for the 

[*I cannot agree with Professor Cooke in this method of treating records of mi- 
gration. Owing to the difference in altitude of stations on the same parallel, and to 
the influence of topography and other local conditions, I deem it necessary to give in 
full the exact records of each ohserver. — C. H. M.] 



49 

laborious task of editing the manuscript of this report and seeing it 
through the press. Mr. Bidgway, both as representing the Smithsonian 
Institution, and personally, has aided in settling disputed points of iden- 
tification and distribution ; and Mr. Allen and Dr. Coues have assisted 
in the same manner. Nor should the able efforts of Prof. D.E. Lantz, of 
Manhattan, Kans., be forgotten. Not only did he furnish, for two years, 
a very full and acceptable set of notes on migration, but when the sick- 
ness of the author threatened to prevent the completion of this report, 
Professor Lantz came to his assistance, and, although already burdened 
by his own private work, found time to write nearly one-eighth of the 
systematic portion of this report. Last, but not least, should the au- 
thor endeavor to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Otto Wiclmann, 
of Saint Louis, Mo. When the work was begun and its future seemed 
clouded in doubt, his voluminous and valuable notes turned the scale; 
later, when delays and discouragements came, his advice and encour- 
agement awoke renewed vigor and interest. Net only does the material 
contributed by Mr. Wiclmann form the most valuable part of the present 
report, but during its preparation his aid has been so constant that it 
is perhaps not too much to say that his name should be included as 
joint author. 

Thanks are due, also, to the U. S. Signal Service for kindly furnishing 
weather reports and maps. 
7365— Bull. 2—4 



SECOND PART. 



51 



SYSTEMATIC REPORT 



1. iEchmophorus occidentalis (Lawr.). [729.] Western Grebe. 

An inhabitant of western North Ainerica 3 coming eastward to Mani- 
toba. Twenty years ago Donald Gunn discovered this Grebe breeding 
abundantly at Shoal lake and Lake Manitowaba, Manitoba (Smithson- 
ian Eeport for 1867, pp. 429-430). More recently Prof. John Macoun, 
botanist to the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, found 
it breeding " in thousands" on Waterhen river ; and still more recently 
Mr. Ernest E. T. Seton (now E. E. Thompson) has recorded specimens 
from Loug lake, Manitoba (The Auk, Vol. II, 1885, p. 314). 

2. Colymbus holboellii (Reinh.). [731.] HolbcclVs Grebe; American Bed-necked 

Grebe. 

A northern species, coming south in winter irregularly to the northern 
half of the Mississippi Valley ; has been taken as a rare visitant at 
Alda, Xebr. Said to breed in northern Manitoba. 

3. Colymbus auritus Linn. [732.] Homed Grebe. 

Winters over most of the Mississippi Valley and breeds from northern 
Illinois northward; reported by various observers in Missouri, ZSe- 
braska, and Wisconsin. In 1885 it arrived at Lake City, Minn., April 
23. 

4. Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerm.). [733a.] American Eared Grebe. 
Occurs throughout the western row of States in the district ; breeds 

from Texas northward, and winters from Texas southward ; was noted 
by observers at Saint Louis, Mo., Manhattan, Kans., Ellis, Ka*ns., and 
Vermillion, Dak. In the spring of 1885 it was first reported from Em- 
poria, Kans., April 14, and again April 30. At Saint Louis, Mo., the 
first, a male, came April 24. In the fall of 1885 it was seen at Emporia 
September 8 and at Saint Louis September 22. It remained at Saint 
Louis until October 7. 

5. Colymbus dominicus Linn. [734.] St. Domingo Grebe. 

This is a tropical species, coming north to the valley of the lower 
Eio Grande in Texas. Near Fort BroWn it is a " rather common resi- 
dent" (Merrill, Proc. U. S. K Mus., 1878, p. 172). It occurs at least as 
far up the river as Lomita ranch, above Hidalgo (Sennett, Bull. U. S. 
Geol. and Geog. Sur. Ter., Vol. V, No. 3, 1879, p. 440). 

53 



54 

6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn). [735.] Pied-billed Grebe; Hell Diver ; Dabchick. 

Winters wherever there is open water, from Illinois southward, and 
breeds from southern Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and eastern Kansas 
northward. The records for 1884 are so irregular that it can only be 
said that during the last of April and first of May the Dabchick was 
migrating on both sides of the forty- third parallel, and appeared May 
6 at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. In the fall of 1884 it was first seen 
at Emporia, Kans., September 20 and was common the same day. 

The records for 1885 are scarcely more regular than those for 1884. 
Its arrival was noted at Laporte City, Iowa, April 1 ; Lanesboro, Minn., 
April 3; Saint Louis, Mo., April 6; Paris, 111., April 19; Heron Lake, 
Minn., April 0, and Shell River, Manitoba, May 3. In the fall of 1885 
the first came to Emporia, Kans., September 16, and to Shawuee- 
town, 111., October 3. The last left Lanesboro, Minn., November 9, and 
Saint Louis, Mo., October 27. Mr. Lloyd states that it is tolerably 
common in winter in Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas (The Auk, 
Vol. IY, 1887, p. 184). 

7. Urinator imber (Gunn.). [736.] Loon. 

Breeds from northern Illinois and Minnesota northward. Occurs in 
winter at suitable localities over most of the Mississippi Yalley, even 
as far south as San Angelo, Tex. (Lloyd), Corpus Christi bay (Sen- 
nett), and Waverly, Miss. (Young). Daring the first eleven days of 
April in 1884 it was recorded at various places from latitude 39° to 
latitude 45° 25', and May 1 it reached Oak Point, Manitoba. 

In the spring of 1885 two sets of notes were contributed. The first 
was as follows : Laporte City, Iowa (lat. 42° 18'), March 31 ; New Cassel 
Wis. (lat. 43o 40'), April 4; Excelsior, Minn. (lat. 44° 55'), April 5; 
Emmetsburg, Iowa (lat. 43° 8'), and Saint Louis, Mo. (lat. 38° 40'), 
April 6; Heron Lake, Minn. (lat. 43° 48'), April 8; Lanesboro, Minn. 
(lat. 43° 43'), April 9. The second set was: Luck, Wis. (lat. 45° 35'), 
April 20 ; Des Moines, Iowa (lat. 41° 36'), Ferry, Iowa (lat. 41° 14'), and 
Lake Mills, Wis. (lat. 43° 6'), April 21, and Shell River, Manitoba, May 
4. The last left Saint Louis, Mo., April 11, and Ferry, Iowa, April 29. 
In the fall of 1885 the last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 7. 

9. Urinator arcticus (Linn.). [738.] Black-throated Diver. 

Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter, rarely to the Great 
Lakes. 
11. Urinator lumme (Gunn.). [740.] Bed-throated Diver. 

A northern species ; breeding about the larger lakes in Manitoba, and 
thence northward ; dispersed iu wiuter irregularly over the northern 
half of the Mississippi Valley. 

21. Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmel.). [753,759.] Ancient Murrelet; Black- 
throated Guillemot. 

Inhabits the islands and shores of the North Pacific; accidental once 
on Lake Koshkonong, Wis. (Sennett, Auk, Vol. I, 1884, p. 98). 



55 

36. Stercorarius pornarinus (Ternm.). [697.] Pomarine Jaeger. 

Breeds in the far north, coming south to the Great Lakes in winter. 
" Winter visitant to Lake Michigan" (Ridgway) ; "twice seen in Ne- 
braska" (Aughey). 

37. Stercorarius parasiticus (Liun.). [698.] Parasitic Jaeger. 

Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes, 
and even to Illinois (Ridgway). 

38. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. [699.] Long-tailed Jaeger. 

Breeds in the Arctic region?, coming south in winter to the northern 
States; "casual winter visitant in Illinois" (Ridgway). 

40. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). [658.] Kitthvake. 

A northern species, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes. It 
has been noted from Minnesota (Hatch), and Illinois (Nelson); and 
March 17, 1884, one was seen by Dr. P. R. Hoy at Racine, Wis. 

42. Larus glaucus Briinn. [660.] Glaucous Gull. 

Another northern species, appearing as a winter visitant at Lake 
Michigan, and once taken as far south as Clay county, Tex. (Ragsdale, 
Bull. N. O. C., Yol. VT, 1881, p. 187). Dr. P. R. Hoy took a fine speci- 
men at Racine, Wis., March 17, 1884. 

43. Larus leucopterus Faber. [661.] Iceland Gull. 

Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes; 
occurs regularly on Lake Michigan (E. W. Nelson). 

47. Larus marinus Linn. [663.] Great Black-lacked Gull. 

Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, coming south in 
winter to the Great Lakes (Lake Michigan, Nelson). 

51a. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. [666a.] Herring Gull. 

Breeds from southern Minnesota northward, and migrates over nearly 
the whole of the Mississippi Valley. This species was seen at Chicago 
in the winter of 1883-'84, and usually a few winter on Lake Michigan. 
As a rule it is found in winter throughout Illinois and thence southward 
to the Gulf of Mexico. The severe cold of January ,1884, drove it almost 
entirely out of Illinois. One was seen at Saint Louis after the river be- 
gan to be full of floating ice. It returned to Saint Louis January 29; 
two days later a party of eighteen went north, and February 3 between 
seventy-five and eighty-five went north above the Mississippi. At 
Heron Lake, Minn., the first came March 24. They breed from Heron 
Lake northward. There is a record of a large Gull, probably this spe- 
cies, from Oak Point, Manitoba, April 21. 

At Chicago, 111., Herring Gulls were common throughout the winter of 
1884- ? 8o, and as the Mississippi river did not freeze over they remained 
all winter at Saint Louis, Mo. Their migration at that place in the spring 
of 1885 began February 27, aud the next day they were seen going north 
in regular migration wedge, taking their annual overland route just in 



56 

the rear of the city, cutting short the great bend which the Mississippi 
river makes north of Saint Louis. Many old birds in beautiful plumage 
were seen all day soaring in majestic gyrations at enormous heights 
above the Mississippi. At Saint Louis the last was seen April 12; at 
Lake City, Minn., the first April 26, and the last May 10. In the fall 
of 1885 the first was seen at Milwaukee, Wis., August 8, and the last 
November 21. 

53. Larus californicus Lawr. [663.] California Gull. 

A rare visitant from the west. Colonel N. S. Goss shot one on the 
Arkansas river, in Reno county, Kans., October 20, 1880. 

54. Larus delawarensis Orel. [669.] King-billed Gull. 

Breeds from the northern tier of States northward; occurs in win- 
ter as far north as southern Illinois, and occasionally Saint Louis, 
and is a common winter resident along the coast of Texas and Louis- 
iana. It was shot iu Chicago harbor in the latter part of December, 
1883. In 18S4 the first migrant was seen at Saiut Louis February 2G, 
and the bulk came to Vermillion, Dak., March 31. The other dates 
are more or less irregular. 

In the spring of 1885 the only arrivals noted were as follows: Em- 
poria, Kans., April 30; Luck, Wis., April 17, and Heron Lake, Minn., 
April 9. 

In the fall of 1885 it left Heron Lake November 11. According to 
Eidgway it is a summer resident in the northern part of Illinois, but 
is not yet known certainly to breed there. 

58. Larus atricilla Liun. [673.] Laughing Gull. > 

Belongs more particularly to the South Atlantic and Gulf States; 
breeds plentifully on the coasts of Texas and Louisiana, and a few pass 
up the Mississippi during the summer as far as southern Illinois. It is 
not known from Kansas, but was recorded by Mr. Powell at Alda, 
Nefcr., in July 1880. 

59. Larus franklinii Sw. & Rich. [674.] Franklin's Gull. 

Franklin's Gull breeds from southern Minnesota and Dakota north- 
ward; winters in the Southern States, and migrates principally west of 
the Mississippi river. The records of its movements are irregular and 
unsatisfactory. In 1881 it arrived at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 
April 21. In 1885 it was reported from Emporia, Kans., April 10. It 
breeds abundantly in Dakota and western Minnesota, and thence north- 
ward. Until within a few years its presence anywhere in the United 
States in summer was considered a rare occurrence. In 1879 Roberts 
and Benner found it common in the Traverse Lake region in western 
Minnesota in June (Bull. JSTutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. Y, 1880, p. 20). In 
1884 Mr. Thomas Miller reported it as an abundant summer resident at 
Heron Lake, in southwestern Minnesota; and Mr. J. W. Preston has 
recently found it breeding in numbers in western Minnesota, where it 



57 

is said to have arrived April 9, and left September 29, 1885 (Ornithol- 
ogist and Oologist, Vol. XI, Xo. 4, April, 1886, pp. 54-55). October 22 y 
1884, Mr. S. W. Willard took a female near the mouth of Fox river, in 
eastern Wisconsin. 

60. Larus Philadelphia (Ord.) [675.] Bonaparte's Gull. 

Breeds from Manitoba northward (and probably in northern Minne- 
sota as well) $ winters along the Gulf of Mexico and southward, and 
sometimes in Illinois. In the spring of 1884 it was noted from Lanes- 
borough, Minn., April 23, and from Elver Falls, Wis., April 28. In 1885 
it arrived at Hennepin, 111., April 17. 

62. Xema sabinii (Sab.). [677.] Saline's Gull. 

Breeds in the Arctic regions, coming south in winter rarely and ir- 
regularly to the United States. It is a rare winter visitant at Lake 
Michigan (Xelson), and was taken once in Kansas in the fall (at Hum- 
boldt, September 21, 1876, by Col. X. S. Goss). 

63. Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselq.). [679.] Gull-tilled Tern; Marsh Tern. 

Breeds commonly in suitable places along the coast of Texas ; rare 
inland, but has been reported irregularly from other parts of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley. 

64. Sterna tschegrava Lepech. [680.] Caspian Tern. 

An irregularly distributed species, common in the Gulf of Mexico, 
where it breeds at various places along the coasts of Texas and Louisi- 
ana. Mr. Hatch gives it in his list of Minnesota birds, and Mr. Preston 
has taken it in central Iowa. There is also a record of three that were 
shot at Cincinnati October 9, 1882. 

65. Sterna maxima Bodd. [681.] Eoyal Tern. 

A southern species, breeding commonly along the coasts of Texas and 
Louisiana. A summer visitant in Illinois. 

67. Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida (Cabot). [683.] Caoofs Tern. 

An inhabitant of the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, breeding com- 
monly along the coast of Texas. 

69. Sterna forsteri Nutt. [685.] Forstefs Tern. 

Thetinost common Tern of the Mississippi Valley, wintering in the 
South, and breeding from Texas to Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and 
Manitoba. In 1884 it was noted from Manhattan, Kans., May 1; and 
a Tern, probably of this species, was seen at Oak Point, Manitoba, 
May 17. 

In 1885 it was seen at Emporia, Kans., April 18 ; and at Heron Lake, 
Minn., April 21. In the fall of 1885 two birds, young of the year, were 
seen at Lanesboro, Minn., August 21, and the species was last seen at 
Heron Lake, October 14. 



58 

70. Sterna hir undo Linn. [686.] Common Tern. 

Breeds commonly on the larger lakes in Manitoba, and has been noted 
at various places in the Mississippi Valley. It was recorded as a mi- 
grant at West De Pere, Wis., and as having been taken by Mr. Preston 
in central Iowa. 

74. Sterna antillarurn (Less.). [690.] Least Tern. 

Chiefly coastwise, but passes up the Mississippi Valley to Dakota and 
Minnesota. Breeds abundantly along the Gulf coast in Louisiana and 
Texas; also in the interior; known to breed in Kansas and Dakota. 

In the fall of 1885 it appeared at Emporia, Kans., August 12; was 
last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., August 31, and returned to Bonham, Tex., 
August 20. 

75. Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. [691.] Sooty Tern. 

A tropical and subtropical maritime species of wide distribution; 
common along the Gulf coast. 

77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). [693.] Black Tern. 
Winters beyond our border, and breeds from southern Illinois and 

Kansas, northward. In 1884 it was noticed at Saint Louis April 29, 
and at Heron Lake, Minn., May 1. May 17 it came to Oak Point, Mani- 
toba; May 15 it was passing over Laporte City, Iowa, in large flocks. 
In the fall of 1884 the first flock appeared at Emporia, Kans., August 10, 
In the spring of 1885 they were seen at Emporia, Kans., and Heron 
Lake, Minn., the last day of March and the first day of April. They 
arrived at Luck, Wis., April 17; at Huron, Dak., May 14, and May 18 
eleven were seen at Shell River, Manitoba, latitude 50°. They were 
seen during the whole summer at Emporia, Kans., the extreme western 
limit of their breeding range. In the fall of 1885 they were reported 
at Eichmond, Kans., July 25 ; again August 4, and common August 12. 
The last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 11 ; a few were seen at 
Saint Louis, Mo., October 7, and the last left there October 21. The 
first came to Bonham, Tex., August 22. Mr. Lloyd says it is tolerably 
common in western Texas in fall migration. 

78. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temni.). [694.] White-winged Black Tern. 

A European species; accidental once at Lake Koshkonong, Wis. 
(Kumlien, specimen now in U. S. National Museum). 

79. Anous stolidus (Linn.). [695.] Noddy. 

A tropical and subtropical maritime species; reported as breeding 
abundantly along the coast of Texas. 

80. Rynchops nigra Linn. [656.] Black Shimmer. 

A maritime species, breeding abundantly on the islands along the 
Gulf coast in Louisiana and Texas. 
115. Sulasula (Linn.). [652.] Booby. 

A tropical maritime species coming north to the Gulf States ; reported 
as not common along the coast of Texas. 






59 

117. Sula bassana (Linn.). [650.] Gannet. 
A maritime species, breeding in the ]Sorth Atlantic and Gnlf of St. 

Lawrence, and coming south in winter when it sometimes occurs along 
the coasts of the Gulf States. 

118. Anhinga anhinga (Linn. ). [649.] Anliinga ; Snake Bird. 
Eesident in the Southern States, where it is commonly called the 

"Water Turkey." In summer it passes north regularly to southern Il- 
linois ; and it has been taken once in western Kansas (in August, 1881). 
It was noted by the observers from Mississippi to San Angelo 5 Tex. 
On the south Concho, near the latter place, it is a tolerably common 
fall migrant (Lloyd). In eastern Texas it breeds abundantly (Xehrling). 
In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at San Angelo, Tex., 
September 19. It was again seen September 21 and September 30. 
One was shot and mounted by Mr. Munroe at Newport, Ark. (lat. 35° 
36'), during the winter of 1884-'85. 

120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. and Rich.). [643.] DonbJe-crested Cormorant. 
Winters in the Southern States, rarely north to Illinois ; breeds from 

Minnesota and Dakota northward. In migration it is common through- 
out the Mississippi Valley. In 1884 it arrived at Saint Louis March 27 ; 
at Laporte City, Iowa, March 31, and at Lanesboro, Minn., probably 
April 4 ; the bulk arriving just a month later, May 4. The full record 
from Saint Louis is as follows : March 27, first (three) pass north ; April 
3 to 5, flocks passing north ; April 15, height of the season; May 11, 
bulk of young go north; May 22, last seen. 

In the spring of 1885 the first north-bound troop came to Saint Louis, 
Mo., March 31, and the same day a single bird was seen at Emmetsburg, 
Iowa. They reached Laporte City, Iowa, April 2 ; Heron Lake, Minn., 
April 11 ; Lanesboro, Minn., April 21; and Shell h'iver, Manitoba, May 
13. The last flock was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 20. This Cor- 
morant used to breed abundantly in a few places in northern Iowa, 
where Mr. Preston, of Newton, Iowa, says he has taken a great many 
sets of eggs. In the fall of 1885 the first came to Lanesboro, Minn., 
September 29, and the last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 16. It 
was first seen at Saint Louis, Mo., October 5. 

120a. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus (Aud.). [643a.] Florida Cormorant. 

Eesident along the Gulf coast; in summer, north to Illinois; some- 
times winters in southern Illinois. Has been taken at Saint Louis, Mo. 
One was shot in western Texas in the fall of 1880. 

121. Phalacrocorax mexicanus (Brandt). [644.] Mexican Cormorant. 

A common resident along the coast of Texas; occurs in the Missis- 
sippi Valley as far north as southern Illinois and Kansas. One was 
killed near Lawrence, Kans., April 2, 1872, and another in Mitchell 
county, Kans., in the spring of 1881. 



60 

125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. [640.] American White Pelican. 
Winters abundantly in the Gulf States, and breeds from southern 

Minnesota northward. The records for 18S4 show plainly that they are 
not those of the real < firsts,' but the dates when the species happened to 
be seen,, and nothing further can be obtained from them than the gen- 
eral statement that during the month of April this species was mi- 
grating in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, and Minnesota. 
At Vermillion, Dak. ? at least five hundred w r ere seen in a single flock 
April 21. 

In the spring of 1885 flocks of Pelicans, probably this species, were 
seen at Gainesville, Tex., March 7 and April 6. They were reported 
from Cimarron, Kans., March 9 ; Mount Pleasant, Iowa, March 18; Grin- 
nell, Iowa, March 30 ; and Huron, Dak., April 3. The last were seen at 
Lin wood, Nebr., April 16; Ferry, Iowa, April 29; Manhattan, Kans., May 
1; and at Heron Lake, Minn., 30 were seen May 10, and 50 May 12. 

In the fall of 1885 the first, a flock of 11, came to Grinuell, Iowa, 
September 13, and the first was seen at Emporia, Kans., October 13 ; at 
Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen September 14 ; a large body passed 
over October 6, and the last was seen October 7. 

126. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. [641.] Brown Pelican. 

A southern species ; accidental once in Illinois, where it was seen by 
Mr. O. K. Worthen. It is a common resident along the Gulf coast, and 
breeds abundantly in eastern and southeastern Texas. Mr. G. W. Beck- 
ham states that it is said to breed in tbe lakes above Bayou Sara, Loui- 
siana. (Bull. N. O. O., Vol. VII, 1882, p. 165.) 

128. Fregata aquila (Linn.). [639.] Man-o'-JTar Bird. 

Eesident along the Gulf coast. The Man-o'-War Bird is strictly a 
maritime species, hence its occurrence at a distance of 800 miles from 
the nearest salt water is a matter of special interest. One was killed 
with a stone while sitting on a tree in Osborne county, Kans., August 
16, 1880. It was mounted by Mr. Frank Lewis, of Downs, Kans. He 
has lost track of the specimen, but a photograph of it, taken after 
mounting, is now in my possession and identifies it* beyond a doubt. 
A still more remarkable case occurred during the same month (August, 
1880) in Wisconsin. A Man-o'-War Bird was killed while flying in the 
vicinity of Humboldt, a small village on the Milwaukee river a few 
miles north of Milwaukee, Wis. The bird was preserved and is now in 
the Milwaukee Public Museum. 

129. Merganser americanus (Cass.). [636.] American Merganser. 

A common species, wintering from Kansas and Illinois southward, 
and breeding from Minnesota northward. In 1881 the bulk reached 
Burlington, Iowa, March 5; Newton, Iowa, March 17, and the first 
came to Heron Lake, Minn., March 24. 

In the spring of 1885 it was seen at Shawneetown, 111., February 27, 
and was not again seen until it had reached Heron Lake, Minn., 



61 

March 26. It was afterwards noted at Des Moines, Iowa, April 4 ; 
Lanesboro, Minn., April 4; and Green Bay, Wis., April 7. It has 
been found breeding in northern Iowa by Mr. Preston, of Xewton, 
Iowa. In the fall of 1885 a large flock was seen at Saint Louis No- 
vember 12. 

130. Merganser serrator (Linn.). [637.] Bed-breasted Merganser, 

A winter resident in southern Wisconsin, along Lake Michigan, 
throughout the State of Illinois, and southward. Breeds from north- 
ern Illinois and Minnesota northward. In 1884 it was only noticed in 
migration at Heron Lake, Minn., where it arrived April 2. 

In the spring of 1885 a flock of about 200 was seen at Emporia, 
Kans., March 7, and at Laporte City, Iowa, March 25. April 1 there 
was a queried note from Lanesboro, Minn., and April 4 they reached 
Heron Lake, Minn. They were taken also during spring migration at 
Tampico, 111. 

131. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). [638.] Hooded Merganser. 

In Illinois the Hooded Merganser is resident throughout the State 
and breeds everywhere. In Kansas it is a common winter resident 
and breeds very rarely. A few breed in Florida. In western Texas it 
is common in winter. It is common and breeds in Wisconsin, Minne- 
sota, Dakota, and Manitoba. 

In the spring of 1884 it reached Burlington, Iowa, March 15 ; La- 
porte City, Iowa, March 17; Heron Lake, Minn., March 24; Green 
Bay, Wis., March 23; and Bed Wing, Minn., April 4. It was known 
once to remain throughout the winter at Lanesboro, Minn., in an open 
part of the Boot river. 

In the fall of 1SS4 the first migrant appeared at Des Moines, Iowa, 
October 24, and the last was seen November 17. It was given as a 
very rare bird at San Angelo, Tex., where one was shot in 18S4. 

In the spring of 1885 it was seen at Shawneetown, 111., February 27; 
Heron Lake, Minn., April 4; Des Moines, Iowa, April 9; Emporia, 
Kans., April 14; Hastings, Minn., April 13; Menoken, Dak., May 1. 
A nest with twelve fresh eggs was found at Peoria, 111., April 20. At 
Waverly, Miss., it is said to nest in March. In the fall of 1885 it was 
last seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 30. 

132. Anas boschas Linn. [601.] Mallard. 

The Mallard occurs in suitable places over the whole of the northern 
hemisphere. It is the best known of the Mississippi Yalley Ducks, and 
for this reason is here taken as their type. It is one of the most hardy 
species, and is pretty sure to be found among the first that arrive in 
spring. When notes have been sent in merely saying that "Ducks" 
have been seen, they have been brought under this head, so that the 
present discussion is not so much that of the Mallard in particular as 
of Ducks in general. The Mallard breeds from Indiana and Iowa north- 
ward, and a few breed as far south as Kansas. In winter they are usu- 



62 

ally resident in southern Illinois and southern Kansas, but the extreme 
cold of the 1st of January, 1884, froze all ponds, lakes, arid rivers, compel- 
ling them to move further south. In southern Missouri, consequently, 
they were unusually abundant during the winter of 1883-1884, and at 
Gaddo, Ind. Ter., a few stayed through the winter, but the great majority 
moved much further south. Like the Eobin and other hardy species, 
they remain far north when the conditions are favorable. Given food 
and open water no degree of cold seems to affect them. Some habitu- 
ally remain on the Illinois river in northern Illinois ; seven were seen 
January 11, at Vermillion, Dak., where they were never before seen in 
winter ; and several spent the winter, enduring a temperature of more 
than 35° below zero, at Lake Pepin, Minn., and in a small open 
creek near the same place; while they have been often known to winter 
around the warm springs in Wyoming. At Moss Point, Miss., only a 
few miles from the Gulf, the first Mallards arrived November 15, 1883, 
and the bulk from December 1 to December 15. They were present by 
thousands during their short " winter," and the bulk left the coast about 
the middle of January. All were gone February 1, at which date the 
bulk had hardly passed north of the Gulf States, so that during the lat- 
ter part of January and the first half of February the great mass of 
the Mallards was gathered between parallels 33° and 37°. In south- 
ern Louisiana the movements of Ducks in general began somewhat later, 
but they were fairly under way by February. Probably few Mallards 
were included in this flight, which was principally composed of the coast 
Ducks rather than the river Ducks. Before this, in the latter part of 
January, and the first few days of February, the warm wave had caused 
great movements among the river Ducks. They returned to southern 
Illinois, and to those parts of southern Missouri up to Saint Louis, from 
which they had been driven early in January. The limit of this move- 
ment was at Odin, 111. (lat. 38° 39'), and, on the Mississippi river, at 
Alton, 111. (lat. 38° 55'). In the West the wave was scarcely felt north 
of Caddo, Ind. Ter., and not at all in the northern part of the Territory, 
where the moisture which fell in copious rains in the southern portion 
was precipitated as snow and sleet. Then followed a month of con- 
stant swaying to and fro, the flight advancing one day to be driven 
back the next by fierce northern blasts. During the entire month prac- 
tically no headwa3 r was made. A few stragglers managed to force their 
way northward for a short distance, reaching Danville, 111. ; Ferry, Iowa ; 
Fayette, Mo.; Unadilla and Linwood, Nebr.; but the bulk made little 
movement, scarcely passing beyond the Gulf States ; and the struggle 
was temporarily terminated about the 1st of March by a "second 
winter," which recongealed the open water and sent the Ducks back to 
winter quarters. At Waverly, Miss., the course of events, according 
to Major Young, was as follows : 

In both years, 1883 and 1884, Ducks went north at the same time, and under the 
same conditions. There was a big overflow of the Tombigbee river in February, 






63 

which brought immense numbers of Ducks. On February 12, 1884, they were going 
north in large flocks; February 14 they returned, coming back just at the time we 
had a cold wave from the north. We had fine Duck shooting until the storms of 
February 22 and. 23, when they disappeared. The varieties killed were Pintails, Mal- 
lards, Gad walls. Black Ducks, and Sheldrakes. By March 18 only a few Ducks were 
left. 

At Saint Louis tbe thaw began March 9, and was fairly under way 
on the 10th. Ducks began to return, and the first real advance since 
February 1 was made March 10. By the 12th and 13th they had moved 
to latitude 41° 10' in Illinois, and 41° 42' in Iowa. The movement 
rapidly gained headway. The Ducks had been held back so much later 
than usual that as soon as a movement was possible it was participated 
in by the whole family. March 15 and 16 were great days for migra- 
tion, aided by a warm south wind. The movement was peculiar in that 
the bulk was almost abreast of the van. The first had not yet appeared 
in Wisconsin, the most northern record being Polo, 111. (lat. 41° 5S r ), 
bnt the bulk was only a few miles in the rear, being recorded from lati- 
tude 41° 36'. In Iowa the van was at latitude 42° and 42° 1', and the 
bulk in all favorable localities from latitude 41° 4fi' southward. In the 
West the van had come to Vermillion, Dak. (lat. 42° 56'), and the bulk 
to Linwood, Nebr. (lat. 41° 22'). 

From this time on each day was marked by a record of advance. 
Southern Wisconsin was reached March 18 ; northern Iowa and southern 
Minnesota on the 20th and 21st. March 23 was the day of an immense 
flight of about a dozen species at Heron Lake, Minn., all coming from the 
west as if from the Missouri valley, at the nearest point of which they 
had arrived some days previously. On this day also they reached 
Waupaca, Wis,, latitude 44° 22'. During the next three days the rec- 
ords show advances in Minnesota and Dakota to latitude 45° 25' in 
the former, and up the Missouri river to latitude 46° 58' in the latter. 

They were reported at Frazee City, Minn. (lat. 46° 33'), March 31 ; 
at Argusville, Dak. (lat. 47° 08'), the day before; at Two Eivers, Mani- 
toba (49° 28'), April 12, and Oak Point, Manitoba (50° 30'), April 16. 
There were not many records of the arrival of the bulk in the North, but 
they indicate that the bulk and van kept pretty close together up to 
about latitude 45°, when the van pressed forward, while the bulk was 
delayed by April storms. 

Eeturning to the South, we find that the bulk left Louisiana and 
Texas about the middle of March ; they left latitude 39° the last of 
March and the first week in April, and latitude 43° about the third week 
in April. North of this parallel so many Ducks remained to breed that 
no departures were given. 

In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Des Moines, Iowa, 
October 1, and at Emporia, Kans., October 9. At the latter place it had 
become common by the 25th of October, and was last seen December 1. 

For the spring of 1885 all notes giving the arrival of "Ducks," with no 
specific name have been brought under this head, as was done in treat- 



64 

ing of spring migration in 1884. No notes were contributed on the 
movements of Ducks south of latitude 38° ; hence nothing can be said 
of their whereabouts until the first full wave of migration brought thein 
to Cimarron, Kans., February 26. The next day they were seen at 
Shawneetown, 111. This was the opening day of spring migration at 
Saint Louis, Mo. The advance continued for several days. Ducks were 
reported from Griggsville, 111., February 28 5 and during the first five 
days of March, from Mount Carmel, Mo., and Fayette, Mo. (two observ- 
ers) ; Ferry, Iowa; Mount Pleasant, Iowa; Knoxville, Iowa; Sioux City, 
Iowa; Emporia, Kans. ; and Unadilla, Nebr. It will be noticed that this 
is the same bird wave which is described under the migration of the 
Canada Goose, but while the Geese pushed on into Dakota, no Ducks 
were noted north of Sioux City. Yet, contrary to the usual rule, the van 
in the West w r as farther north than in the East, just as it was with the 
Geese, and this difference became still more pronounced when the next 
wave (that of March 11) carried the advance guard along the plains to 
Heron Lake, Minn., while nearer the Mississippi it pushed forward 
but a few miles to Morning Sun, Kichmond, Newton, and Grinnell, 
Iowa. Immense numbers of Ducks were on the wing March 11 through- 
out the country from Griggsville, 111., to Newton, Iowa; but very little 
northward advance was made. During the spring migration of 18S4 
it was noted by Mr. Miller that Ducks came to Heron Lake, Minn., 
from the west, as if they were a part of the Missouri river flight. In 1885 
they must have come from the same direction, since in the region south 
of Heron Lake, in Iowa, at an equally favorable locality (Emmetsburgh), 
none were seen until about two weeks later. There can be no doubt 
that in the spring of 1885 the flight of Ducks and Geese along the Mis- 
souri river was several days earlier than at corresponding latitudes on 
the Mississippi river. Another wave occurred in Iowa March 14. It 
was noted at Iowa City and Laporte City, Iowa, and by both observers 
at Tampico, 111. The next day the temperature at Saint Vincent, Minn., 
was fourteen degrees below zero, and the hosts of Ducks in central Iowa 
returned south, following the example set March 14 by the Ducks at 
Heron Lake. They returned March 25, and were noted March 2G at 
Emmetsburgh and Williamstown, Iowa, Huron, Dak., and Stoughton, 
Wis. March 30 and 31 they appeared at New Cassel, Wis., Fridley, 
Minn., and Menoken, Dak. Thus the western flight extended still fur- 
ther north than the eastern. April 1 they were reported at Argusville, 
Dak. ; April 5, at Larimore, Dak., and Two Kivers, Manitoba; and April 
7 at our most northern station, Oak Point, Manitoba, in latitude 50° 30'. 
In the fall of 1885 they were still at Heron Lake, Minn., as late 
as December 1. The last one was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., Novem- 
ber 22; at Grinnell, Iowa, November 4; and at Fernwood, 111., No- 
vember 7. The first migrant was reported from Grinnell, Iowa, Sep- 
tember 10; Fernwood, 111., September 12 ; Iowa City, Iowa, October G; 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 6, with an increase September 22 ; Shaw- 



65 

neetown, 111., October 3 ; Kiehinond, Kans., October 4 ; and from Bon- 
ham, Tex., October 16. At the last-named place Ducks became common 
November 4. 

133. Anas obscura Gmel. [602.] Black Duck. 

Though principally a bird of the Eastern States the Black Duck is 
not rare in the northern part of the Mississippi Valley. In winter it 
occurs in the Gulf States. It is rare in western Manitoba. According 
to the reports of observers, it is resident in Louisiana and Texas ;* and 
it breeds in Iowa and Illinois, but not in Kansas or Nebraska. In 1884 
it arrived at Frazee City, Minn., April 1. In the fall of 1884 the first 
migrant appeared at San Angelo, Tex., August 3. In 1883 the first was 
seen there August 8. 

In the spring of 1885 it arrived at Fayette, Mo., April 1, and a female 
at Gainesville, Tex., April 24. 

In the fall of 1885 the first came to Fern wood, 111., September 12 ; it 
was next seen there October 3, and last, November 7, on which date it 
was seen also at Shawneetown, 111. 

134. Anasjfulvigula Ridgw. [603.] Florida Duck. 

This Duck, originally described from Florida, has been found in Kan- 
sas, and doubtless occurs regularly in Louisiana and eastern Texas, if 
not throughout the intermediate region. 

Col. N. S. Goss, in his Eevised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas (1886), 
says of it: " Migratory ; rare. Arrives about the middle of March. I 
captured a female at Neosho Falls, March 11, 1876, and have since shot 
one, and observed two others in the State" (p. 6). 

135. Anas strepera Linn. [604.] Gadwall. 

The Gadwall is widely distributed, ranging over most of the northern 
hemisphere. It winters abundantly in the Gulf States, and sometimes 
remains in Illinois in mild winters; it is also known to winter near a warm 
spring in Wyoming. It breeds locally throughout most of its range. 
Col. N. S. Goss considers it a rare breeder in Kansas. At Moss Point, 
Miss., it comes in November and leaves in February. In 1884 it ar- 
rived at Ellis, Kans., March 14, Manhattan, Kans., March 19, and Saint 
Louis March 21, furnishing a curious exception to the usual rule that 
western birds arrive later than eastern. It arrived at Heron Lake, 
Minn., March 23, and remained to breed. In the fall of 1884 the first 
migrant was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, October 28, and the last No- 
vember 10. 

In the spring of 1885 it was reported from Emporia, Kans., and Heron 
Lake, Minn., March 29 ; from Des Moines and Laporte City, Iowa, April 
1 and 3, and from Shell Eiver, Manitoba, May 12. In the fall of 1885 
the last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 13. 

* Probably those which breed in Louisiana and Texas really belong to the next 
A. fulvigula. 

7365— Bull. 2 5 



66 

136. Anas penelope Lirm. [GOG.] Widgeon. 

An inhabitant of the northern parts of the Old World ; accidental 
in eastern North America; frequent in Alaska. Has occurred in Wis- 
consin (Kuinlien), and Illinois (Nelson). 

137. Anas americana Gmel. [GOT.] Baldpate. 

The Baldpate ranges over the whole of North America. In winter 
it is common in the Gulf States and lower part of the Mississippi Val- 
ley. It breeds chiefly in the North, but is known to breed in Manitoba, 
Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska. Kansas, Illinois, and Texas. Its move- 
ments in migration resemble those of the Gad wall. In the fall of 1884 
it was first seen at Emporia, Kans., October L2. 

In the spring of 18S5 it reached Emporia, Kans., March 21; Des 
Moines, Iowa, March 23; Heron Lake, Minn., March 26; Emmetsburgh, 
Iowa, April 1, and Menoken, Dak., April 5. In the fall of 1885 it was 
last seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 13. The first fall migrant 
appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., October 16. 

139. Anas carolinensis Gmelin. [612.] Green-winged Teal. 

Breeds in Manitoba and along our northern border, and winters in 
the Southern States and southward. Like the Mallard, this is a hardy 
Duck, and remains in winter just as far north as open water extends, 
which is usually to southern Kansas and southern Illinois. In the win- 
ter of 18S3-'84 it probably did not stay much north of Caddo, Ind. Ter., 
southern Missouri, and northern Mississippi, but moved northward the 
last of January. At Moss Point, Miss., it arrived from October 15 to 
October 31 and was abundant; it then passed south to return in bulk 
during April. In 1884 the real movement began in early March., and 
by the 8th it had advanced to Manhattan, Kans., and Danville, 111., 
and also to Vermillion, Dak. March 22 found it at Huron, Dak.; March 
24 at Heron Lake, Minn., and the bulk arrived at Two Rivers, Mani- 
toba, April 17. In the fall of 1884 the bulk arrived at Des Moines, Iowa, 
October 25, and the last left there November 17. In 1883 the first 
reached San An gel o, Tex., September 20. 

In the spring of 1885 the record of its northward migration was too 
irregular to be of much value. The following notes will give the gen- 
eral outline of its movements in the West : It was recorded from Em- 
poria, Kans., March 13; Des Moines, Iowa, March 18; Heron Lake, 
Minn., March 26; Huron, Dak. (both observers) and Menoken, Dak., 
April 7; Shell River, Manitoba, May 2. It was seen in pairs at Fern- 
wood, 111., May 2, and probably was nesting there. In the fall of 1S85 
the first was seen at Bonham, Tex., October 4; at San xVugelo, Tex., 
September 20 ; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 10, and at Saint Louis, 
Mo., September 22. The last at Heron Lake, Minn., was seen Novem- 
ber 13. None were seen at Des Moines, Iowa, after November 4. 

140. Anas discors Linn. [_G09.] Blue-winged Teal. 

Breeds in Manitoba and the northern part of the Mississippi Valley, 
and winters from the Southern States southward. At Moss Point, Miss., 






67 

it is said that this species " comes from October 15 to November 1 ; re- 
mains only a short time ; goes farther south, and passes north in April." 
This is true of the bulk of the species, but some flocks can be found 
throughout the winter in all the Southern States and north to southern 
Illinois. Dr. J. C. Merrill states that at the mouth of the Eio Grande, in 
extreme southeastern Texas, " a few remain during the winter, but the 
great majority go farther south, returning about the middle of March." 
In 1884 it was reported as breeding in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, 
Minnesota, and Dakota; and it breeds locally throughout most of the 
rest of its range. In migration in the spring of 1884 it was the most 
abundant Duck passing over Pierce City, Mo., the first of February, but 
made no real headway until March. The bulk reached Newton, Iowa, 
March 17, spreading over the rest of Iowa, and arriving at Heron Lake, 
Minn., by April 2. It is not usually found among the first arrivals of 
Ducks, but surpasses them all in numbers when the main flight comes. 
It reached Yernrillion, Dak., April 11, Menoken, Dak., April 20, and 
was reported from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 16. 

In the fall of 1884, at Des Moines, Iowa, the last was seen November 
10. The first migrant reached Emporia, Kans., August 30; the next 
September 22, and it became common October 12. At San Angelo, 
Tex., it was first seen August 10, and was common on the 10th and 21st 
of September. In 1883 it had appeared there September 1, and became 
common by September 20. 

In the spring of 1885 the first flight of Ducks over the district be- 
tween latitude 39° and latitude 42° was so delayed that the Blue-winged 
Teal came with the van ; but north of latitude 43° it assumed its usual 
position as one of the later migrating Ducks. At Shawneetown, 111., it 
was first seen February 23 ; at Cimarron, Kans., March 1 ; Fayette, 
Mo., March 10; Emporia, Kans., March 29; Des Moines, Iowa, April 
4; Sioux City, Iowa, April 5; Heron Lake, Minn., April 11; Huron, 
Dak., April 14; Menoken, Dak., April 22; Shell Eiver, Manitoba, 
May 2. 

The Blue-winged Teal breeds over so much of the Mississippi valley 
that it is difficult to trace its southward migration. In the fall of 1885 
the first was recorded from Grinnell, Iowa, September 10; Ellsworth, 
Kans., September 15; Emporia, Kans., September 1 ; Saint Louis, Mo., 
where it became numerous three days later, September 1 ; Shawnee- 
town, 111., September 28; Bonham, Tex., October 4; San Angelo, Tex., 
September 4. They were common at Grinnell, Iowa, October 4 ; Ells- 
worth, Kans., October 15 ; Saint Louis, Mo., September 22, where they 
were still numerous October 24 ; Bonham, Tex., October 28. The last 
was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 9; Milwaukee, Wis., No- 
vember 14; and Grinnell, Iowa, November 4. 

141. Anas cyanoptera Vieill. [610.] Cinnamon Teal. 

This western Teal is not uncommon in middle and western Kansas, 
where it probably breeds (Goss). It has been found repeatedly in 



68 

western Texas, where it is a rare fall migrant $ it occurs in migration in 
eastern Texas, but is not common (Nehrling), and is not rare during mi- 
gration near tbe mouth of the Rio Grande (Merrill). It is an occa- 
sional visitant in Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, Illinois, and Lou- 
isiana. In 1883 it reached Emporia, Kans,, March 22. 

142. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). [608.] Shoveller. 

Winters from southern Illinois southward ; breeds abundantly in the 
Northern States and Manitoba, and sparingly in Texas, northern Illi- 
nois, and Kansas. Breeds in great numbers at Heron Lake, Minn. Its 
time of migration is one or two days behind that of the Gad wall. In 
the fall of 1884 the first Shoveller was reported from Des Moines, Iowa, 
and San Angelo, Tex., October 28 ; and from Emporia, Kans., Octo- 
ber 24. 

In the spring of 1885 an early migrant was seen at Sioux City, Iowa, 
March 27. The regular advance was reported March 31 and April 1 
from Fayette, Mo., Des Moines, Iowa, Laporte City, Iowa, and Fern- 
wood, 111. The first was seen at Emporia, Kans., April 4 ; at Lanes* 
boro, Minn., and Menoken, Dak., April 10, and Shell River, Mani- 
toba, May 8. In the fall of 1885 the last at Heron Lake, Minn., was 
seen November 13. 

143. Dafila acuta (Linn.) [G05.] Pintail; Sprig tail. 

Breeds in Manitoba and the northern tier of States, and, like tbe other 
river Ducks, is common during the winter in the Gulf States, and oc- 
casionally as far north as Illinois, but it also goes much further south. 
It is one of the earliest Ducks to migrate and was one of the most 
abundant of those which so strenuously endeavored to work northward 
during February in 1884. It came to Pierce City and Saint Louis, Mo., 
January 31 and February 1, and February 26 more than 50 flocks, 
mostly of this species, passed over Saint Louis. This movement was 
checked the last of February, and commenced again March 8 and 9, 
bringing the species to Ellis and Manhattau, Kans., Storm Lake, Iowa, 
and Vermillion, Dak. Those which wintered south of the United States 
arrived in bulk at Moss Point, Miss., March 15, and remained until 
about the middle of April. March 12 to 15 were days of movement in 
Illinois, and Pintails spread over the whole of the State; March 23 
they arrived at Heron Lake, Minn. ; and April 16 they were noted at 
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. They breed principally in British Amer- 
ica, but also at Spirit Lake, Iowa, Heron Lake, Minn., and sparingly in 
Illinois. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Pintail was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, Oc- 
tober 15, and the last November 15. The first was seen at San An. 
gelo, Tex., September 19. In 1883 the first reached San Angelo Sep- 
tember 12. 

A few Ducks of this species spent most of the winter of 18S4-'85 at 
Shawneetown, 111. The only record of their wintering further north 



69 

than Shawneetown was received from Mr. W. B. Hull, of Milwaukee, 
Wis. Mr. Hall writes : 

For about a week the whole hay was frozen over with ice from 12 to 14 inches 
thick. During this time the pot-hunters butchered numbers of Pintail Ducks. The 
Pucks were half starved and would allow a man to approach within 20 feet of them. 
Icemen were cutting ice close to the shore, and Ducks came right among them to get 
to the open water. A friend who was on the ship Oneida during her twenty-five days 
in the ice, said that the Ducks (Pintails mostly, but a few "northern" ducks, he did 
not recognize), were '• frozen in." "When walking on the ice near the boat he saw hun- 
dreds of Ducks in a solid casing of ice. In the winter of 1873-74 they were killed 
in the same way. 

Iu the spring of 1885 migration began during the last week of Feb- 
ruary. Flocks of about 400 birds passed Cimarron, Kans., February 
26. The next day several nocks of Pintails, u the first ducts of the 
season," passed over Saint Louis, Mo. Large numbers were seen at 
Shawneetown, 111., February 28. Concerning their presence at Saint 
Louis on that day Mr. Widmann writes : 

From 7 a. m. till noon an almost steady stream of ducks passed over in flocks of 
from 30 to 60, the larger part being Sprigtails, so far as I could see. There was 
hardly any time Avhen at least one flock could not be seen in some direction, but 
ofrener half a dozen could be counted at the same time. Many flocks followed the 
Mississippi, but the majority turned off to the west just south of the city, in order to 
reach the Missouri river, or the large tracts of land between the mouths of the Mis- 
souri and Illinois rivers. Thousands have passed this city to-day. 

As in the case of most of the other ducks, during the spring migra- 
tiou of 1885, the flight west of the Mississippi was more rapid than on 
tbe east. March 2 flocks were seeu at Emporia, Kans., where they 
were common March 3 ; March 4 they were seen at Sioux City, Iowa, 
and March 8, at Lin wood, Xebr. March 11 to 14 they were noted from 
Aledo, 111.; Tainpico, 111.; New ton, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa ; Laporte 
City, Iowa ; and Heron Lake, Minn. March 26 there were " myriads " 
of them at Emmetsburgh, Iowa. The first flocks came to Fern wood, 111., 
March 31. The bulk left Des Moines, Iowa, the night of April 2. They 
were very common at Heron Lake, Minn., March 30. The first came to 
Larimore, Dak., April 7 ; Menoken, Dak. ; and Ossowo, Manitoba, April 
7, and they were common all over Manitoba by April 20. In the fall 
of 1S85 the first were seen at Fern wood, 111., September 12, and at San 
Angelo, Tex., September 4. The last at Ossowo, Manitoba, was seen 
November 1, and at Heron Lake, Minn., November 9. 

144. Aix sponsa (Linn.). [013.] Wood Duel. 

A well-known inhabitant of temperate North America; breeds 
throughout the Mississippi Valley, and is resident from southern Illi- 
nois southward. I'» Manitoba it is a rare summer resident. 

Mr. Wood writes that at Moss Point, Miss., the young hatch in March, 
and he has never seen a male of this species in summer. In the spring 
of 1884 it arrived at Saint Louis March 12 ; at latitude 40° 8', in Illi- 
nois, March 15 ; at latitude 41° 40', iu Iowa, March 16; in AYisconsin, at 
latitude 44° 22', March 23 ; and in Minnesota, at latitude 44° 32', April 



70 

3. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant was reported from Des Moines, 
Iowa, October 18. The bulk arrived there October 25, and the last was 
seen November 10. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Wood Ducks were seen at Shawnee- 
town, 111., February 27 ; at Mount Carmel, Mo., March 17 ; Des Moines, 
Iowa, March 19; Emporia, Kans., March 29; Laporfce City, Iowa, March 
26 ; and during the first five days of April they were noted from Heron 
Lake, Lanesboro, Lake City, Excelsior, Minneapolis, and Elk River, 
Minn., and from Durand, Wis. In the fall of 1885 they began to come 
out from their breeding places and fly on the river at Shawneetown, 
111., August 20. The last at Heron Lake, Minn., was seen October 
13 ; at Saint Louis, Mo., the bulk arrived September 22. 

146, Aythya americana (Eyt.). [618.] Bedhead. 

Breeds in Manitoba and the northern tier of States ; range much the 
same as that of the Canvas-back, but more abundant than it in the 
Southern States. At Moss Point, Miss., in 1883, they came about the 
middle of November, and were abundant all winter. Mr. Wood, of Moss 
Point, says that about March 1 they collect on the islands, load them- 
selves with sand, and when a favorable wind comes they go with it* 
They were a common winter resident at San Augelo, Tex., and great 
flocks were still present March 5, 1881. March 8 they came to latitude 
39° 12', in Kansas; March 11 they were at latitude 38° 40', in Missouri; 
March 12 at latitude 41° 40', in Iowa; March 14 at latitude 38° 55', in 
Kansas ; March 15 at latitude 41° 36', in Illinois ; March 22 at latitude 
42° 18', in Iowa; March 24 at latitude 42° 5G', in Dakota, and at latitude 
43° 48', in Minnesota, at both of which places they breed ; March 25 
they were at latitude 41° 58', in Illinois, and April 18 at latitude 44° 
32', in Minnesota. April 16 they came to Portage la Prairie, Mani- 
toba. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Bedhead was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, 
October 10, and the last November 15. In 1883 the first came to San 
Angelo, Tex., where it is common in winter, October 1. 

In the spring of 1885 the records were irregular. The s[Decies was 
recorded from Emporia, Kans., March 2 ; Heron Lake, Minn., March 29, 
and irregularly from intermediate points. The most southern breeding- 
record came from Clear Lake, Iowa. 

In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Iowa City, Iowa, October 6, 
and the last at Heron Lake, Minn., November 26. At Saint Louis, 
Mo., the first was seen October 16, and the bulk arrived October 24. 

147. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). [617.] Canvas-back. 

Rather rare away from the coast in winter, but has been known to 
occur in southern Illinois. A few breed at Heron Lake, Minn., and 

[* I have heard the same hahit attrihuted to Ducks in Newfoundland and other 
places, hut am not aware that there are any facts on which the notion is hased. — 
C. H. M. ] 



71 

thence northward. In the spring of 1884 they appeared at Gainesville, 
Tex., March 2; Manhattan, Kans., March 8; Saint Louis, March 11; 
and Heron Lake, Minn., March 21. At Waupaca, Wis., they were seen 
March 29, and at Vermillion, Dak., April 3. April 16 they were re- 
ported from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. 

In the spring of 1885 the first were seen at Emporia, Kans., March 
18 j at Heron Lake, Minn., March 30, where they were common the next 
day. They were reported from Laporte City and Emmetsburgh, Iowa, 
April 1 ; and from Menoken, Dak., and Ossowo, Manitoba, April 6 
and 7. In the fall of 1885 the last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 
27. Mr. Lloyd says that in Torn Green and Concho counties, Tex., 
they are tolerably common in early winter. 

148. Aythya marila nearctica Stejn. [614.] Blue-Mil; Scaup Buck. 

After wintering in the Southern States, especially along the Gulf 
coast, the Big Black-head passes over the entire length of the Missis- 
sippi Yalley, to nest in Manitoba and northward. In 1884 it was re- 
ported from Carlinville, 111., February 13; Laporte City, Iowa, March 
22, and the next day reached Heron Lake, Minn., where a few remained 
to breed. It arrived at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 16. 

In the spring of 1885 this was the only species of Duck whose record 
did not contain an irregular note. It was seen at Laporte City, Iowa, 
(lat. 42° 180, March 27 ; Emmetsburgh, Iowa (lat. 43° 8'), March 30 ; 
Heron Lake, Minn. (lat. 43° 48'), April 1 ; Huron, Dak., (lat. 44° 21', 
two observers), and Menoken, Dak. (lat. 46° 58'), April 3; and Shell 
Biver, Manitoba (lat. 50°), April 7. The most southern breeding record 
of this species was from Clear Lake, Iowa (lat. 43° 26'). In the fall of 
1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn. (lat. 43° 18'), November 27. 

149. Aythya affinis (Eyt.) [615.] Little Blue-Mil ; Lesser Scaup Duck. 

Bange much the same as that of the last, but known to breed as far 
south as Clear Lake, Iowa. It is an abundant summer resident in 
western Manitoba. In 1884 it came to Saint Louis, February 26, and 
after being driven away by the cold, returned March 11 : advanced to 
Burlington, Iowa, March 12, and on the 24th was reported from Ver- 
million, Dak., Storm Lake, Iowa, Heron Lake, Minn., and Portage la 
Prairie, Manitoba. 

In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Emporia, Kans., 
November 8. 

In the spring of 1885 the notes on its migration were too irregular to 
be of any value. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, 
Minn., November 9. The first migrant appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., 
September 22. In western Texas it is tolerably common in winter. 

150. Aythya collaris (Douov.). [616. J rung-necked Buck. 

This is known in northern Minnesota as the "Fall Duck," and is very 
abundant during fall migration. A few breed in Minnesota, at least as 



72 

far south as Minneapolis, where its eggs have been taken by Dr. Thomas 
S. Eoberts. It was reported as breeding at Clear Lake, Iowa, and thence 
northward. Its range is much the same as that of the Scaup Ducks. 
In 1884 it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans., March 
20 and 21, at Green Bay, Wis., March 26, and Eed Wing, Minn., April 2. 
In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Emporia, Kans., Octo- 
ber 24. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, March 
19, and at Heron Lake, Minn., April 1. The last was seen at Des 
Moines April 9, and at Heron Lake April 15. In the fall of 1885 the 
first was seen at Iowa City, Iowa, October 3, and at Emporia, Kans., 
October 10. The last record from Heron Lake, Minn., was November 
9; and a few were still present at Lanesboro, Minn., November 30. 
Mr. Lloyd states that they are common in Concho county, Tex. 

151. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonap.). [020.] Golden-eye; IVhisl^er. 

Breeds in the Northern States. During the winter the Golden-eye is 
found wherever there is open water, even as far north as the Great 
Lak>s. It was seen on Lake Michigan (near Chicago) all winter in 
1883-84, and also winters on Lake Erie. A flock was reported as re- 
maining all winter in an open creek near Fridley, Minn., but probably 
it was composed of Barrow's Golden-eye (G. islandica), which has been 
found often in Minnesota during the winter. In migration in the spring 
of 1884 the common Golden-eye reached Laporte City, Iowa, March 
16, Heron Lake, Minn., March 23, and Green Bay, Wis., March 28. 
The bulk arrived at Green Bay April 15. 

During the winter of lS84-'85 many Golden-eyed Ducks remained, 
as usual, at the southern part of Lake Michigan, near Chicago. 

In the spring of 1885 migrants were noted at Laporte City, Iowa, 
March 30, Fernwood, 111., April 4, Heron Lake, Minn., April 1, Green 
Bay, Wis., April 10, and Shell Kiver, Manitoba, April 28. 

152. Glaucionetta islandica (GiiieL). [619.] Barrow's Golden-eye. 

A northern species, coming south in winter irregularly to Manitoba 
and the Upper Mississippi Valley. One was taken at Mount Carmel, 
111., in December, 1874 (Nelson), and one at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan- 
uary 13, 1877 (Roberts). Dr. Roberts states that a few years ago, at 
the falls of Saint Anthony, in Minnesota, " a flock of these ducks used 
to spend the winter in the pool below the cataract." 

153. Charitonetta albeola (Liiin.). [621.] Butterball; Buffle-licad. 

Breeds at Clear Lake, Iowa, Heron Lake, Minn., and northward. 
Winters on Lake Michigan (at Chicago); on the Lower Missouri river, 
and southward. In eastern Texas it is abundant in winter near the 
coast (Nehrling). In 1884 the bulk arrived at Burlington, Iowa, March 
13, and at Vermillion, Dak., the first were seen the same day. They 
arrived at Storm Lake, Iowa, and at Herou Lake, Minn., Marcb 24. 



73 

March 25 they were seen at Polo, 111., and April 4 at Red Wing, Minn. 

In the spring of 1885 the first were noted at Shawneetown, 111., Feb- 
ruary 27, Emporia, Kans., March 13, Des Moines, Iowa, March 24, 
Laporte City, Iowa, March 30, Fernwood, 111., March 31, New Cassel 
and Luck, Wis, April 4, and Shell River, Manitoba, April 27. 

In the fall of 1885 they returned to Fernwood, 111., Sei^tember 12, 
were common there October 3, and left Heron Lake, Minn., No- 
vember 30. Rare in Concho county, Texas, where one was shot in the 
spring of 1886 (Lloyd). 

154. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.). [623.] Old-squaw. 

This and the six following species breed in the far North, entering 
the Mississippi Valley in winter only, and chiefly in the northern and 
middle portions, near the great rivers and lakes. The Old-squaw is 
found throughout Illinois in winter, and small flocks are occasionally 
seen during the fall migration at Saint Louis, Mb., Vermillion, Dak., 
and in Minnesota. 

155. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). [622.] Harlequin Duck. 

The Harlequin Duck breeds in British America and migrates south- 
ward in fall. It is found throughout Illinois in winter, and has been 
taken at Saint Louis, Mo. 

160. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. [627a.] American Eider. 

Breeds along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Labrador ; migrates 
south and southwest in winter, often reaching the Great Lakes. Has 
been taken in Illinois (Nelson), and Wisconsin (Hoy). 

162. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). [629.] King Eider. 

Breeds in the northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in fall 
migrates south, occurring on the Great Lakes in winter. There are 
records from Illinois (Ridgway), and Wisconsin (Hoy). 

163. Oidemia americana Sw. and Rich. [630.] Black Scoter. 

Breeds far north, coming south in winter to the United States. It 
has been found at Saint Louis, Mo., and Laporte City, Iowa, and 
is a rare visitant to Minnesota. Mr. G. W. Butler writes that on May 
2, 1883, he saw fifty at Anna, 111., all busily engaged in picking up 
millet seed that had just been sown. 

165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. [632.] WJiite-ivinged Scoter. 

Generally distributed throughout Illinois in winter, but most common 
on Lake Michigan. Has been taken once at West DePere, Wis., twice 
in Minnesota, and once at Saint Louis, Mo. 

166. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.) [633.] Surf Scoter. 

Occurs in winter on all the larger streams in Illinois, as well as on 
Lake Michigan. Has been taken at Saint Louis, Mo., and at Laporte 
City, Iowa. 



74 

167. Erismatura rubida (Wils.). [634. J Buddy Duck. 

The Buddy Duck breeds over much of the Mississippi Valley, from 
Texas to Minnesota, and winters. from southern Illinois southward. 
Dr. Watson recorded it from Ellis, Kans., in these words : "A variably 
common transient visitor ; once a pair nested here." In the spring of 
1884 the first was seen at Saint Louis February 26, and Vermillion, 
Dak., March 28. It was seen at Caddo, Ind. Ter., during fall migra- 
tion, but not in the spring. In the fall of 1884 the first was seen at 
Emporia, Kans., October 24. 

In the spring of 1885 the only note received was the record of its 
arrival at Emporia, Kans., April 18. In the fall of 1885 the last was 
seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 7. 

168. Nomonyz dominicus (Linn.). [G35.] Ma sled Duck. 

A tropical American species, accidental in the United States ; one 
specimen taken at Lake Koshkonong in Wisconsin (Kumlien). 

Chen caerulescens (Linn.). [590.] Blue Goose. 

Breeds on Hudson Bay ; migrates through the Mississippi Yalley, 
and winters along the Gulf coast, in mild winters extending up to 
northern Mississippi and southern Illinois. During migration it was 
noticed at Burlington, Iowa, where the bulk arrived March 20, 1884. 

169. Chen hyperborea (Pall.). [591a.] Lesser Snow Goose. 

Breeds in Alaska ; a regular migrant in the Mississippi Valley ; win- 
ters abundantly on the Gulf of Mexico. In Kansas it is a common 
migrant, and a few sometimes winter. In 1884 it was reported from 
West DePere, Wis., and Alda, JSTebr. In Tom Green and Concho coun- 
ties, Tex., it is tolerably common during spring migration. 

It migrates early. In 1884 large flocks were seen at Pierce City, 
Mo., by the last of January, and one flock had arrived at Saint Louis. 
No more were recorded until after the u second winter." At Caddo, Ind. 
Ter., it was first seen March 10. March 19 and March 20 it appeared at 
Manhattan, Kans., and again came to Saint Louis. March 21 it reached 
Vermillion, Dak., and four days later was at Huron, Dak. It was re- 
ported from Menoken, Dak., April 12, and the next day at Larimore. 
Farther east the bulk reached Burlington, Iowa, April 1, and the first 
came to Storm Lake, Iowa, March 25, the bulk following on the 14th, 
which was the day that the last was seen at Saint Louis. 

In the fall of 1884 the first flock of Snow Geese was seen at Emporia, 
Kans., October 20, after which date the species was common there. 

In the spring of 1885 it was noted from Eichmond, Kans., March 4 ; 
Fayette, Mo., March 10; TJnadilla, Nebr., March 11; Linwood, Nebr., 
March 25 ; Sioux City, Iowa, March 30 ; Huron, Dak., March 31; Grand 
View, Dak., April 1; Fernwood, 111., April 4, and Two Rivers, Mani- 
toba, April 14. In the fall of 1885 it returned to Argus ville, Dak., 
September 20 ; to Saint Louis, Mo., October 27, and to Bonham, Tex., 



75 

October 3. It was common at Argusville, October 4, and at Bonham 
October 23. 

169a. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.)'. [591,] Greater Snow Goose. 

The eastern representative of the preceding ; occurs in winter chiefly 
along the Atlantic coast, but sometimes enters the Mississippi Valley. 
In western Manitoba it was reported to be an abundant spring migrant, 
but less common in the fall (Thompson). Possibly the foregoing was 
mistaken for it. 

171a. Anser albifrons gambeli (HartL). [593a.] White-fronted Goose. 

Breeds in the far ^North; winters in the Gulf States and southward, 
in mild winters occurring as far north as southern Illinois. Migratory 
over the rest of the Mississippi Valley. In 1881 the first reached Man- 
hattan, Kans., March 8, where they were common March 15. March 
20 they arrived at Saint Louis ; and April 1 at Vermillion, Dak. The 
bulk came to Storm Lake, Iowa, April 14. 

In the spring of 1885 the first report of arrival was from Des Moines, 
Iowa, April 1. The only other notes were from Menoken, Dak., April 
23, and Ossowo, Manitoba, May 11. In the fall of 18S5 the last was 
seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 2. 

Dr. Agersborg says that in southeastern Dakota it is a rare migrant, 
" always found associating with the Snow Geese." Mr. Lloyd states 
that in Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., it is " tolerably common 
in winter." Mr. Nehrling states that in eastern Texas, near Houston, 
it u is the first Goose to arrive from the ^North in autumn, but they all 
migrate further south." 

172. Branta canadensis (Linn.). [594.] Canada Goose. 

Winters in the southern half of the United States, and breeds on both 
sides of our northern boundary. It breeds regularly at Heron Lake, 
Minn., and has been known to breed in southern Illinois (Xelson). Such 
is a brief statement of its range, but the records in the winter of 1883-'84 
furnish material for a more detailed statement. During December 
Geese were not uncommon up to latitude 38°, but during the extreme 
cold of January only stragglers could be found north of latitude 35°. 
January 11 a flock of 25 to 30 was seen at Vermillion, Dak., where 
they had never before been seen in winter. January 4 a flock of fifty 
passed over Manhattan, Kans., flying east. From Caddo, Ind. Ter., 
southward they were seen all winter, or at least every few days. The 
first movement took place in January. January 11 they passed over 
Yazoo City, Miss., flying north, and when the warm waves came the 
last of the month they pressed rapidly forward. They reached Saint 
Louis January 22. January 25 was a great day for Geese, many troops 
going north. February 1 they passed north over Pierce City, Mo., in 
large flocks, and arrived at Glasgow, Mo., Odin, 111., and Unadilla, 
Kebr. February 4 the first movement was noticed at Abbeville, La., 



76 

among the flocks which had been wintering there. But all this move- 
ment was cut short by the cold of February and the first week of March. 
During the rest of February there was but little movement and no real 
progress. Geese were reported during February from Richmond, Iowa, 
Osceola, 111., and Linwood, Nebr., but were not noted from neighbor- 
ing stations, and were not followed by more until March. They must 
be considered as irregular migrants possessed of more ambition than 
brains. 

The real migratory movement dates from February 26. On this day 
the regular migrants began to pass over Eagle Pass, Tex., and the great 
bulk began to leave southern Louisiana. This wave reached Caddo, 
Ind. Ter., March 3 ; Darlington, Ind. Ter., March 5, and latitude 39° in 
Missouri and Illinois about the 10th. From this parallel northward the 
advance will be traced along the three lines of migration : east and 
west of the Mississippi, and along the prairie region. March 13 the 
flight advanced to latitude 41° 36' in Illinois ; March 15 to latitude 31° 
51' at Chicago, where a flock of over a thousand was seen flying east, 
probably aiming for the open waters of the lake; March 1G to latitude 
41° 58' in Illinois, and latitude 42° 37' in Wisconsin ; March 20 and 21 
to latitude 43° 02', 43° 06', and 43° 47' in Wisconsin. West of the Mis- 
sissippi the record reads : March 13 the advance was at latitude 41° 
05', and latitude 41° 19' in Iowa; March 12 it was at latitude 4L° 38' 
and 41° 42' in Iowa; March 14 at latitude 41° 40' and latitude 42° 01' 
in Iowa; March 15 at latitude 42° and 42° 55' in Iowa. Hence it ap- 
pears that from the 12th to the 15th of March many Geese were passing 
through central Iowa. March 20 they were reported at latitude 43° 19' 
in Iowa ; March 22 at latitude 43° 43' in Minnesota ; and March 23 at 
latitude 44° 47', 45° 05', and 45° 25' in Minnesota, and at Portage la 
Prairie, Manitoba (latitude 50°). 

On the prairies the notes indicate arrivals, March 13, at latitude 42° 
56', in Dakota ; March 20, at latitude 44° 15', 44° 21', and 4G°, in Dakota ; 
March 24, at latitude 4G° 58' and 47° 52', in Dakota; and April 3, at 
Two Rivers, Manitoba, latitude 49° 28'. 

The bulk passed through northern Illinois about March 19, through 
southern Wisconsin March 23, and the middle of the State March 27. 
It crossed Iowa from March 20 to March 22, and reached central Min- 
nesota about the 1st of April. Still further w T est the bulk came to 
latitude 39°, in Kansas, about the middle of March, passed through Ne- 
braska the 18th to 20th, and was uniformly reported in Dakota, up to 
latitude 46°, on March 24: and then, as if delayed by the April storms, 
was not given at latitude 46° 58', in Dakota, uutil April 22. The bulk 
left southern Wisconsin about April 1, and Kansas the first week of the 
month. We can not help envying Mr. Powell, who writes, that April 
11 they were gradually leaving Alda, Nebr., after coining all in a bunch, 
and that he killed forty in one day over decoys in the Platte river. 



77 

In the fall of 1884 the first migrant was reported from Mount Carmel, 
Mo., November 11. It first appeared at Emporia, Kans., September 25, 
and the species had become common there by October 20. 

In the spring of 1885 few Geese left their winter home until the 
migration season had fairly opened; the winter had been too severe to 
invite them to remain north of their usual winter range. A flock was 
seen at Keokuk, Iowa, January 4, ancLanother at Glasgow, Mo., January 
6. At Shawneetown, 111., they remained in large numbers most of the 
winter, though during the blizzards they disappeared for a few days. 
A few early migrants were noted at Fayette, Mo., February 2, and at 
Sedalia, Mo., February 9, but no pronounced movement took place un- 
til February 28. This was two days later than the movement com- 
menced in 1884, and there was no similarity whatever in the order of 
advance for the two years, 1884 and 1885. In the spring of 1884 the 
van kept very nearly along the same parallel on all three lines of mi- 
gration during its advance from latitude 39° to latitude 45°, while in 
1885 the migratory movement was peculiar. If, with the eastern ex- 
tremity of Lake Superior for a center, segments of circles are drawn 
over the Upper Mississippi Valley, the first extending from central Da- 
kota to southern Illinois, the next from the northwest corner of Iowa to 
east central Illinois, a third passing through northeastern Iowa, and a 
fourth ending at Chicago, these lines would represent the progress of 
the advance line of Geese during the month of March, 1885. Nothing 
similar to this has been noticed in the movement of any other species 
during either 1884 or 1885. The records group themselves around four 
sets of dates, namely, March 1-5, March 10-12, March 26-27, and March 
30-31. On the last day of February large numbers of Geese passed 
Saint Louis, and March 1 they were seen at Ellsworth, Kans. During 
the first five days of March they were noted at Griggsville, 111., Mount 
Pleasant, Iowa, Ferry, Iowa, Knoxville, Iowa, Eichmond, Iowa, Grin- 
nell, Iowa, Newton, Iowa, Emmetsburgh, Iowa, Unadilla, Nebr., Lin wood, 
Nebr. (a flock had been seen at Linwood as early as February 26), Sioux 
City, Iowa, and Grand View, Dak. March 6 they came to Paris and 
Aledo, 111. March 10-12 they appeared at Tainpico, 111. (two observers), 
Morning Sun, Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (two observers), Heron Lake, 
Minn., and Saint Cloud, Minn, March 26 and 27 they were noted at 
Williamstown, Iowa, Durand Wis., and Elk Eiver, Minn. Not until the 
last days of March did they arrive at Batavia, Ilk, Fern wood, 111., 
Chicago, 111., Delavan, Wis., and Lake Mills, Wis. The remaining rec- 
ords are: Menoken, Dak., March 26; Argusville, Dak., and Two Eivers, 
Manitoba, April 1, and Oak Point, Manitoba, April 7. In the fall of 
1885 the last Goose was seen at Ossowa, Manitoba, November 28 ; at 
Heron Lake, Minn., December 1, and at Grinnell, Iowa, December 5. 
The first migrant was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, October 20; at Saint 
Louis, Mo., September 6; at Eichmond, Kans., October 17; at Shaw- 
neetown, 111., September 28 ; and at Bonham, Tex., November 11, The 



78 

species became common at Bichmoud, Kans., November 12, and at Bon- 
ham, Tex., November 15. 

Dr. Agersborg, writing of the Canada Goose in southeastern Dakota, 
states : 

Like the Snow Goose, it is becoming less common every year. In spring it arrives 
a week ahead of var. hutchinsi, and ten or twelve days earlier than the Snow Goose. 
The same order of migration is also noticed sometimes in the fall. It breeds here oc- 
casionally. The young have been hatched under hens and become very tame. I 
have several times been shown nests in trees, claimed by settlers to be the nests of 
Geese ; but the "Geese" have invariably been found to be Cormorants (Phalacrocorax 
diloplius). Of the few nests of the Canada Goose found, the majority have been far 
away from any water, out on the prairies ; but one nest was built among some large 
bowlders, 2 feet from the water's edge, on Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. May not 
many, if not all, of the nests seen in trees by other observers have belonged to the 
Shag ? (The Auk, Vol. II, 1885, pp. 287-288.) 

172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. & Rich.). [594a.] Hutchins's Goose. 

Has much the same winter range as the Canada Goose (Branta cana- 
densis), but is more common in the Gulf States, and breeds only in the 
far North. It was reported as sometimes common at Ellis, Kans. Col- 
onel Goss says of it in Kansas : " Migratory ; abundant. A few linger 
into winter." In 1884 the bulk came to Vermillion, Dak., March 28. 
In the spring of 1885 one was shot at Gainesville, Tex., April 2. 

172c Branta canadensis minima (Ridg way.) [594 b.] Cackliny Goose. 

The Cackling Goose breeds in Alaska, chiefly along the shores of 
Norton Sound and the lower Yukon. In winter it migrates south and 
southeast, sometimes reaching the Mississippi Valley. It has been 
killed as far east as Wisconsin. 

173. Branta bernicla (Linn.). [595.] Brant. 

Breeds within the Arctic Circle, coming south in the winter to the 
Mississippi Valley. During the winter of 1883-'84 this species was 
represented from Illinois southward by a few rare visitants. In the 
spring it was rare south of Minnesota, but by the time it reached that 
State its numbers had been increased by recruits from the southeast, 
and it became almost common. 

There is much uncertainty in using the records concerning this spe- 
cies, because it is so commonly confounded with the Snow Goose, which 
is locally known as Brant all through the West. From the few records 
that can be depended on it would seem to have migrated at about the 
same time as Branta canadensis. At Oak Point, Manitoba, there was a 
large flight of Geese, given as " Brant," from May 16, to May 20, 1881. 

174. Branta nigricans (Lawr.). [598.] Blade Brant. 

A bird of western Arctic America, sometimes straggling into the 
Mississippi Valley in winter. Mr. Lloyd states that it was shot in Tom 
Green county, Tex., in the winter of 1884. 

177. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). [599.] Blaclc-ueUied Tree-duck. 

A southern Duck whose northern limit is along our southern border. 
On the South Concho, in Texas, it is rare in fall (Lloyd). Both Dr. 



79 

Merrill and Mr. Sennett found it a rather abundant summer resident 
along the lower Eio Grande, in Texas. Dr. Merrill says of it : 

This large and handsome bird arrives from the south in April, and is soon found in 
abundance on the river banks and lagoons. Migrating at night, it continually utters 
a very peculiar chattering thistle, which at once indicates its presence. Called by the 
Mexicans patos maizal, or Cornfield Duck, from its habit of frequenting those locali- 
ties. It is by no means shy, and large numbers are offered for sale in the Brownsville 
market. Easily domesticated, it becomes very tame, roosting at night in trees with 
chickens and turkeys. "When the females begin to lay, the males leave them and 
gather in large flocks on sand-bars in the river. My knowledge of the breeding hab- 
its is derived from Dr. S. M. Finley, U. S. A., who had ample apportunity of observing 
these birds at Hidalgo. The eggs are deposited in hollow trees and branches, often 
at a considerable distance from water (2 miles), and from 8 to 30 feet or more from 
the ground. The eggs are placed on the bare wood, and are from twelve to sixteen 
in number. Two broods are raised, and the parent carries the young to water in her 
bill. The birds leave in September, but a few late broods are seen as late asXovem- 
ber (Proc. U. S. Xational Museum, Yol. I, 187*, p. 169). 

178. Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel.). [GOO.j Fulvous Tree -duck. 

A tropical and subtropical species, coming north in summer to Texas 
and Louisiana. In southwestern Texas it is rather common. Xear the 
mouth of the Eio Grande it is abundant (Merrill). Mr. Lloyd found it 
tolerably common in the winter of 1881 on the Xorth Concho, in Texas. 
It was also given as common near the mouth of the Xueces river. 

180. Olor columbianus (Ord). [588.] Whistling Swan. 

Breeds in the far Xorth ; occurs in winter on the South Atlantic and 
Gulf coasts. Sometimes it winters abundantly on Galveston bay, 
Texas (Xehrling) ; and occasionally it winters in Illinois. In migration 
it is found in Missouri, Kansas, and northward. At San Angelo, Tex., 
Mr. Lloyd saw seven in January, 1884. The reports on its migration 
are very irregular, and all that can safely be said is that the species 
passed through the middle district in March, and reached Oak Point, 
Manitoba, May 1. 

In the spring of 1885 some Swans of this species were shot in the 
vicinity of Saint Louis, Mo., March 24. In the fall of 1885 the last were 
seen at Heron Lake, M?nn., November 13. 

181. Olor buccinator (Rich.). [589.] Trumpeter Swan. 

Winters abundantly and regularly on the Gulf of Mexico, and some- 
times north to Illinois. Breeds from Iowa and Minnesota northward. 
It was reported as breeding near Xewton, Iowa, and at Heron Lake, 
Minn., as well as along the Bed Biver of theXorth. In 1881 it reached 
Heron Lake, Minn., April 3, and Larimore, Dak., April 15. 

In the spring of 1885 Trumpeter Swans were reported from Shawnee- 
town, 111., March 19; Paris, 111., March 31, and Heron Lake, Minn., 
April 7. A small flock, probably of this species, was seen at Mount 
Carmel, Mo., June 4 and 7. In the fall of 1885 it left Heron Lake, 
Minn., November 9. In western Texas it is tolerably common in win- 
ter (Lloyd). 



80 

182. Phcenicopterus ruber Linn. [585.] Flamingo. 

Eesident along the Gulf coast, whence reported by the most southern 
observers ; also noted from Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., 
where Mr. Lloyd found it iu August, 1881, and July, 1882. 

183. Ajaja ajaja (Linn.). [505.] Boseate Spoonbill. 

A southern species, resident in the Gulf States; used to occur in the 
bottoms opposite Saint Louis. Mr. Nehrling states that it is common 
in the breeding season near Houston, in eastern Texas, and u particu- 
larly common on the prairie ponds in the northern part of Harris 
county." 

184. Guara alba (Linn.). [501.] White Ibis. 

An inhabitant of tropical America, coming north regularly to south- 
ern Indiana and southern Illinois (Ridgway). Dr. Agersborg shot a 
specimen and saw another in southeastern Dakota in May, 1879. 

185. Guara rubra (Linn.). [502.] Scarlet Ibis. 

A tropical American species. There is no record of its recent occur- 
rence in the United States. It has been recorded from Florida, Loui- 
siana, and Texas. 

186. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.). [503.] Glossy Ibis. 

Strays less often than the last from its southern home ; north only to 
Illinois. February 27, 1880, one was shot and two others seen at a 
small lake in southern Illinois, 7 miles from Saint Louis (Hurter, Bull. 
Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, 1881, p. 124). Has been seen at Saint 
Louis, Mo. 

187. Plegadis guarauna (Linn). [504.] While-faced Glossy Ibis. 

A bird of tropical America, coming north regularly to Texas. Mr. 
Sennett and Dr. Merrill found a large colony breeding near Browns- 
ville, in the valley of the lower Rio Grande, during the middle of May, 
1877. It has been shot once iu Kansas, near Lawrence (in the fall of 
1879, Goss.). 

188. Tantalus loculator Linn. [500.] Wood Ibis. 

The Wood Ibis is a southern bird, common in all marshy localities 
near the Gulf coast. A few ascend the Mississippi Valley, where they 
have been taken in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Kansas. 
They are rare and irregular, however, and almost nothing is known of 
their breeding range north of the Gulf States. Though reported by the 
observers as occurring at various times of the year, no Ibises were noted 
in actual migration. 

189. Mycteria americana Linn. [499.] Jabiru. 

A tropical American bird, occurring as far north as southern Texas. 

190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Moutag.). [497.] Bittern. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and the Northern States ; 
less common farther south. In mild winters the Bittern remains in the 
middle portions of the Mississippi Valley, but ordinarily it passes south 



81 

of latitude 35°. It is among the first of the Herons to migrate, appear- 
ing as soon as the frost is fairly out of the marshes. The notes con- 
tributed on its northward progress were very irregular. This is due 
probably to the conditions of observation rather than to any erratic 
movements on the part of the birds. To find them the observer must 
go to their chosen haunts ; they will not come to him. 

In the spring of 1881 two sets of notes were received. Those in 
March gave the extension of the species to southern Minnesota by the 
25th ; the other set, going over the same ground, gave its arrival 
from the middle to the last of April and the first week in May. It is 
possible that both are right, there being a small flight in the latter hnlf 
of March, which, after being checked by the storms of early April, was 
followed later by the main body. Bitterns were reported from central 
Minnesota May 4, and from Oak Point, Manitoba, May 15. They nest 
principally north of latitude 40°, but small numbers have been found 
in summer as far south as Mississippi, and probably a few breed through- 
out their range. 

In the spring of 1885 thirty-five notes were contributed on the move- 
ments of this species, but they are too irregular to be of use. The 
extremes were : Tampico, 111., April 8, and Shell river, Manitoba, 
May 4. 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrants arrived at Fernwood, 111., Sep- 
tember 13, and were common there the next day. At San Angelo, 
Tex., where it is a common fall migrant, the first were observed Sep- 
tember 4. The last was seen at Fernwood, 111., October 10, and at 
Heron Lake, Minn , November 3. 

191. Botaurus exilis (Guieliu). [493.] Least Bittern. 

The range of the Least Bittern is much the same as that of the Great 
Bittern, excepting that it is a more southern species. It breeds from 
Louisiana and Texas to Minnesota. In the spring of 1884 it was some- 
what later in migration and did not reach the middle districts until the 
first week in May. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Fernwood, 111., May 17 j 
Emporia, Kans., and Heron Lake, Minn., May 19, being thus more than 
two weeks later than the Great Bittern at the same places. A nest 
with eggs was found at Des Moines, Iowa, May 26. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Fernwood, 111., August 29. In 
Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., it is a common fall migrant 
(Lloyd). 

Ardea wuerdemanni Baird. [486 in part. J TFilrdemann's Heron. 

An inhabitant of southern Florida j accidental in southern Illinois 
(Mount Carmel, September 11-22, 1876. Ridgway.) 

194. Ardea herodias Linn. [487.] Great Blue Heron. 

In summer this Heron occupies suitable localities throughout the 
whole of the Mississippi Valley. It is rare in Manitoba. It is resident 
7365— Bull. 2 6 



82 

and most common in Florida and along the Gulf coast. It winters in the 
Southern States, and occasionally, in mild winters, a few stay in south- 
ern Illinois. In the winter of 1883-84, there was no record north of lat- 
itude 35°. Three were seen at Caddo, Ind. Ter., February 11, flying 
south, but probably were not winter residents, as a reliable hunter tells 
me that in eight years of residence there he has only once or twice 
known it to occur in winter, and then in the mildest seasons. The win- 
ter of 1883-'84 was anything but mild. In the spring of 1884 the regular 
'firsts 7 were seen at Caddo March 18, about the same time that they 
began to appear at stations near the Mississippi. On March 12 they 
came to Alton, 111.; three days later they were noticed at Burlington, 
Iowa; March 21a report came from Ferry, Iowa; they were seen at La- 
porte City, Iowa, March 24; at Heron Lake, Minn., April 3; and on April 
6, they reached Lake City, Minn., and Green Bay, Wis.; April 20, they 
were reported in the west at Ellis, Kans., and Alda, > T ebr. 

In the spring of 1885 the notes on the Great Blue Heron were much 
more irregular than in 1884. It was noted March 4, at Paris, 111., and 
March 7 at Shawneetown. Both of these must have been very early 
migrants, for, with the exception of March 17 at Kichmond, Kans., no 
others were recorded until the last two days in March. During the 
week from March 30 to April 5, they were noted without any irregu- 
larity from Saint Louis, Mo. ; Fayette, Mo.; Sioux City, Iowa; Heron 
Lake, Minn. ; Elk River, Minn. ; Peoria, 111. ; Aledo, 111. ; Hennepin, 111.; 
Bockford, 111.; and Durand, Wisconsin. April 15 they reached Huron, 
Dak. 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrants appeared at Fern wood, 111., July 
26 ; Emporia, Kans., August 2 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., October 1 ; and 
Bonham, Tex., July 12. None were seen at Fernwood after July 28 ; 
or at Grinnell, Iowa, after September 28. At Mount Carmel, Mo., they 
were common October 3, and disappeared October 20. The last left 
Saint Louis, Mo., October 6. August 21 was the date of the last seen at 
Bonham, Tex. Mr. Lloyd states that the species is a resident in Tom 
Green and Concho counties, Tex. 

196. Ardea egretta Gmelin. [489.] Great White Egret. 

A more southern species than the Great Blue Heron ; breeds abun- 
dantly near the Gulf in swamps and prairie ponds. The few which leave 
the vicinity of the sea-coast straggle up the Mississippi, even to Minne- 
sota. The greatest wanderers are the young, which in the fall often 
stray northward into regions where the species is not known to breed. 
Professor Lantz has seen them at Manhattan, Kans., and there are 
other records for the State, but they are not known to breed within its 
limits. There is one record from southeastern Nebraska. In southern 
Illinois it is known to breed. 

In 1885 two of these Egrets were killed, out of a flock of six, at Chi- 
cago, 111., July 27. One was seen at Bonham, Tex., July 12, and eleven 



83 

at the same place July 15. In the fall of 1885 numbers were present at 
Saint Louis, Mo., on the 15th and 16th of August. At Fern wood, 111. 
the last were noted August 8; at Emporia, Kans., August 14; Saint 
Louis, Mo., September 11; and Bouham, Tex. August 15. " White 
Herons" aud "Snowy Herons " were reported from Peoria, 111., March 
20; from Sioux City, Iowa, March 30, common, April 7* and from Eich- 
mond, Kans., November 3. Just which species was seen is doubtful. 

197. Ardea candidissima Gmelin. [490.] Snowy Heron; 'Little White Egret. 

The range of this species is much the same as that of the last. It is 
exceedingly abundant in the marshes near the Gulf coast. In 1884 it 
was reported only from Grand Eidge, 111., where the first was seen 
April 19. It is resident in western Texas (Lloyd). Colonel Goss says it 
is not uncommon in Kansas, arriving from the south in July and August, 
and returning in September. 

198. Ardea rufescens Gnielin. [491.] Reddish Egret. 

A southern species, breeding in large colonies along the coast of 
Texas. "A summer visitant to southern Illinois, not known to breed" 
(Eidgway). 

199. Ardea tricolor nificollis (Gosse). [492.] Louisiana Heron. 

An inhabitant of the Gulf States. Near Houston, in eastern Texas, 
it breeds in swampy woods, but is not very common (Nehrling). Along 
the lower Eio Grande, in Texas, it breeds abundantly (Merrill and Sen- 
nett); but Dr. Merrill thinks it passes the winter farther south. It has 
been reported once from Indiana (Nelson). 

200. Ardea coerulea Linu. [493.] Little Blue Heron. 

Like the last, this species is exceedingly abundant in the marshes 
near the Gulf coast. It is not known to breed in Kansas, though it has 
been seen there in July, August, and September. The northward fall 
migration spoken of under the White Egret is again seen in this species. 
A few breed in southern Illinois, and in the fall large numbers come 
there from the South, making it for a time an abundant species. It 
rarely, if ever, occurs north of latitude 40°. I made the acquaintance 
of this species in the summer of 1884 at Eed Eock, Ind. Ter. No nest 
was found, but old birds were seen every few days all summer long 
near a small stream. This species was not noted in 1885 by any of 
the observers except at Bonham, Tex. One in white phase was sent 
me, which had been secured there July 16. Ten birds were seen July 
21, but whether in white or blue* plumage was not stated. The last 
was seen August 24. It was recorded by Mr. Lloyd as a resident at 
San Angelo, Tex., where it w T as particularly abundant in fall migration. 

201. Ardea virescens Linn. [494.] Green Heron. 

The habitat of this Heron agrees closely with that of Ardea herodias, but 
in most places it is a more common species. Like the Great Blue Heron 



84 

it breeds over all of the Mississippi Valley and remains close to the 
Gulf coast in winter. It migrates later, and did not appear in the mid- 
dle districts until late in April. At Danville, 111., one was seen April 
21; at Saint Louis, Mo., and Des Moines, Iowa, it was noted April 
26; at Manhattan, Kans., April 29; and by May 1 it had arrived over 
all of Illinois and Iowa, and had come to Laneshoro, Minn. At Alda, 
Nebr., it was seen May 3. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk departed from Des Moines, Iowa, August 
26, and none were seen afterwards. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of the arrival of this species were 
very irregular. It was recorded from Saint Louis, Mo., April 28, and 
Lanesboro, Minn., April 23, with much later dates scattered over the 
intervening country. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinuell, 
Iowa, September 28, and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 11. The first 
was seen at Emporia, Kans., October 3. 

202. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). [495.] Black-crowned Night Heron. 
The common Night Heron breeds throughout the Mississippi Valley, 

and winters both on the Gulf coast and south of it. In mild winters a 
few have sometimes been seen in southern Illiuois. In the spring of 
1884 the first record came from Rodney, Miss., March 22, when they 
were heard squawking at night as they passed over the city. On April 
5 they appeared at Laporte City, Iowa, and two days later came to 
Heron Lake, Minn., which is the summer home of great numbers. They 
also breed abundantly in a large marsh in east-central Wisconsin. Col- 
onel Goss says they are rare in Kansas. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of the Black-crowned Night Heron 
were very irregular, as was the case with all the other Herons. Prob- 
ably the species is better known at Heron Lake, Minn., than at any 
other station; it arrived there April 12, and fifty were seen April 17. 
All the rest of the notes came from places south of Heron Lake, and 
were of later date, except one from Gainesville, Tex., April 10. The 
last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 22. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinuell, Iowa, September 28 ; 
none were reported from Richmond, Kans., after October 15, but the 
last did not leave Heron Lake, Minn., until November 14. 

203. Nycticorax violaceus (Linn.). [496.] TtUow-croicncd Night Heron. 

The present species is more southern than the last, finding its north- 
ern limit in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, aud southern Indiana. 

Four days after the Black-crowned Night Heron flew over Rodney, 
Miss., in the spring of 1884, it was followed by the Yellow-crowned 
(March 26). 

204. Grus americana (Liim.). [582.] TV hoojnng Crane. 

Nests along our northern border, and also in central Illinois ; winters 
along the Gulf coast and as far north as the central part of Texas, 



85 

where a few flocks were seen at San Angelo by Mr. Lloyd, who tells us 
that the Nueces canon is the winter home of countless myriads. " From 
November to the eud of March these beautiful birds are exceedingly 
abundant on all the low prairies in the vicinity of Houston " (Nehrling). 
In the spring of 1834 migration began in February, and by March 5 all 
had left San Angelo. They arrived at Manhattan, Kans., March 18, and 
the last week in the month they passed through central Iowa. March 
30 a good many came to Heron Lake, Minn., and May 1 they arrived 
at Oak Point, Manitoba. 

In the spring of 1885 the Whooping Crane appeared at Emporia, 
Kans., March 18; Eichmond, Kans., March 21; Mount Carmel, Mo., 
March 25; Laporte City, Iowa, March 30; Emmetsbnrgh, Iowa, March 
23; Heron Lake, Minn., March 31; Menoken, Dak., April 5; Oak Point, 
Manitoba, April 15. It was common at Bonham, Tex., March 23; at 
Gainesville, Tex., March 31; Emmetsburgh, Iowa, April 1; Heron Lake, 
Minn., April 3; Menoken, Dak., April 14; and Oak Point, Manitoba, 
April 17. It has been known to breed at Clear Lake, Iowa. In the 
fall of 1885 it returned to Bonham, Tex., November 9, and large flocks 
were seen November 16. 

205. Grus canadensis (Linn.). [584.] Little Brown Crane. 

Breeds in the far North, from Hudson bay to Alaska, coming south 
in winter to Mexico, migrating over the Great Plains. Mr. Bidgway 
informs me that in the National Museum collection there is a specimen 
from Texas. 

206. Grus mexicana (Miill.). [583.] Sandhill Crane. 

The Sandhill Crane is known to breed in Florida, but was not recorded 
as a summer resident in Mississippi. West of the Mississippi Biver it 
breeds in Louisiana and Texas, and thence northward to Manitoba, 
though it is not known to breed in Indian Territory or Kansas. But at 
Alda, Nebr., it nested in July, 1881 ; and in 1882 five birds stayed there 
all winter. It is known to breed in Iowa, Minnesota, and Dakota. Mr. 
Lloyd says that in western Texas it is an abundant spring and fall mi- 
grant. Mr. Nehrling says he has " observed flocks of many hundreds 
on the low prairies in the western and northern parts of Harris county, w 
in eastern Texas. 

In winter it is found along the Gulf coast, from Florida to Texas. In 
warm winters it is found as far north as Waverly, Miss., and in Texas 
up to San Angelo, where a few flocks were seen. In the spring some 
pass north to higher latitudes, while others remain to breed. 

Migration commences very early. At Yazoo City, Miss., they were 
seen flying north January 9 and 11; at Caddo, Ind. Ter., the first came 
February 26 and more flocks March 3. March 15 they came to TJna- 
dilla, Nebr.; two days later to Linwood, Nebr. ; April 7 to Huron, Dak., 
and April 12 to Menoken and Larimore, Dak. They reached Two 
Bivers, Manitoba, April 15, and April 19 they were at Oak Point, 



86 

Manitoba. Thus their record in the West was quite uniform and regu- 
lar. Further east they appeared at Saint Louis March 16, and on the 
21st and 22d were reported from four stations in central Iowa. March 
24 they arrived at Storm Lake, Iowa, and the last day of the month at 
Heron Lake, Minn. The records east of the Mississippi were few and 
irregular ; between March 20 and March 24 they were seen from Griggs- 
ville, 111., to Merritt's LandiDg, Wis. 

In the spring of 1885 all but three of the stations on the plains con- 
tributed notes on the arrival of the Sandhill Crane, while from the region 
east of the Mississippi river but four stations reported it. The more regu- 
lar of these records are as follows : Eichmond, Kans., March 11 ; Lin- 
wood, Nebr., March 14 ; Grinnell and Newton, Iowa, March 25 and 26. 
From March 29 to April 1 it appeared at Des Moines, Laporte City, and 
Emmetsburgh, Iowa; Unadilla, Nebr.; and Aledo, Tampico, and Henne- 
pin, 111. April 4 it was seen at Elk Eiver, Minn. ; April 7 at New Cas- 
sel, Wis. ; April 12 at Menoken, Dak. ; April 15 at Larimore, Dak., and 
Oak Point, Manitoba. In the fall of 1885 the first came to Argusville, 
Dak., October 2 ; Eichmond, Kans., October 3; and Bonham, Tex., Oc- 
tober 5. The last were seen at Eichmond, Kans., November 3; Grin- 
nell, Iowa, November 4; and Fayette, Mo., November 20. 

208. Rallus elegans Aud. [569.] King Bail. 

Winters in the southern States, occasionally north even to southern 
Illinois, and in summer passes up the Mississippi Valley to Kansas and 
Missouri regularly, and to Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin occasionally. 
It is not common in Nebraska, and is still rarer in southeastern Dakota, 
where Dr. Agersborg has found it to be a rare summer resident. As 
in all other species of Eails, its migrations are performed at night, and 
during the day it keeps so secluded in the thick sedges that, though 
not at all uncommon in much of its range, it is rarely seen. In the 
spring of 1884 it appeared at Saint Louis April LO ; the only other record 
came from one of the most northern points at which it has ever been 
found : Hastings, Minn., May 9. 

In the spring of 1885 the King Eail arrived at Emporia, Kans., April 
14, and at Aledo, 111., April 23„ It reached Heron Lake, Minn., about 
the middle of May, but the exact date was not recorded. In the fall 
of 1885 it was first noticed at Fernwood, 111., August 29, and again 
September 13 j the last were seen there October 13. No more congenial 
home for Eails can be found than the immense marshes in the vicinity 
of this station. Mr. Lloyd states that one was seen in South Concho, 
Tex., in the spring of 1886. 

211. Rallus longirostris crepitans (Graelin). [571.] Clapper Bail. 

An inhabitant of the salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, coming 
north regularly to Long Island, N. Y. During the first week in June, 
1886, Dr. A. K. Fisher found this form breeding commonly at Grand 
Isle, on the coast of Louisiana, and secured an adult male aud two 



87 

young, which have been examined by Mr. Ridgway and pronounced 
typical. 

211a. RaUus longirostris saturatus Henshaw. [571a.] Louisiana Clapper Rail. 

A southern form found on the brackish marshes near the Gulf coast of 
Louisiana (and Texas?).* 

212. Rallus virginianus Linn. [572.] Virginia Rail. 

Winters from the Southern States southward ; breeds from northern 
Illinois northward ; known to breed in southeastern Dakota, and in 
Minnesota and Manitoba. In the spring of 1884 it reached Saint Louis 
April 1, and by the middle of the month had reached latitude 43° 43' 
in Wisconsin. 

In the spring of 1885 the following records of 'firsts' were received: 
Paris, 111., May 1 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 5; Lanesboro, Minn., May 
12 5 Hennepin, 111., April 14; Fernwood, 111., May 10; Milwaukee, 
Wis., April 23. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returning migrants appeared at Fernwood, 
111., September 13, and were last seen September 26. 

214. Forzana Carolina (Linn.). [574.] Sora ; Carolina Rail. 

Winters over the same area as the last, and also a little further 
north. It breeds from Kansas northward, and is an abundant summer 
resident in Manitoba. In southern Illinois it can be found throughout 
the year. In the spring of 1884 it was seen at Saint Louis April 1, at 
Laporte City, Iowa, April 1G, and at Heron Lake, Minn., April 29. 
April 26 it arrived at Chicago, and the bulk came to Green Bay, 
Wis., May 4. The Kails, which ordinarily pass by unobserved, some- 
times are suddenly and unexpectedly brought to our notice. For years 
they had passed to and fro over the city of Winona, Minn., unmolested 
and unnoticed, but in 1884 an electric light stood in their path and 
lured them to destruction. On the night of May 21 they were the most 
numerous of the many birds that were killed or wounded by striking 
(he light-tower. Around the light they could be seen by hundreds. 

In the spring of 1885 the Sora Bail was reported from San Antonio, 
Tex., April 5; Emporia, Kans., April 11; Des Moines, Iowa, April 22; 
Laporte City, Iowa, May 1; Hennepin, 111., May 5; Fernwood, 111., 
and Heron Lake, Minn., May 10; Minneapolis, Minn., May 11; and 
Shell River, Manitoba, May 12. 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrants were seen at Fernwood, 111., 
August 9; Lanesboro, Minn., August 26; Emporia, Kans., September 
1 ; and San Angelo, Tex., September 4. The last was seen at Fern- 
wood, 111., September 20, and at Saint Louis, Mo., October 5. In 
western Texas they are rare in spring and abundant in fall (Lloyd). 

[*Mr. Ridgway informs me that he inclines to the opinion that this Rail will prove 
to be a distinct species. — C. H. M.] 



88 

215. Porzana noveboracensis (Grnelin). [575.] Yellow Bail. 

Winters in the Southern States and north to central Illinois; in 
summer moves up the valley to Minnesota. Has been recorded from 
Manitoba (Seton). Kather rare everywhere. In 1884 the only record 
was from Saint Louis, where the first was seen March 18. 

In the spring of 1885 the Yellow Kail was seen at Fernwood, 111., May 
9, and was common the next day. It reached Elk River, Minn., May 
14. A single specimen was seen at White Earth, Minn., in the latter 
part of June, but the exact date was mislaid. Specimens were taken 
at Lawrence, Kans., April 18, and October 1, 1885, by Prof. L. L. Dyche, 
and it was taken at Emporia, Kans., October 1. 

216. Porzana jamaicensis (Grnelin). [576.] Blade Rail. 

Eange much the same as that of the preceding, though it does not 
occur so far north ; has been taken in Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, 
Iowa, and Illinois. In 1884 it was reported as breeding at San Angelo, 
Tex., from March 9 to June 26. 

In 1885 the northward migration of the Black Kail was unnoticed by 
the observers, but on its return the first was seen at Emporia, Kans., 
September 20, and at Iowa City, Iowa., the last, October 11. 

218. Ionornis martinica (Linn.). [578.] Purple Gallinnle. 

A southern species, occurring throughout the Gulf States and rang- 
ing north in summer to Illinois. It has been taken once at Saint 
Louis, Mo., and was given as a not common species on the Nueces river 
in Texas. 

219. Gallinula galeata (Licht.). [579.] Florida Gallinule. 

The Florida Gallinule breeds from the Gulf of Mexico to near our 
northern border. Its winter range includes all of the Southern States, 
where it is resident; and it occurs, according to Kidgway, up to central 
Illinois, but Mr. 0. W. Butler, of Anna, 111., says : "I have not fouud 
it in winter in fourteen years of collecting in the very places where Mr. 
Kidgway says it occurs." In its migrations it proceeds northward to 
Minnesota and Wisconsin in the East, and Kansas and Nebraska in the 
West. Near Kipon, Wis., it outnumbers the Coot, and its breeding 
habits until a few years ago could be studied to the best advantage, 
but persecution has made it wild, and now it hides at the slightest 
sound. The only record of its arrival in 1884 came from Saint Louis, 
where it appeared May 11. 

In 1885 but one record of the Florida Gallinule was received: its 
arrival at Des Moines, Iowa, May 26. 

221. Fulica americana Grnelin. [580.] Coot. 

Kange in winter the same as that of the Florida Gallinule, but in 
summer it goes far into British America. It breeds throughout its 
range, and records of breeding in 1884 were received from various 
places, all the way from Eagle Pass and San Angelo, Tex., to Ossowa, 






89 

Manitoba. It must breed early in southern Texas, for Mr. Negley says 
that at Eagle Pass, March 16, he caught a young Water Hen about two 
weeks old. At San Angelo Mr. Lloyd did not find young until May 18. 
In the spring of 1884 migration at Moss Point, Miss., commenced in Feb- 
ruary, after which no movement was noted until March 24 to March 26, 
when Coots were recorded simultaneously from Saint Louis, Mo., to 
Red Wing, Minn. In the West, they were noted from Ellis, Kans., 
and Alda, Nebr., April 4 and 9, and at the same time at Chicago. The 
only Wisconsin record was the arrival of the bulk May 4 at Green Bay. 
May 6 it came to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and May 9 it appeared 
at Oak Point, Manitoba. In the fall of 1884 the first migrants were re- 
ported from Emporia, Kans., September 20. 

In the spring of 1885 the more regular of the notes contributed on 
the migration of this species are the following: Fayette, Mo., first seen 
March 15 : Emporia, Kans., March 17 ; Fernwood, 111., March 31 ; Heron 
Lake, Minn., April 1; Laporte City, Iowa, April 2; Durand, Wis., 
April 20 ; Ossowa, Manitoba, May 4. 

In the fall of 1885 it arrived at Lanesboro, Minn., September 4, and 
at Emporia, Kans., September 19. The last was seeu at Heron Lake, 
Minn., November 9. 

222. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn.). [563.] Red Phalarope. 

Breeds in the far North, coming South in winter to the northern half 
of the Mississippi Valley. Has been recorded from Illinois (Nelson), 
and Minnesota (Hatch). 

223. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). [564.] Northern Plialar ope. 

Breeds in the far North, and is a rare migrant through the Missis- 
sippi Valley. It is known from Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, and Mani- 
toba; and was reported by the observers at Saint Louis, Mo., and Alda, 
Nebr. 

224. Phalaropus tricolor (Vieill.). [565.] Wilson's Phalarope. 

This is tbe most common of the three Phalaropes, and it is more 
abundant in the Mississippi Valley than elsewhere. It does not winter 
in the Mississippi Valley, but breeds quite commonly in the northern 
parts and in Manitoba. In 1884 it was reported as breeding in Illinois, 
Iowa, Minnesota, and Dakota; and it has been known to breed in Ne- 
braska and m western Kansas. May 8 a pair arrived at Vermillion, 
Dak.; May 17 it was already breeding at Polo, 111. 

In the spring of 1885 it was noted during northward migration at 
San Angelo, Tex., May 15 ; at Gainesville, Tex., May 6 ; Emporia, Kans., 
April 23 ; Manhattan, Kans.^ May 9; and Menoken, Dak., May 12. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Emporia., Kans., August 31, 
and the last was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., September 13. Mr. Lloyd 
states that in western Texas it is tolerably common in spring, but is not 
found in fall. 



90 

225. Recurvirostra americana Graelin. [566.] Avocet. 

During migration the Avocet occurs throughout the Mississippi Val- 
ley. East of the Mississippi it breeds from Illinois northward, and in 
the West even as far south as Mason, Tex., where Mr. Henry found it 
to be a rare summer resident. Dr. Merrill states that a few pairs remain 
to breed along the Lower Rio Grande. It winters along the Gulf coast 
and southward. Iu migration in 1881 ifc was seen at Emporia, Kans., 
May 11, and at Alda, Nebr., May 2. In the fall of 1884 the first Avocet 
appeared at Emporia, Kans., August 25. 

In 1885 no notes were received on its spring migration. In the fall 
it reached San Angelo, Tex., September 4. In this locality it is a com- 
mon fall migrant. 

226. Himantosus mexicanus (Mull.). [567.] Black-necked Stilt. 

A common resident along the coast of Texas ; in summer distributed 
locally and rarely over the better watered portions of the Mississippi dis- 
trict. Has been taken in Texas, Illinois, and Minnesota, and was re- 
corded from Kansas by Col. N. S. Goss, on the authority of W. H. Gib- 
son, who saw three in June, 1881, near the Arkansas river, at Lakiu, 
Kans. 

228. Philohela minor (Gmel.). [525.] Woodcock. 

Breeds principally from the middle districts northward, but a few re- 
main in summer throughout the Southern States ; rare in Manitoba. 
It winters wherever it can find unfrozen ground suitable for its wants ; 
hence it is limited principally to the Gulf States during the cold weather, 
but a few usually spend the winter at Corinth, Miss., and in southern 
Illinois. Both stations in southern Louisiana report that the number 
present in winter depends on the weather to the northward. If the 
winter is severe, they arrive in great numbers, but in mild winters are 
scarce. In the winter of 1883- 7 84 they were abundant. By the middle 
of February almost all had left the State. In the West the Wood- 
cock winters in Kansas, Indian Territory, and occasionally in western 
Texas. It w T as reported from San Angelo, Tex., that a few are some 
times seen there in winter. In the spring of 1884 it reached Chicago 
March 22, and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 25. 

In the fall of 1884, about September 15, 1 flushed a Woodcock near a 
small spring in the central portion of Kansas City, Mo. At Mount 
Carmel, Mo., the last was seen October 23. 

In the spring of 1885 it was first seen at Shawneetown, 111., March 4 ; 
Fernwood, 111., April 1 ; Lanesboro, Minn., April 21 ; and Oak Point, 
Manitoba, May 13. At Shawneetown, III., numbers were found in a 
low, flat bottom along the Ohio river July 25, and a few were seen after- 
wards. In the fall of 1885 the last were seen at Fernwood, 111., October 
10, and at Shawneetown November 14. 

230. Gallinago delicata (Orel). [526 a .] Wilson' 's Snipe. 

Breeds chiefly from the Northern States northward ; an abundant 
migrant in the Mississippi Valley ; winter range extending to South 



91 

America. Daring the winter of 1883-'84 Wilson's Snipe was not re- 
ported from farther north than latitude 33°, but in suitable localities, 
which, of course, are not common, it remains regularly as far north as 
southern Illinois, and one case is en record of its wintering in company 
with Teal and Mallard on the margin of a hot spring in Wyoming. In 
the winter of 1883-'84 a few were seen at Ellis, Kans., in December, 
after the creek was newly frozen over. They were late migrants. The 
great bulk breed in British America, but a few have been known to 
nest in northern Illinois, and Mr. Lloyd gives it as a resident at San 
Angelo, Tex., but says he never has found the nest. A few also breed 
at Heron Lake, in southwestern Minnesota. In western Manitoba it is 
a common summer resident (Seton). 

In the spring of 1884 migration commenced during the latter part of 
February. February 19 Snipe began to move through Eagle Pass, Tex., 
where Mr. Negley says they remained one week only. February 29 
they had begun to leave southern Louisiana, though the bulk did not 
leave until the second week in March. They arrived at Gaddo, Ind. Ter. 
(lat. 31° ll'), March 8, and on the 12th and 13th reached Odin, 111., and 
Saint Louis, Mo. (lat. 38° 4(F). During the rest of March there was 
no record from Iowa, but in Illinois they were reported up to Chicago. 
April 5 to 7 they advanced to central Iowa and southern Wisconsin . 
and by April 15 had reached latitude 44° 45' in Wisconsin, and lati. 
tude 44° 15' in Dakota, but no record came from Minnesota until 
the next week. They were recorded from Argusville and Larimore, 
Dak. (lat. 47° 52'), during the first week in May. This Snipe is not a 
rapid migrant. The bulk moves about two weeks behind the van, and 
even in those places where it does not breed it can generally be found 
from fear to six weeks. In the fall of 1884 the first migrating Snipe 
reached Emporia, Kans., August 30. 

In the spring of 1885 it appeared at Corinth, Miss., February 12, and 
was seen for the second time February 20. It reached Shawneetown, 
111., February 27^ Saint Louis, Mo., March 11, and Emporia, Kans., 
March 14. For the next ten days the cold was too severe for migra- 
tion, and very little progress seems to have been made in the remainder 
of the month. During the first five days of April it was noted from 
Ellsworth, Kans., Fayette, Mo., Des Moines, Iowa; and Paris, Aledo, 
Hennepin, and Fernwood, 111. At Hennepin it had also been noticed 
March 25. It came to Emmetsburgh, Iowa, April 14 ; Milwaukee, Wis., 
April 15 j Heron Lake, Minn., April 19; Luck, Wis., and Ossowo, 
Manitoba, May 2 ; and Shell River, Manitoba, May 4. At Corinth, 
Miss., the last was seen April 9, and at Mount Carmel, Mo., April 20; 
while at Bonham, Tex., it did not leave until April 30, and one was 
taken at San Antonio, Tex., May 27. In the fall of 1S85 the last was 
seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 14; Fernwood, 111., November 
13 ; and at Fayette, Mo., November 1. The first migrant appeared at 
Fernwood, 111., August 29; at Emporia, Kans., September 3; Saint 



92 

Louis, Mo., October 10 ; and at Bonham, Tex., November 3. The bnlk 
arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., October 16, and the species was still there 
November 3. 

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin.) [527.] Dowitclier ; Red-breasted Snipe. 
A bird of eastern North America, breeding far North, and migrating 

chiefly in the Atlantic region. A few sometimes migrate through the 
Mississippi Valley, where they have been taken in Illinois. But tbe 
common Dowitcher of the Mississippi Yalley is the following species, 
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, under which all the migration records have 
been placed, though it is impossible to say that none of them belong to 
the present species. 

232. Macrorhampus scolopaceus (Say). [527 a .] Long-billed Dowitcher. 
Winters from the Gulf coast southward ; migrates through the Missis- 
sippi Valley, and breeds in British America. Colonel Goss says it is a 
common migrant in Kansas. But few records of its movements were 
received. In 1884 its arrival in central Texas was noted March 15, and 
in southern Minnesota the last of April, while the bulk reached Ver- 
million, Dak., the first week in May. 

In the spring of 1885 the only records received were of its arrival at 
Paris, 111., April 5; Mount Oarmel, Mo., April 2G, and Emporia, Kans., 
May 1. 

233. Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). [528.] SHU 'Sandpiper. 

Bather a rare bird in the Mississippi Valley, where it occurs during 
its passage from its winter home to its breeding grounds in tbe far 
North. It was not noticed during the spring migration in 1884 or 1885. 
On its return in 1885 it was shot at Lanesboro, Minn., August 20, and 
at San Angelo, Tex., September 3. At the latter place it was common 
during the fall migration. 

234. Tringa canutus Linn. [529.J Knot; Robin Snipe. 

Breeds within the Arctic Circle; in migration abundant along the 
Atlantic coast, but rare in the Mississippi Valley. Noted from Mani- 
toba, Kansas, Nebraska, and Illinois ; and has been taken once by Dr. 
Hvoslef, at Lanesboro, Minn., this being the first record for that State. 

235. Tringa maritima Briinn. [530.] Purple Sandpiper. 

A northern species, migrating southward in winter, chiefly along the 
Atlantic coast; found rarely on the Great Lakes. It was killed on Lake 
Michigan, near Chicago, November 7, 1871. (Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., 
Vol. VIII, p. 127.) 

239. Tringa maculata Vie ill. [534.] Pectoral ] Sandpiper ; Jack Snipe. 

Breeds in the far North. A common and well-known migrant, from 
the Gulf of Mexico to Manitoba. In the spring of 1884 it seems to have 
been overlooked, since it was reported only from Saint Louis, March 
17. A " Jack Snipe" was reported from Oak Point, Manitoba, April 22. 



93 

In the spring of 1885 the Pectoral Sandpiper was common in the 
Saint Louis market March 26. At San Angelo, Tex., the first was seen 
April 27 j it was common there the next day, and left May 15. At 
Emporia, Kans., the first came May 1, and it became common May 4. 
Dr. Langdon states that in West Baton Eouge parish, La., in the spring 
of 1881, it was common from March 23 to April 10. (Journ. Cin. Soc. 
Nat. Hist, Yol. IV, 1881, p. 154.) 

240. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. [536.] White rumped. Sandpiper. 

Breeds in the high North, and occurs in winter from the Gulf of Mex- 
ico to southern South America, migrating through the Mississippi Val- 
ley. Colonel Goss states that it is a common migrant in Kansas. It 
has been seen also in Dakota, though rarely, and was noticed at Des 
Moiues, Iowa, March 31, 1884. In Manitoba, large flocks were seen 
near Shoal lake, June 4, and on Duck mountain, June 8, 1884 (Seton). 

In the spring of 1885 the only note contributed on the migration of 
the White-rumped Sandpiper was the record of its arrival at Emporia, 
Kans., May 4. 

241. Tringa bairdii (Coues). [537.] Band's Sandpiper. 

Breeds along the Arctic coast and winters in South America ; rather 
common during migration in Kansas and Nebraska, and has been taken 
in former years at West DePere, Wis. At Emporia, Kans., it was seen 
March 27, 1884, and was common March 31. In the fall it reappeared 
August 25. In the spring of 1885 it was seen at San Angelo, Tex., May 
15. At this locality it is a common spring and fall migrant. 

242. Tringa mirmtilla Vieill. [538.] Least Sandpiper. 

Breeds in the far North and winters from the Gulf of Mexico south- 
ward. One of the commonest of its family during its migrations through 
the Mississippi Valley. Mr. Nehrling says it is not uncommon in winter 
in eastern Texas, near Houston. In the spring of 1884 it came to 
Caddo, Ind. Ter., about March 10 ; passed on to Alda, Nebr., by April 
10 j and April 25 had appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba, thus averag- 
ing more than 25 miles a day. 

In the spring of 1885 the record of the northward migration of the 
Least Sandpiper was regular compared with that of the other shore 
birds. It appeared at San Angelo, Tex., April 18 ; at Gainesville, Tex., 
May 6; Emporia, Kans., May 8; Saint Louis, Mo., May 12 ; Minneapo- 
lis, Minn., May 12, and Huron, Dak., May 13. At San Angelo the last 
was seen May 16. In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Emporia, 
Kans., August 6, where it became common August 31. It reached San 
Angelo, August 25, and was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., August 31. 
Dr. Agersborg says he has seen it in southeastern Dakota during the 
whole summer, but has not found its nest. 

243rt. Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues). [539a.] Red-backed Sandpiper . . 

Breeds far north ; very rare throughout most of the Mississippi Val- 
ley during migration. In the spring of 1884 it was taken at Gaines- 



y4 

ville, Tex., March 15, and was mentioned as common in Minnesota and 
Manitoba. 

In 1885 the only record of the Bed-backed Sandpiper was a note on 
its appearance at Emmetsbnrgh, Iowa, April 15. 

Dr. Merrill states that near the month of the Eio Grande, May 16, 
1877, he " found the Red-backed Sandpiper rather common about some 
lagoons in the salt marshes ; the males were in full breeding plumage." 
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, p. 161.) 

246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). [541.] Seniipalmated Sandpiper. 

A migrant in the Mississippi Valley. In the spring of 1884, it was 
noticed by two observers only ; at Ellis, Kans., it was seen April 5, and 
at Iowa City, Iowa, May 3. 

In the spring of 1885 the Semipalmated Sandpiper was noticed at 
Gainesville, Tex., May 6; at Emporia, Kans., May 9, and Huron, Dak., 
May 13. At Emporia the last was seen May 27. A skin of this species 
was sent me for identification from Bonham, Tex., where it had been 
taken April 18. 

In the fall of 1885 the first came to Lanesboro, Minn., August 21; to 
Emporia, Kans., August 31. It was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., 
August 31. 

247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. [541 a .] WesUrn Sandpiper. 

An inhabitant of the western province of North America; breeding 
in the far North. Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green and Concho 
counties, Texas, it is " common in spring and fall, arriving in spring, 
April 10 to May 12 ; in the fall, from September 4 to October 20." 

248. Calidris arenaria (Linn.). [542.] Sand&'Hng. 

Breeds in the high North ; in migration one of the rarest of the family 
in the Mississippi Valley, but common along the sea-coast. Has been 
reported from Lawrence, Kans., and from Missouri, Illinois, Minnesota, 
and Manitoba. In winter and early spring it is common along the coast 
of Texas (Merrill and Sennett). 

249. Limosa fedoa (Linn.). [543.] Marbled Godwit. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba; also breeds within our bor- 
der. In June, 1879, it was found breeding abundantly in the Traverse 
Lake region, in western Minnesota (Roberts and Benuer, Bull. N. O. 
C, Yol. V, 1880, pp. 13, 18). It was reported by Mr. Preston as breed- 
ing at Clear Lake, Iowa, and is known to breed in Nebraska, Dakota, 
and Minnesota (and perhaps also in Texas). It is not known to breed 
in Kansas. In southeastern Texas it is a spring and fall migrant. 

In the spring of 1885 about twenty birds of this species were seen at 
Huron, Dak., May 3. 

251. Limosa heemastica (Linu.). [545.] Hudsonian Godwit. 

A migrant in our district ; has been noted from a few localities only. 
Though generally considered a rarer bird than the preceding, Dr. 



95 

Agersborg gave it as more common — indeed, as an abundant species 
during migration in southeastern Dakota. In 1884 the bulk arrived at 
Vermillion, Dak., May 3. In 1S85 a flock of twenty-five was seen at 
Emporia, Kans., May 8. 

254. Totanus inelanoleucus (Gmelin). [548.] Greater Yellow-legs. 

Breeds from the Northern States northward, and occurs in thousands 
along the Gulf coast in winter. In 1884 migration commenced early in 
March. March Hit was seen at Caddo, Ind. Ter. ; the next day at Alton, 
111., and during the last week of March it was reported from Manhattan, 
Kans., and Newton and Laporte City, Iowa. During the first week of 
April it appeared at Alda, Kebr., and Polo, 111. ; southern Minnesota 
was reached April 19, and southeastern Dakota two days later. May 
4 it was reported from Menoken, Dak., and about May 12 it reached 
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. This species was still abundant in south- 
ern Louisiana March 12, but left soon after. It has been seldom found 
breeding in the United States, but has been so noted from northern 
Illinois, and from Heron Lake, Minn., where it is a common summer 
resident. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Emporia, 
Kans., October 12. 

In the spring of 1885 it appeared at Gainesville, Tex., March 11; 
Saint Louis, Mo., March 26 ; Emporia, Kans., March 27 ; Sioux City, 
Iowa, April 12; Heron Lake, Minn., April 12; Des Moines, Iowa, April 
16; Fern wood, 111., and Lanesboro, Minn., April 20; and Shell River, 
Manitoba, April 24. 

In the fall of 1885, ' firsts ' were noted from Lanesboro, Minn., Sep- 
tember 7 ; Milwaukee, Wis., August 17; Emporia, Kans., August 12; 
and San Angelo, Tex., September 4. At Lanesboro, Minn., the last 
was seen October 23. 

255. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). [549.] Yellow-legs. 

The movements of this species are much the same as those of its 
larger congener, with which it is often found. Like the Greater Yellow- 
legs, it is a common summer resident at Heron Lake, Minn., and has 
been found breeding in northern Illinois. Its times of migration agree 
very closely with those of the last. 

In the fall of 1884 the first flock of Yellow-legs appeared at Emporia, 
Kans., September 13. 

In the spring of 1885 but few notes were received on the movements 
of this species. It reached Shell Kiver, Manitoba, in company with 
the Greater Yellow-legs, April 24. In the fall of 1885 the returning 
flocks were first noted at Emporia, Kans., August 12. 

256. Totanus solitarius (Wils.). [550.] Solitary Sandpiper. 

A common migrant throughout most of the Mississippi Valley; breeds 
from Illinois northward, and probably also in Kansas and ^Nebraska, 
In 1884 it appeared at Gainesville, Tex., March 14 ; and at Des Moines, 



96 

Iowa, April 26. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first record was May 5 and 
the last May 22. 

In the spring of 1885 no records were received of the movements of 
the Solitary Sandpiper from any point south of Emporia, Kans., where 
it arrived April 23. The next day it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., and 
Aledo, 111. ; May 2 at Manhattan, Kans. ; May 3 at Huron, Dak. ; May 
4 at Des Moines, Iowa, and May 9 at Lanesboro, Minn. At Saint Louis, 
Mo., the last was noted May 12. 

In the fall of 1885, it was seen for the last time at Fernwood, 111., 
September 26, and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 25. It had appeared 
at San Angelo, Tex., September 7. Dr. Agersborg says it is very rare 
in southeastern Dakota. Mr. Lloyd says that in western Texas it is 
tolerably common in September, but rare in spring. 

Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster. [552 in part.] Western TVillet. 

Breeds from the Gulf States northward. Occurs during migration 
throughout the Mississippi Valley, and, unlike the previously mentioned 
members of the family, does not proceed far northward. Near Hous- 
ton, in eastern Texas, it is a common resident (Nehrliug). It breeds 
throughout Illinois, and Mr. Preston reported it as a rare breeder near 
Newton, Iowa. In Kansas and southern Dakota it was marked as a 
rare migrant in the spring of 1881, thejjulk arriving at the latter place 
May 3. In northern Dakota and western and northwestern Minnesota 
it breeds abundantly. It was seen at Chicago, III., May 13, though of 
course this record must not be considered that of first arrival. 

In the spring of 1885 but two records were received of the movements 
of the Willet. It arrived at Emporia, Kans., May 2, and at Heron Lake, 
Minn., May 10. (For the description of this recently separated sub- 
species, see the Auk, Vol. IY, No. 2, April, 1887, pp. 145-117). 

261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). [555.] Bartramian Sandpiper; Field Plover. 
The Upland Plover is common throughout our district, and breeds 
from Kansas and Illinois northward. Usually it is thought not to 
winter in the United States, but Mr. Lloyd shot one at San Angelo, 
Tex., in January, 1883. In the spring of 1884 migration commenced 
early in March, and the van reached Saint Louis March 17. March 
25 and 26 it was reported from Ellis, Kans., Storm Lake, Iowa, and 
Tampico, 111. There was evidently a halt called when the storms of 
April commenced, and no further advance occurred until April 14, with 
the exception of some stragglers at Liuwood, Nebr. On that day and 
the next it appeared at Polo, 111., Laporte City, Iowa, and Unadilla, 
Nebr. During the rest of April it passed on to latitude 45° in Minne- 
sota, and to Vermillion, Dak., latitude 42° 56. Upland Plover were seen 
at Barton and Huron, Dak., May 4 and 5; at Argusville, Dak. (lat. 47° 
8 ; ), May 10; and at Menoken, Dak. (latitude 46° 5S'), May 1; these last 
must have been stragglers. At Ked Rock, Ind. Ter., they were constantly 
seen and heard all summer, so that although no nests were found they 



97 

may be put down as summer residents in the Territory. During the 
spring thousands passed over, reminding one strongly of the great 
flocks of Passenger Pigeons seen in Wisconsin and Minnesota. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Field Plover appeared at Abbeville, La., 
August 1, where the species became common August 4. 

In the spring of 1885 the migration was about two weeks later than 
in 1884. The first appeared at Abbeville, La., March 20 ; at Bonham 
and Gainesville, Tex., March 28; at Saint Louis, Mo., and Odin, 111., 
April 2; Hennepin, 111., April 5; Emporia, Kans., April 7; and from 
April 10 to 15 at Manhattan, Kans., Unadilla and Linwood, Nebr., 
Grand View, Dak., Newton, Grinnell, and Emmetsburgh, Iowa, and 
Aledo, 111. From April 20 to 23 it was seen at S tough ton, Lake Mills, 
and Leeds Centre, Wis.; April 27, at Huron, Dak. (two observers); 
April 28 at Heron Lake, Minn., and May 4 at Menoken, Dak., and Shell 
River, Manitoba. 

In fall migration in 1885 it was very common at San Angelo, Tex., 
July 7, and was last seen at Bonham, Tex., September 2. 

262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). [556.] Buff-breasted Sandpiper. 

A rather rare and very irregular migrant in the Mississippi Valley. 
Dr. Agersborg states that it is an abundant spring migrant in south- 
eastern Dakota; and Dr. A. K. Fisher tells me that in August, 1874, he 
saw hundreds of Buffbreasted Sandpipers on the dry prairie at May- 
wood, Cook county, 111., only 10 miles from Chicago, and that he shot 
numbers of them. 

In the spring of 1884 a flock was seen at Gainesville, Tex., May 5. 
(For additional remarks on its occurrence in Texas see Bull. Nutt. 
Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, 1881, pp. 61, 62.) 

263. Actitis macularia (Linu.). [557.] Shotted Sandpiper. 

An abundant migrant in most parts of the Mississippi Valley. Breeds 
commonly in Manitoba, and many stop to breed all along tbeir course, 
after wintering in the southern States. April 23 and April 26 it ap- 
peared at Manhattan, Kans., and Saint Louis, Mo. The next two days 
it was found in southern Minnesota and northern Illinois. At Alda, 
Kebr., it arrived May 2, and at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, May 5. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Spotted Sandpiper left Des Moines, Iowa, 
September 17. 

In the spring of 1885 the notes were very irregular. The first was 
seen at San Angelo, Tex., March 9 ; at Paris, 111., and Lanesboro, Minn., 
April 23; Des Moines, Iowa, April 24; Manhattan, Kans., and Iowa 
City, Iowa, May 2 ; and Minneapolis, Minn., May 11. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., October 22. 

264. Numenius lougirostris Wils. [558.] Long -billed Curlew. 

Occurs over the whole of the Mississippi Valley, and is known to 
breed throughout most of its range. It winters in the southern States, 
7365— Bull. 2 7 



98 

where it is resident, and occasionally is found in winter in southern 
Illinois. Colonel Goss states that in Kansas it is a rare summer 
resident, but a common migrant. Mr. Lloyd says that in Texas it 
winters in Concho county, but not in Tom Green county. It migrates 
early, and March 31, 1884, at Darlington, Ind. Ter., hundreds were seen 
in three flocks. For a few days it flew east and northeast at night, 
and in the opposite direction in the morning. April 3 it reached Alda, 
Nebr., and two days later Vermillion, Dak.; April 16 it reached A r- 
gusville, Dak., and April 24 Menoken, Dak. By May 4 it had come to 
Larimore, Dak. ; and May 9 was reported from Oak Point, Manitoba. 
It passed Saint Louis April 1, and through central Iowa April 15. 

During the winter of 1884-'85 the Long-billed Curlew remained at 
Eagle Pass, Tex., where it was seen January 7 and February 9. 

In the spring migration of 1885, from April 10 to April 15, it was 
noted at Emporia, Kans. ; Emmetsburgh, Iowa; Heron Lake, Minn.; 
Grand View, Dak., and Huron, Dak. It reached Larimore, Dak., April 
26. Iu the fall of 1885, the returning flocks appeared at Emporia, Kans., 
August 5, and at San Angelo, Tex., August 20. At Fern wood, 111., the 
last were seen October 13. 

265. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. [559.] Hudsonian Curlew. 

A common migrant in most parts of the Mississippi Valley, winter, 
ing in the Southern States. Eare in Kansas (Goss). It does not breed 
within our limits. The only record received came from Heron Lake, 
Minn., May 1,1884. 

266. Numenius borealis (Forst.). [560.] Eskimo Curlew. 

The most abundant of the three Curlews. Migrates through the Mis- 
sissippi Valley in immense numbers, but does not stay to breed or to 
winter. In the spring of 1884 the first came to Saint Louis, Mo., and to 
Caddo, Ind. Ter., March 25, and the prairies were fairly alive with them 
at Caddo, April 2. On the same day thej T were noted from Wise county, 
Tex., and Alda, Nebr. April 3 found a few at Heron Lake, Minn., and 
the bulk arrived at Vermillion, Dak., May 3. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Eskimo Curlew appeared at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., March 7 ; one was found in the Saint Louis market April 6 - 7 
they reached Emporia, Kans., April 13, and Heron Lake, Minn., April 
24. 
270. Charadrius squatarola (Linn.). [513.] Black-bellied Plover. 

This species is more numerous along the coast of the L'nited States 
than it is in the interior, but it has been found throughout the Missis- 
sippi Valley and in Manitoba during its migrations. It breeds in the 
far North. In most of the State lists it is marked rare, but we have 
several records of its occurrence in anything but small numbers. The 
most interesting came from Alda, Nebr., whence Mr. Powell writes: 
" In southeastern Nebraska it is usually rare, but May 21, 1883, I saw 
thousands of them on the Platte river. The weather had been rainy 



■ 



99 

for a few days before I saw thein, with the wind from the south, but on 
that day the wind blew stiff from the north, with broken clouds flying, 
and the air pretty cold. The birds were on the hay-flats on the south 
side of the river. I drove up the valley seven or eight miles, and was 
not out of sight of large flocks any of the time. They were wild and I 
killed only three." 

In the spring of 1884 there was no regularity in the notes on this 
species, and probably the fault was in the birds. At Polo, 111., the first 
was seen April 30, and the day before at Heron Lake, Minn., they were 
found in flocks which stayed about two weeks. At Alcla, Nebr., a good 
many passed over during the nights of April 25 and 27. On April 16, 
flocks of thousands were seen at Argusville, Dak., and the bulk was 
given as arriving at Vermillion, Dak., May 5. 

In the spring of 1883 the first Black-bellied Plover was seen at Hen- 
nepin, 111., April 2; at Heron Lake, Minn,, April 24; and at Huron, 

ak., May 5. The last at Hennepin, 111., was seen May 3. 



272. Charadrius dominicus Miill. [515.] Golden Plover. 

Breeds in the Arctic regions, and occurs in migration throughout the 
Mississippi Yalley and Manitoba. In the spring of 1884, at Caddo, Ind. 
Ter., the first came about March 11 ; between March 21 and 27, it was 
noted from latitude 39° in Missouri to latitude 41° 42'' in Iowa, and to 
Chicago, 111. Then no more records were made until after the April 
storms. About April 1G, it began to move again, and April 24 it was 
reported from Unadilla, Nebr., and Leeds Centre, Wis.; April 29 it 
reached Heron Lake, Minn., and the first week in May was reported 
from Argusville and Larimore, Dak. In southeastern Dakota it is very 
abundant during migration. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Golden Plover was seen at Emi>oria, Kans., 
October 22 ; and at San Angelo, Tex., where it was reported as a winter 
visitant, flocks of hundreds were seen in November. 

In the spring of 1885 the van reached Gainesville, Tex., March 17. 
They were found in the Saint Louis market March 26, and the same day 
were seen at Odin, 111., and Kichmond, Kans. At Hennepin, 111., a flock 
was seen March 31. They came to Des Moines, Iowa, April 16 ; Fern- 
wood, 111., April 25 j Heron Lake, Minn., and Argusville, Dak., May 4. 
The last at Richmond, Kans., was seen May 8. 

In the fall of 1885 the first was noted from Fernwood, I1L, July 15; 
no more until August 3; common August 20; disappeared October 12. 

Dr. F. W. Langdon states that in West Baton Rouge parish, La., 
in the spring of 1881, Golden Plover " frequented the pastures and 
stubble-fields from April 2 to 15, in flocks numbering from a dozen to 
twenty individuals/' (Jour. Cin. Soc. Xat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 154.) 

273. -SJgialitis vocifera (Linn.) [516.] Killdeer. 

Breeds throughout the Mississippi Valley and Manitoba ; an abun- 
dant winter resident along the coast, and for 100 miles inland ; less com- 



xoor 

mon norta to latitude 6t>~ ; and only occasional up to southern Illinois. 
In Texas it does not ordinarily winter north of latitude 33°. This is the 
first plover to move northward, usually keeping bat a few days behind 
the Ducks, Blackbirds, and Eobins. In the spring of 1884 Killdeer com- 
menced their journey as usual in the latter part of February, but did 
not make much progress during that month. A single one was seen at 
Caddo, Ind. Ter., February 22, but it was a week later before the general 
advance began. At San Angelo, Tex., Mr. Lloyd's report states : "Al- 
though many stay here all winter, they have been arriving in great 
numbers since March 1, and will breed jin a week or so." Fresh eggs 
were found at Eagle Pass, Tex., March 18, and at San Angelo from 
March 9 to June 24. This wave of March 1 reached Gainesville, Tex., 
and Caddo, Ind. Ter., March 5 and 6, making the species quite common ; 
but the bulk did not arrive until March 11, by which time the first had 
traveled to Saint Louis, Mo. ; Odin, 111. 5 Ellis, Kans. ; and Manhattan, 
Kans. Here then we have the van of migration stretching in an almost 
straight line due east and west for 700 miles. The northern limit of the 
area over which the Kildeer wintered is a line curving southward as it 
passes to the west, but the first spring wave started earlier in the West 
than near the Mississippi, and by March 11 they were even all along the 
line. From here the advance in Illinois took place March 13, and a cor- 
responding advance in Iowa March 16 to latitude 42°. March 23 and 
24 there was an advance all along the line to latitude 43° 47' in eastern 
Wisconsin ; to latitude 45° in Minnesota and western Wisconsin near 
the Mississippi ; to latitude 43° 48' in western Minnesota, and up the Mis- 
souri river to latitude 42° 56' in Dakota. Continuing northward in the 
West, they were observed at latitude 44° 21' in Dakota on March 27, and 
April 14, had passed on up the Missouri to Menoken, Dak., latitude 
46° 58'. April 23 they were at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Kildeer left Des Moines, Iowa, August 15. 
At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first migrant was seen August 30, and the 
last October 1. 

In the spring of 1885 the record began with two irregular occurrences: 
February 28 it was reported from Eichmond, Kans., and Odin, 111. 
The regular advance was as follows: Corinth, Miss., March lj Saint 
Louis, Mo., and Ellsworth, Kans., March 2; Shawneetown, 111., March 
4; Paris, 111., March 5; Glasgow, Mo., March 10; Unadilla, Nebr., 
March 11; Ferry, Iowa, March 12. And on March 14 it appeared at 
Des Moines, Laporte City (two observers) and Newton, Iowa, and at 
Tampico (two observers) and Hennepin, 111. From March 25 to 26 a 
slight advance was made to Batavia, 111., Delavan, Wis., and Emmets 
burgh, Iowa. March 31 and April 1 the Kildeer, with thousands of other 
birds, made a long journey, appearing at Clinton, Milwaukee, Lake 
Mills, Leeds Centre, New Cassel, and New Eichmond, Wis. ; Heron 
Lake, Minn., and Huron, Dak. (two observers). It was reported April 
4 at Argusville, Dak., and April 17 at Oak Point, Manitoba. 



101 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Biver Falls, Wis., September 
29; at Fernwood, 111., September 10; at Grinnell, Iowa, October 17; 
and at Iowa City, Iowa, October 24. The first migrant reached Bon- 
ham, Tex., November 3 ; the next, November 4, and it had become com- 
mon by the 11th. 

274. ^Elgialitis semipalmata Bonap. [517.] Semipalmated Plover, 

Winters from the Gulf coast and Texas southward, and passes np the 
Mississippi Valley during April and May, to breed in the far North. 

No dates of its migration were given in 1884. 

In the spriug of 1885 the only note on the northward migration of the 
Semipalmated Plover was that of its arrival at Emporia, Kans., April 
25, at which place it was common April 30. On its return it was noted 
at Huron, Dak., September 1, and at Lanesboro, Minn., September 3. 

277a. -SJgialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. [520a.] Belted Piping Plover. 

This is the form of the Piping Plover which inhabits the Missis- 
sippi Yalley, wintering south of our border, and breeding abundantly 
from northern Illinois and Nebraska northward to Lake Winnipeg. 
It is not yet known from Kansas. It was reported as breeding at Grin- 
nell, Iowa, but was not noted during migration. 

278. .aUgialitis nivosa Cass. [521.] Snowy Plover. 

A bird of the western province of North America, recently added to 
our district by Col. N. S. Goss, who, in June, 1886, found it breeding 
plentifully on the salt plains along the Cimarron river in Indian Terri- 
tory and southern Kansas. Still more recently, Mr. Sennett has pro- 
cured it from southern Texas. 

280. ^Elgialitis wilsonia (Orel). [522.] Wilson's Plover. 

A southern species, breeding along the South Atlantic and Gulf 
coasts; abundant along the coasts of Texas and Louisiana. Not 
known from the interior. 

281. JEIgialitis montana (Towns.). [523.] Mountain Plover. 

Inhabits the western portion of our district from western Texas to 
western Dakota; breeds from Kansas northward. Mr. Lloyd says 
that at San Angelo, Tex., it is common in spring and fall, and that 
some remain through the winter. Mr. Brown took it at Boerne, Tex. 
At Ellis, Kans., it is a regular summer resident and is common. 
283. Arenaria interpres (Linn.). [509.] Turnstone. 

A bird of wide distribution'. Breeds along the coast of Texas. Its 
home is on the sea-coast, but it sometimes wanders into the interior, 
and has been taken in Manitoba, Minnesota, and along Lake Michigan. 
It was reported as an accidental visitant at West De Pere, Wis. 

286. Hsematopus palliatus Teinm. [507.] Oyster-catcher. 

Breeds plentifully along the Gulf coast, whence reported from Texas. 
It is stated that the Oyster-catcher was always observed flying in pairs, 
and that not more than two were ever seen together. 



102 

288. Jacana gymnostoma (Wagl.). [568.] Mexican Jacana. 

A southern species, coming north to the valley of the Bio Grande, in 
Texas (Merrill). 

289. Colinus virginianus (Linn.). [480.] Bob-white; Quail. 

Eesident over all of the Mississippi Valley, except in the extreme west 
and northwest. In Minnesota it has followed up the settlements, and 
in the eastern part of the State has reached the line of the Northern 
Pacific Eailroad, about latitude 4G°. At latitude 47° I neither saw it 
nor heard of it. In southeastern Dakota it is abundant and has ad- 
vanced to about latitude 44° 30'. Northwestern Miunesota and most of 
Dakota are yet to be occupied by this species. 

The question is often asked whether the habit Quail have of " lying 
to a dog" is natural or acquired. To get a satisfactory answer one has 
only to hunt in different parts of Indian Territory. In the region west 
of Fort Sill the Quail never think of stopping when they see a dog, 
but run as fast as possible, and upon his near approach they flush im- 
mediately, just as we may suppose they do on the approach of a coyote. 
In the eastern part of the Territory, near the railroad, the Quail lie quite 
well to a dog, and as they are exceedingly abundant, excellent sport 
may be had from November to March. 

289b. Colinus virginianus texanus (Lawr.). [4806.] Texas Bob-white; Texas 
Quail. 

This is the form which inhabits Texas, where all the stations reported 
it as resident and common. Its range extends northward to western 
Kansas. 

Mr. Atwater writes from San Antonio, Tex.: "These Quails often 
come close to the ranch and lay eggs in hens' nests — I suppose on ac- 
count of the protection thus afforded against snakes. I have hardly 
ever found nests of any kind of bird on the ground. Lark Finches 
always build in trees in this locality. These facts I explain on the 
snake theory." Mr. Lloyd found nests at San Angelo, Tex., May 12 
and 14, 1882. These Quails raise two broods a year, nests having been 
found in 1883 as late as August 18. Clutches of 12, 13, 14, 15, 14, and 
12 eggs have been taken. 

293. Callipepla squamata (Vig.). [484.] Scaled Partridge; Blue Quail 

Like the last, the Blue Quail is resident in western Texas. It was 
reported as rare at Eagle Pass, and common at San Augelo and Mason. 
Mr. Henry says it is common for 75 miles north and west of Mason, Tex. 
Mr. Lloyd gives the following information concerning its range : " The 
habitat of this bird runs east [of San Angelo] about 30 miles, I shot 
both male and female last May near the mouth of the [Concho] river, 
and on inquiry found they were the first ever seen beyond the above 
limit. The northeastern boundary of their range I believe is Eunuels 
and Taylor counties, near Abilene, on the Texas and Pacific Eailroad." 



103 

In 1882 Mr. Lloyd took a nest with 13 eggs at San Angelo, Tex., 
April 20, and another, containing 6 eggs, May 13. la 1884 a nest with 
12 eggs was taken May 7. 

Two specimens were shot at Bonhain, Tex., latitude 33° 34', in De- 
cember, 1885, from a covey of about a dozen. The species had never 
been seen before in that vicinity. 

293a. Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewst. [— ]. Chestnut-bellied Scaled 
Partridge. 

This beautiful Quail inhabits eastern Mexico and the Lower Bio 
Grande valley in Texas. The eastern limit of its range is defined by 
the foothills of the Kio Grande, about 100 miles from the coast, below 
which it is a rare straggler (Sennett). 

295. Callipepla ganibeli (Nuttall). [483.] GambeVs Quail. 

An inhabitant of northwestern Mexico and contiguous portious of the 
United States; resident in western Texas. 

296. Cyrtonyx montezumse (Tig.). [485.] Massena Partridge ; Massena Quail. 

This species is found from western Texas westward and southwest- 
ward. Mr. Henry recorded it as a rare resident at Mason, and Mr. 
Lloyd says it is resident in Tom Green county, 20 miles west of San 
Angelo. 

297. Dendragapus obscurus (Say). [471.] Dusky Grouse. 

A Eocky mountain species, recorded from the Black Hills. 

298. Dendragapus canadensis (Linn.). [472.] Canada Grouse ; Spruce Partridge. 
Principally resident in British America, but in winter occurs as far 

south as Bacine, Wis. In Minnesota it is resident from Minneap- 
olis northward, becoming quite common in the immense forests of the 
northeastern part of the State, and extending westward to the edge 
of the prairie at White Earth. 

300. Bonasa umbellus (Linn.). [473.] Buffed Grouse. 

Besident over all the Mississippi Valley except the southwestern 
quarter. In Nebraska it has been seen in the southeastern portion 
only, and though formerly known as a resident in eastern Kansas, is 
not now known to occur in the State. It is still reported from Missouri, 
and is common in Iowa. It is very scarce in northwestern Arkansas 
and is said not to occur in Louisiana, as it certainly does not in Indian 
Territory and Texas. 

300a. Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.). [ — .] Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 

This sub-species is the form inhabiting the dense evergreen forests 
of northern Maine and the British Provinces. It occurs as far west as 
eastern Oregon and Washington Territory. Specimens collected by 
Mr. Ernest E. Thompson have been sent from Manitoba and Lake of 
the Woods to Mr. Bidgway, who pronounces them typical togata. 



104 

300b. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Dougl.). [473a.] Gray Ruffed Grouse. 

This is a bird of the Rocky Mountain region and western British 
America. Mr. Ridgway has examined specimens of it collected near 
Carberry, in western Manitoba, by Mr. Ernest E. Thompson. 

301. Lagopus lagopus (Linn.). [474.] Willow Ptarmigan. 

The Willow Grouse has been exterminated or driven away from most 
of its range in the United States. Formerly it visited northern Illinois 
in winter, but is not known to do so now. A few are still found in 
Minnesota, where it is so rare that the Indians have no name for it. 
The Willow Grouse was noted during the winter of 1883-1884 at Portage 
la Prairie, Manitoba, by Mr. Nash, who states that it visits Lake Mani- 
toba every winter. 

305. Tympanuchus americanus (Reich.). [477.] Prairie Ren; Pinnated Grouse. 

The Prairie Hen is common on the prairies of the Mississippi Yalley 
from southeastern Texas and Louisiana northward as far as our bound- 
ary, which it reached in 1881. In 1883 it began to be common at Pem- 
bina. In 1884 it became common at Winnipeg, Manitoba, and appeared 
in large numbers at Portage la Prairie 3 on the Assiniboine River (lati- 
tude 50°). * It has been gradually spreading westward, and previous to 
the great extension of the railroad it kept just about abreast of the set- 
tlements. Dr. Ooues, writing in 1874, said that it then inhabited the east- 
ern half of Minnesota, but he had no reason to believe that it occurred at 
all in northwestern Minnesota or northern Dakota. In June, 1879, Rob- 
erts and Ben nor saw several at Herman, Minn., 40 miles from the Dakota 
line.f In 1880 I found it abundant in northwestern Minnesota up to 
latitude 47° and only 40 miles from the Dakota line. I also heard that 
it was then not uncommon across the Red river, at Grand Forks, Dak. 
Now it has occupied the whole length of eastern Dakota, covering a strip 
from 30 to 60 miles in width. At the same time it has spread from 
middle to western Kansas, and from eastern Texas to Col man county, 
a little west of the middle of the State. Mr. Nehrling says of it in south- 
eastern Texas near Houston : " Common resident on all the flat, grassy 
prairies. Is becoming scarcer every year." (Bull. Nut. Ornith. Club, 
Yol. VII, 1882, p. 175.) In Indian Territory it is found as far west at 
least as the middle of the State. 

The following letter from Mr. C. W. Nash, of Portage la Prairie, 
Manitoba (latitude 50°), gives an interesting account of the invasion of 
that locality by this species : 

The first information I received of the appearance of the Pinnated Grouse in this 
Province was from a farmer living about 8 miles north of this town (Portage la Prai- 
rie), who had shot one in the fall of 1882. I did not see the bird, but from the descrip- 
tion he gave me of it I could not mistake it. I immediately made inquiries among 
the hunters of this locality, but no one else had seen it. In the fall of 1883 I again 
heard of the bird in one or two places, but saw noue myself. In the fall of 18S4 it 

* Ernest E. Thompson in The Auk, Vol. Ill, 1886, p. 153. 
tBull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, p. 18. 



105 

became plentiful, comparatively speaking, in this neighborhood and to the eastward, 
that is to say, between here and Winnipeg. I had the good fortune to secure two 
specimens in rather a lucky fashion. I was out with a friend, chicken shooting, Octo- 
ber 6, 1884, at Burnside, a settlement 10 miles west of this town, when we saw a large 
flock of Grouse alight in a stubble field near us. When we reached the field three 
birds got up, of which I killed two with the first barrel, and the other with the sec- 
ond barrel. Of the two first killed, one was a Pinnated Grouse, and the other a Sharp- 
tailed Grouse ; the one killed with the second barrel was a Pinnated Grouse. I got 
no others, but heard of them from nearly all of my acquaintances who hunt. Strange 
to say, all that were obtained, except one, appear to have been young birds, and this 
one was in full plumage, having on each side of the neck the long, pointed feathers 

I peculiar to the species. So far as I can learn with any degree of certainty, these 
birds are not yet (March, 1885) found much west of the place where I killed mine, 
nor farther north than 10 or 12 miles from Portage la Prairie. They are evidently 
working in here from Minnesota and Dakota, and are following the grain. Up to this 
time the Sharp- tailed Grouse has been very abundant, but, as might be expected, it 
is getting scarcer in the vicinity of the towns. So far, both birds here associate to- 
gether when they pack and find food in the stubbles. 
We have here a case of northward migration of young birds in the 
fall, similar to that which has been noticed so often in the case of the 
Herons. 

At Portage la Prairie none were seen in spring until 1885, when a 
few were noticed and its " booming" was heard for the first time. 

The Prairie Chicken is commouly said to be a resident bird, and so it 
is in the larger part of its range ;. but in Iowa a regular though local 
migration takes place. This has been mentioned by former writers, and 
in the spring of 1884 a special study was made of the matter. Many 
observers unite in testifying to the facts in the case, and, what is still 
more important, there is not a dissenting voice. One of the observers 
does not exaggerate when he says : "Prairie Chickens migrate as reg- 
ularly as the Canada Goose." Summing up all the information received, 
the facts of the case are as follows : In November and December large 
flocks of Prairie Chickens come from northern Iowa and southern Min- 
nesota, to settle for the winter in northern Missouri and southern Iowa. 
This migration varies in bulk with the severity of the winter. 

During an early cold snap immense flocks come from the northern 
prairies to southern Iowa, while in mild, open winters the migration is 
much less pronounced. During a cold, wet spring the northward move- 
ment in March and April is largely arrested on the arrival of the flocks 
in northern Iowa ) but an early spring, with fair weather, finds them 
abundant in the southern tier of counties in Minnesota, and many flocks 
pass still farther north. The most remarkable feature of this movement 
is found in the sex of the migrants. It is the females that migrate, 
leaving the males to brave the winter's cold. Mr. Miller, of Heron Lake, 
Minn., fairly states the case when he says : " The females in this lat- 
itude migrate south in the fall and come back in the spring about one 
or two days after the first Ducks, and they keep coming in flocks of 
from ten to thirty for about three days, all flying north. The Grouse 
that stay all winter are males." 



106 

In the spring of 1884, at Iowa City, Iowa, the first flocks passed over 
March 10, and the bulk March 22 ; at Newton, Iowa, the bulk was noted 
March 23. The " booming" of the species was recorded from March 7, 
at Caddo, Ind. Ter., to March 24, at Barton, Dak. In the spring of 1885, 
the commencement of " booming" was noted at Richmond, Kans., March 
1, and at Argusville, Dak., March 27. At Newton, Iowa, the northward 
movement was very pronounced March 11. 

Early nesting was reported atDurand, Wis., March 28 ; while at Ver- 
million, Dak., in 1884, a nest with sixteen fresh eggs was found as late 
as June 9. 

In the fall of 1885, at Des Moines, Iowa, Pinnated Grouse were mov- 
ing south in large numbers October 17. 

307. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgw.). [477a.] Lesser Prairie ITen. 

This Prairie Hen inhabits the eastern border of the Great Plains, 
from southwestern Kansas to western Texas. Colonel Goss records it as 
"resident in southern Kansas; rare." In Texas Mr. Lloyd states that 
it is a winter visitor. He says : 

Seen in October and November in Concho county, and also in winter on Middle 
Concho, in Tom Green county. Abundant near Colorado City, on the Texas and 
Pacific Railroad. I believe this record extends the range to the southwest. West- 
ward it was abundant to the foot-hills of the Davis mountains. Said to have been 
driven from the Pan Handle counties by the numerous prairie fires. (The Auk, Vol. IV, 
1887, p. 187.) 

308. Fediocsetes phasianellus (Linn.). [478.] Northern Sharp-tailed Grouse. 
The typical form is a British-American bird, reaching the United 

States only along our northern boundary. It is resident in Manitoba, 
and was reported as common at Portage la Prairie. Specimens sent 
to Mr. Pidgway from western Manitoba by Mr. E. E. Thompson are in- 
termediate between true phasianellus and phasianellus campestris. 

308b. Pediocaetes phasianellus campestris Eidgw. [— .] Prairie or Common 
Sharp-tailed Grouse. 

The home of the Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse is on the plains and prai- 
ries of the United States east of the Pocky mountains and south to 
New Mexico. Dr. Agersborg states that at Vermillion, Dak., it u is get- 
ting rarer every year." I am indebted to Mr. Oarr, of Waupaca, Wis., 
for the boundaries of its range in that State. He writes : 

Sharp-tailed Grouse are quite abundant on Sisson's prairie, Portage county, in the 
fall of the year, but as soon as cold weather sets in they keep in the edge of the 
woods. They are associated with the Prairie Ren (Tympanuchus americanus). They 
range in the northwestern x>ortion of the State, from about the center of Waushara 
county, but are found most abundant in Waushara, Waupaca, Portage, Shawano, 
and Marathon counties, though there are not many in the two latter. 

Colonel Goss says they are still resident in middle and western Kan- 
sas, but are becoming rare ; while Dr. Watson says that in the vicinity 
of Ellis, Kans., they disappeared in 1875 and since then the Prairie 
Hen (T. americanus) has taken their place. Even in Illinois a few are 
still found, according to Mr. Eidgway, on the prairies of the northern 



107 

part of the State, but are very scarce. They were recorded as rare resi- 
dents at Grinnell, Iowa. In Grant and Traverse counties, in western 
Minnesota, they are "the common Grouse of the region." (Eoberts and 
Benner, Bull. Kutt. Ornith. Club, Yol. V, 1880, p. 17.) 

309. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonap.). [479.] Sage Grouse; Sage Cock. 

In the Mississippi Valley district the Sage Cock is found only along 
the extreme western edge of Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota. Colonel 
Goss gives it as resident in western Kansas, and cites Mr. Cavanaugh as 
having often killed it among the sage brush in the southwestern corner 
of the State. The Colonel does not state whether or not there is any 
other record of the occurrence of the species in the State. This record 
has been called in question by Dr. Watson, of Ellis, Kans., who says 
there is not, and never has been, any sage brush in the southwestern 
part of the State, and hence no Sage Cock. He suggests that the bird 
Mr. Cavanaugh saw was the Chaparral Cock (Geococcyx calif or nianus). 
There is no reason to doubt the other records. 

310. Meleagris gallopavo Liun. [470a.] Wild Turkey. 

Occurs locally throughout the Mississippi Valley, south to eastern 
Texas, and west to the plains ; resident wherever found. The range of 
this " the noblest of American game-birds v has been gradually con- 
tracted by its extermination in the settled parts of the country. In 1874 
Dr. Coues gave its northern limit as not far from the southern boundary 
of Minnesota. Dr. Agersborg states that it is resident, though not 
common, in southeastern Dakota. In 1881 it was common in Knox 
county, Ind. (Ridgway). It is still reported from Nebraska, Kansas, 
and Illinois, growing more abundant to the southward until in Indian 
Territory it is no longer uncommon. That it is abundant around Red 
Rock, Indian Territory, I can testify from personal experience. Here 
it rivals the Prairie Hen in numbers, and lying well to a dog affords 
splendid sport. In the winter of 1883-84 flocks were seen which were 
variously estimated as comprising from two hundred to five hundred 
individuals. In the southern part of the Territory I have seen the 
bottom of a lumber wagon piled up with the results of a single night's 
sport. If one wants Turkey hunting let him come to Indian Territory 
from December 1 to the middle of January. 

310a. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana (Gould). [470.] Mexican Turkey. 

This, the original ancestor of the domesticated Turkey, inhabits the 
table-lands of Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona. Specimens referred 
to this form were taken by Mr. Atwater at San Antonio, Tex., where 
the species is resident ; its eggs also were secured. Mr. Lloyd says of 
it in western Texas : 

Resident. Ouce very abundant on every creek, but now rarely to be met with. I 
flushed a ben from ber nest — a depression iu a patch of low bushes — May 29, 1882, con- 



108 

taining eight eggs ; but I have frequently heard of them further south with ten to 
fourteen eggs. Another brood was raised on a small rushy island in Brady creek, in 
the eastern part of Concho county, the young running about June 1, 1833. (The Auk, 
Vol. IV, 1887, p. 187.) 

311. Ortalis vetula maccalli Baird. [469.] Chackalaca. 

The Chackalaca is an inhabitant of northeastern Mexico and the 
valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, where it is abundant. 

313. Columba flavirostris Wagl. [457.] Red-hilled Pigeon. 

This large Pigeon inhabits Mexico and Oen tral America, coming north 
in summer to the Lower Rio Grande valley in Texas, where it breeds 
plentifully. 

315. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). [459.] Passenger Pigeon. 

The Pigeon is irregular in all its movements, wandering both in winter 
and summer in search of sufficient food to satisfy the hunger of its im- 
mense hordes. Mr. Lloyd tells us that the Nueces caiion, in southwestern 
Texas, is the winter home of countless myriads of Pigeons, but for the 
most part it is not a common species in the West. It winters usually 
from latitude 37° a*nd always from latitude 36° southward, though I am 
confident that not a bird wintered within 20 miles of Caddo, Ind. Ter., in 
the winter of 1883-'84, and most of the local gunners claim that it never 
occurs in that part of the Territory. I never saw it there either in fall, 
winter, or spring. 

In the spring of 1884 its northward journey commenced about the 
middle of March, and by March 16, stations here and there had noticed 
it up to latitude 42°. It was found about the forty-fourth parallel 
March 23, and reached Elk River, Minn, (latitude 45° 25'), March 29. 
The storms of April evidently delayed its progress, as it was not re- 
ported from Barton, Dak., until May 4, and did not reach Oak Point, 
Manitoba, until May 20. The bulk was reported from Portage la Prairie, 
Manitoba, May 12, a few having been seen previously. On May 21 
fresh eggs were found. 

In the fall of 1881 the bulk of Passenger Pigeons departed from 
Williamstown, Iowa, September 15, and the last was seen there Sep- 
tember 27. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first migrant was seen Septem- 
ber 9, and the last September 21. 

In the spring of 1885 the northward movement began somewhat 
later than in 1884. The only records made previous to April 1 were : 
Hennepin, 111., March 26, and Milwaukee, Wis., March 31. During the 
first half of xlpril migration was rapid though irregular, and April 18 
the first arrived at Ossowo, Manitoba. In the fall of 1885 the first 
appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., September 19 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., Sep- 
tember 27 : and at Shawneetown, 111., October 3. The last at Elk River, 
Minn., was recorded September 26, and at Mount Carmel, September 30. 

This Pigeon is a common summer resident in Manitoba (Seton). 



109 

316. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). [460.] Mourning Dove ; Carolina Dove. 

A common breeder throughout the Mississippi Valley. From lati- 
tude 36° southward this Dove can be found regularly and abundantly 
throughout the year. Between latitude 36° and latitude 38° it is a 
regular winter resident, occurring in nocks, but is not abundant ; north 
of latitude 38°, although many are found each winter, they are merely 
single birds, that have found exceptionally favorable quarters. In the 
winter of 1883-'84 it was reported from as far north as southern Wis- 
consin (at Delavan). In the West it is not common in winter north of 
latitude 33°. In the spring of 1884, during the latter part of February, 
slight movements occurred, and a few 'firsts' were noted, but probably 
these were birds that had wintered not far off and were merely chang- 
ing their feeding grounds. No real movement took place until about 
a week after the Passenger Pigeons commenced flying. In its north- 
ward progress the Carolina Dove averages about one week behind the 
Pigeon. March 23 and 24 it appeared at Saint Louis and neighboring 
points. March 28 to 30 seem to have been days of much movement, 
the van advancing from latitude 42° on the 28th to latitude 43° 43' on 
the 30th. By April 6 it had reached Elk Eiver, Minn, (latitude 45° 
45'), and on the 11th, farther west, was reported from Linwood, Nebr., 
and Vermillion, Dak. The Dove ceases to be common as we approach 
our northern boundary, which has been given as the northern limit 
of its range. Nevertheless, I always found a few in Minnesota at lat- 
itude 47°, arriving the first week in May, and on the last day of May, 
in 1884, it aj)peared at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (latitude 50°), where 
the species is common (Nash). At Winnepeg, Manitoba, it is rare 
(Seton). 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk left Des Moines, Iowa, August 25, and 
the last was seen there the next day. During the winter of 1884-'85 
the Mourning Dove was noted from Glasgow, Mo. ; Eeeds, Mo. ; Shaw- 
neetown, 111.; and Peoria, 111. At Aledo, 111., they are said to have 
been present during all previous winters, but none were seen there in 
1885 until April. Migration began at Manhattan, Kans., March 5, and 
Paris, 111., March 23. The birds reached Saint Louis, Mo., and Emporia, 
Kans., March 31, with a very early arrival at Leeds Centre, Wis., on 
the same date. Daring the first five days of April they were reported 
'oin Fayette, Mo.; Ferry, Iowa; Mount Pleasant, Iowa; Ames, Iowa; 
Grinnell, Iowa; Peoria, 111.; Aledo, 111.; Eockford, 111.; and Durand, 
Wis. ; but no regular progression can be traced from the first to the fifth 
if these days. There was no further advance until April 17 to 20, when 
;hey were noted from Fern wood, 111.; Delavan, Wis.; New Cassel, Wis.; 
Eipon, Wis. ; Eiver Falls, Wis. ; and Lanesboro, Minn. They were seen 
at Huron, Dak., April 23; Hastings, Minn., April 24; Argusville, Dak., 
April 25; and Menoken, Dak., May 10. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Elk Eiver, Minn., October 7; 
at Grinnell, Iowa, November 4 ; at Iowa City, Iowa, October 11 ; and at 



110 

Des Moines, Iowa, October 24. They began to flock at Shawneetown, 
111., August 20. 

318. Engyptila albifrons (Bonap.). [463.] White-fronted Dove. 

This Mexican species conies north in summer as far as the Lower Rio 
Grande valley in Texas, where it is not an uncommon breeder (Sennett 
and Merrill). 

319. Melopelia leucoptera (Linn.). [464.] While-winged Dove. 

This tropical American Dove comes north regularly as far as south- 
ern Texas, where it breeds abundantly. It was reported as a summer 
resident at Eagle Pass. 

320. Columbigallina passerina (Linu.). [465.] Ground Dove. 

Like the last, this Dove was reported from Eagle Pass only: but it 
ranges during the summer through most of the Southern States south 
of latitude 32°, being most common near the coast ; a straggler was once 
taken at Locke, Mich. 

321. Scardafella inca (Less.). [466.] Inca Dove. 

A Mexican species, coining north to southern Texas. At Laredo, 
Tex., it is abundant. (Dr. H. B. Butcher, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
Yol. XX, 1868, p. 150.) 

325. Cathartes aura (Linn.). [454.] Turkey Buzzard ; Turkey Vulture. 

An abundant breeder throughout most of the Mississippi Valley. 
Ordinarily it winters from about latitude 39° southward, though it was 
reported by Dr. Agersborg as usually resident at Vermillion, Dak., 
latitude 42° 5G'. A short distance south of latitude 39° it is an abun- 
dant resident. Dr. Watson saw it at Ellis, Kans., during the warm 
intervals in the winter of 1883-'81. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was a 
most abundant winter as well as summer resident, and yet so great 
was the mortality among the cattle, that all the Buzzards and Carrion 
Crows together could not rid the prairies of their carcasses. In the 
fall and early winter, when cattle feed was good and dead animals were 
few, these two species had hard work to get a living. They could be 
seen sailing overhead in great flocks watching for food, or sitting in long- 
lines on the fences. An animal killed in the morning would be picked 
clean by night, and there was great quarreling and fighting over the 
carcass. After the snows and freezing rains came cattle began to die 
by the hundred, and before spring more than 15,000 died within 30 
miles of Caddo. Then scarcely a Buzzard was ever seen in the air. 
They became so particular that they would not touch a carcass on the 
prairie, but selecting those that had fallen in or near timber, would 
gorge themselves, fly heavily to the nearest tree, and stay there until 
there was room in their bodies for more of their disgusting food. All 
Texas observers except Mr. Lloyd record the Turkey Buzzard as a 
winter resident. Mr. Lloyd states that it never winters in Tom Green 



Ill 

or Concho counties (where it is an abundant summer resident), though 
he found it wintering in great numbers at the Nueces canon, south of 
San Angelo. In the spring of 1884 the first reached San Angelo March 
11, and the next day they were numerous. A single one had been seen 
at Saint Louis February 26, but the general movement commenced there 
three weeks later. On March 16 they appeared at Hillsborough, 111. 
(latitude 39° 12'), and at Mount Carmel, Mo. (latitude 38° 45'). By March 
27 they had advanced to latitude 40°. April 4 and 5 found them at 
latitude 41° and 42° in Iowa, and April 9 at latitude 41° 58' in Illinois ; 
April 12 they were seen at Williamstown, Iowa (latitude 42° 55'), and 
April 20, at Huron, Dak. (latitude 44° 21/). This is rather late migra- 
tion, for I used to note them atiatitude 47° in Minnesota the first week 
in April. They were not reported from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 
until May 23. They are common in summer in the Assiniboine valley 
(Seton). Their farthest extension north occurs in our district, where 
they have been traced to latitude 53° in Manitoba, while on the Atlan- 
tic coast they are rare above latitude 40°. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Turkey Buzzards left Williamstown, 
Iowa, September 25; and the last was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., Octo- 
ber 22. It is reported to have spent the winter of 1884-'85 at Shaw- 
neetown, 111. 

The records of the northward movement in the spring of 1885 are too 
irregular for systematic arrangement. The most northern records re- 
ceived are: Manhattan^ Kans., April 4; Lanesboro, Minn., April 27; 
and Hennepin, 111., April 6. In none of the records for 1883, 1884, or 
1885 do the dates of arrival correspond with the times at which I noted the 
species at White Earth, Minn., during the three previous years. They 
came there with the first large wave of spring migration. In 1880 the 
first was seen April 1, just after the arrival of the Eobin, Red winged 
Blackbird, and Mallard, which came during the last days of March. 
The next year, 1881, spring migration was late, and no Turkey Buzzards 
were seen until April 8 ; the first Robin> April 14 ; the first Golden- 
shafted Flickers, Red winged Blackbirds, and Mallards, April 17. The 
average temperature from April 1 to 6 was 3 degrees below zero. April 
2 and 3, 1882, were very different, snow melting rapidly, roads so bare 
as to forbid the use of sleighs, and a general feeling of spring every- 
where. During these two days the first arrivals were noted of Turkey 
Buzzards, Canada Geese, Red- tailed Hawks, Marsh Hawks, Sparrow 
Hawks, Red- winged Blackbirds, Killdeer, Meadowlarks, and Ring- 
billed Gulls, with the first Robin two days later. During the spring of 
1885 I happened to revisit White Earth just as the first wave of migra- 
tion arrived. April 4, 5, and 6 it brought the Sparrow Hawk, Red- 
tailed Hawk, Marsh Hawk, Killdeer, Robin, Red-winged Blackbird, 
Brewer's Blackbird, Meadowlark, and Brown Crane, but not a single 
Turkey Buzzard was seen. In the fall of 1885, at Iowa City, Iowa, the 



112 

last Turkey Buzzard was seen October 3; at Grinnell, Iowa, Novem- 
ber 4, and at Fayette, Mo., October 28. 

326. Catharista atrata (Bartr.). [455.] Black Vulture; Carrion Crow. 

This short- winged cousin of the Turkey Buzzard is his constant com- 
panion in the Southern States, but is left far behind in the vernal race 
for the frigid zone. The Carrion Grow is content to remain in or near 
his winter home and become common scavenger all the year round. He 
is scarcely migratory, his movements being wanderings rather than 
migrations. As in the case of the Turkey Buzzard, he shuns San An- 
gelo during the winter, though lie returned there March 19, 1884. Up 
the Mississippi Valley he is found resident as far north as southern Illi- 
nois, and has been taken once in Ohio. He has been seen twice in 
southern Kansas and once nested there. At Ellis, in western Kansas, 
Dr. Watson captured one March 27, 1885, the only record for that 
locality. From latitude 38° to 38° he has the mixed character of both 
resident and summer resident, remaining in some places the whole year 
and appearing at others in the summer only. 

327. Elanoides forficatus (Linn.). [426.] Swallow-tailed Kite. 

This beautiful and graceful species breeds sparingly throughout the 
Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of Mexico to Minnesota and Dakota, 
but is most abundant in the Southern States. It winters in Central 
and South America, but Mr. Bibbins recorded it as a rare winter vis. 
itant at Mermenton, La., and Major Young mentioned it as a winter 
bird at Waverly, Miss. A most extraordinary winter record is that 
given in the Bull. ISutt. Ornith. Club (Vol. Ill, 1878 p. 147), where the 
species is said to be found in winter and early spring on the James 
river, in southeastern Dakota. Again, November 14, 1881, Mr. D. H. 
Talbot saw several a short distance west of Jamestown, Dak., and three 
days later, about midway between Jamestown and Bismarck, he saw 
fifty or more in a flock (Bull. Nutt Ornith. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, p. 59). 
It is incomprehensible how a bird which so constantly shuns cold 
weather could stand the terrible winters of southern Dakota. It is 
safe to say that none were within the limits of Dakota in January, 1884. 

In the spring of 1884 I observed it at Caddo, Jnd. Ter., April 1, 
and then, changing my residence to Eed Eock, in the northern part of 
the Territory, I again noted its arrival April 12. At Fayette, Mo., it 
was seen May 9, and at Iowa City, Iowa, May 13. It is in the Missis- 
sippi Valley that the species finds its most northern range. In Min- 
nesota it has been traced to Eed Lake (latitude 48° 30'), and in Dakota, 
to Pembina (latitude 49°). Eecently it has been recorded from Mani- 
toba (The Auk, Vol. Ill, 1886, p. 328). 

In the spring of 1885 the Swallow-tailed Kite reached Elk Eiver, 
Minn., May 4. In the fall of 1885 the first arrival was recorded from 
Grinnell, Iowa, September 16. It was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., 
August 20. Dr. Agersborg states that a few spend the summer at Ver- 
million, Dak. 



113 

328. Elanus leucurus (Vieill.). [427.] White-tailed Kite. 

A southern species, ranging from southern Illinois and Indian Terri- 
tory to Chili and Buenos Ayres. In western Texas Mr. Lloyd records 
it as a rare fall visitor. In the valley of the Lower Eio Grande it is 
rather rare (Merrill and Sennett). In eastern Texas, near Houston, 
Mr. Nehrling says of it: 

This rare and beautiful bird I have seen several times sailing over cotton fields. 
Its flight is easy and graceful, but not rapid; sometimes it stops a few moments and 
then descends with great velocity to the ground to capture a lizard or a snake. It is 
not shy, and is easily recognized by its white tail. 

329. Ictinia mississippiensis (Wils.). [428.] Mississippi Kite. 

Winters from the Southern States southward, and in summer passes 
up the Mississippi Valley regularly to Kansas and southern Illinois, and 
rarely to Wisconsin. At San Angelo, Tex., it is common in fall, and a 
few remain through the summer. In the spring of 1881 it arrived at 
Gainesville, Tex., April 23, and at Saint Louis, Mo., May 10. 

In the fall of 1884, during September and October, it was common in 
small flocks at San Angelo, Tex. 

In the spring of 1885 it appeared at Gainesville, Tex., May 6. In the 
fall of 1885 it was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., August 18. In eastern 
Texas, near Houston, it breeds, but is not common (Nehrling). 

331. Circus hudsonius (Linn.). [430.] Harsh Hawk. 

Occurs over the whole of Manitoba and the Mississippi Yalley in 
summer, and from northern Illinois and northern Kansas southward 
in winter. In western Texas it is an abundant resident. The most 
northern record in the winter of 1883-84 was from Vermillion, Dak., 
where a few were seen in January. At Newton, Iowa, Mr. Preston says 
they usually winter, but none were seen from the fall of 1883 until 
March, 1884. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., they were twice as numerous dur- 
ing the winter of 1883- '84 as all the other species of hawks together, 
and were in the proportion of about three brown- colored to one blue 
individual. In the spring of 1884 they came to Saint Louis, Mo., 
and Newton, Iowa, March 10 and 11. March 18 they were seen at 
Lanesboro, Minn.; March 24 at Elk Eiver, Minn.; April 11 at Portage 
la Prairie, Manitoba; and April 27 at Oak Point, Manitoba. 

During the winter of 1884- ? 85 the Marsh Hawk was plentiful at 
Paris, 111. 

The notes on the spring migration in 1885 were very irregular, and 
extended over an entire month, from March 9, when the first was noted 
in central Iowa, to April 9, when it arrived at latitude 50° in Manitoba. 
In the fall of 1885 the last at Ossowo, Manitoba, was seen November 
12; at Grinnell, Iowa, October 11; and November 6 it became common 
at Bonham, Tex. 

7365— Bull. 2- 8 



114 

332. Accipiter velox (Wils.). [432.] Sharp-shinned Hawk. 

Eange much the same as that of Cooper's Hawk, but a little more 
northern. In the spring of 1884 very few notes were contributed on 
its movements, and they relate to its arrival at latitude 41° 30' in Illi- 
nois and Iowa about the middle of March, and at Portage la Prairie, 
Manitoba, April 16. 

In the spring of 1885 the Sharp-shinned Hawk was noted, without 
any regularity, from various stations from Mount Oarmel, Mo., Febru- 
ary 17 (next one seen April 7), to Minneapolis, Minn., April 9. 

In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Bonham, Tex., October 14, 
and the last at Mount Oarmel, Mo., October 16. Iu western Texas it 
is "abundant in fall; less so in winter" (Lloyd). 

333. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). [431.] Cooper's Hawk. 

Breeds throughout the Mississippi Valley, wintering in the southern 
parts. In the winter of 1883-'84 there was no record north of lati- 
tude 38°. One was caught at Pierce City, Mo., iu the latter part of 
February, whose feathers were so coated with ice that it could not fly. 
In the spring of 1884 it reached Saint Louis March 11 ; March 25 and 26 
was seen at Danville, 111., and Laporte City, Iowa; and was reported 
from Fridley, Minn., March 18. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Cooper's Hawk was seen at Mount 
Oarmel, Mo., April 5, and the last May 10. The first was noted at Grin- 
nell, Iowa, March 31 ; Laporte City, Iowa, and Lake City, Minn., April 
26. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Mount Oarmel October 30. 
In western Texas it is found with the preceding, common in fall and 
not rare in winter. 

334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.) [433.] Goshawk. 

A tolerably common fall and winter visitant in Manitoba (Seton), and 
a rare winter visitant to the northern part of the Mississippi Valley, 
coming south to Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois. Given by Mr. Agers- 
borg as a winter visitor at Vermillion, Dak., but rare. 

In the spring of 1885 a Goshawk was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., 
April 4. 

334a. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgw. [433a.] Western Gcshawk. 

Mr. Lloyd states that in western Texas, in December, 1885, he shot a 
male Western Goshawk and saw its mate several times. 

335. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (And.). [434.] Harris's Hawk. 

The normal range of Harris's Hawk is from southern Louisiana and 
southern Texas southward. In the valley of the Lower Bio Grande, in 
Texas, it is an abundant resident. At Eagle Pass, in southwestern 
Texas, it was reported as an abundant summer resident. 

337. Buteo borealis (Graol.). [436.] Bed-tailed Hawk. 

Breeds throughout Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley, and stays 
quite far north in winter. During the winter of 1884-'S5 it was reported 
from Vermillion, Dak., and Chicago, 111. 



115 

In the spring of 1884 it was reported from various parts of Iowa, 
about the middle of March ; from Lanesboro, Minn., March 2 (two 
being seen during a furious storm, and it was repeatedly seen the next 
week). April 3 it appeared at Two Eivers, Manitoba (latitude 49° 2S') ; 
and April 12 it reached Oak Point, Manitoba. 

In the spring of 1885 the Eed-tailed Hawk was seen at Laporte City, 
Iowa, March 3, and at Lake City, Minn., March 26. Various irregular 
notes were given from intervening places. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returning migrants reached Bonham, 
Tex., November 10, and were common there November 19. 

337a. Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes. [436a.] Kriders Hawk. 

An inhabitant of the Great Plains, the eastern limit of its range cover- 
ing the western x^art of the Mississippi Yalley from Minnesota to Texas. 
Has been taken in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, northeastern Illinois, 
Kansas, and Texas. Koberts and Benner took a young Krider's Hawk 
from the nest in western Minnesota in June, 1879, and Mr. Eidgway 
tells me he has examined two females shot from the nest in Minnesota. 

337b. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.). [4366.] Western Bed-tail. 

The Western Eed-tail reaches the western border of the Mississippi 
Valley district. Colonel Gross records it as not uncommon in Kansas in 
winter. It has been taken also in Illinois, near Chicago (Xelson). The 
only observer who has had the good fortune to secure it is Mr. Lloyd, 
who finds it an abundant resident in Concho county, Tex., where it 
breeds from April 22 to May 22. 

338. Buteo harlani(Aud.). [438.] Harlan 1 8 Hawk. 
Harlan's Hawk is an inhabitant of the Gulf States and the lower 

Mississippi Yalley, and has been found as far north as Kansas, Illinois, 

I and Iowa. It was reported by one of the observers in former years 
from Liter, 111., and has also been found at Warsaw, 111., and at Gaines- 
ville, Tex. Nothing is known of its movements and breeding habits. 
The species was described by Audubou from a specimen killed in 
Louisiana. 

339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.). [439.] Eed- shouldered Hawk. 
The movements of this species are similar to those of the Eed-tailed 

[awk, with which it is often found during migration, but it does not 
;o so far north, seldom passing beyond our northern boundary. In 
istern Kansas it is a common resident (Goss). Both it and the 
ted-tail intended to spend the winter of 1883-'84, as usual, in the 
icinity of Saint Louis, but the severe cold of the first week in January 
►roved too much for them, and they migrated, to return with the first 
r arm wave the last of the month. It was reported as wintering at 
!hicago, and as a rare winter resident in southern Missouri. It mi- 
grated at the same time as the Eed-tail, and at Elk Eiver, Minn., where 
the latter was not seen, it arrived March 24. 



116 

In the spring of 1885 the only record received on the migration of 
the Red-shouldered Hawk was a note of its arrival at Mount Carrnel, 
Mo., April 5. Iu the fall of 1885 it appeared at Bonham, Tex. ? Novem- 
ber 23. Mr. Lloyd says it is a rare resident in western Texas. 

340. Buteo abbreviates Caban. [440.] Zone-tailed Hawk. 

This southwestern Hawk is a fall visitant in Tom Green and Concho 
counties, Tex., where it was noted September 10, 1884 (Lloyd). In 
Comal county, Tex., it was found breeding in May, 1878, by Mr. W. H. 
Werner, who secured a male specimen and a set of eggs. Two pairs 
were observed (Brewster, Ball. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 80). 

341. Buteo albicaudatus Vieill. [441.] White-tailed Hawk. 

A southwestern species, breeding along the Kio Grande in Texas 
(Sennett and Merrill), and occurring in western Texas in fall and win- 
ter (Lloyd). 

342. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. [442.] Swainson's Hank. 

Swainson's Hawk is common in Manitoba and along the Red River of 
the North, and it occurs throughout most of the Mississippi Valley, and 
thence west to the Pacific. It remains in the West quite far north dur- 
ing cold weather, and is a common resident in western Kansas and 
western Texas. Even in eastern Texas, near Houston, it is "not un- 
common during the breeding season " (Xehrling). In 1884 a few were 
seen in January at Vermillion, Dak. It was not seen in Iowa until migra- 
tion commenced. About April 1 it appeared at Newton and Laporte 
City. 

In the spring of 1885 Swainsons Hawk was recorded at Newton, 
Iowa, April 16, and March 23 at Laporte City, Iowa. A nest with 
three eggs was found May 13 at San Angelo, Tex. 

In the fall of 1885 the first south-bound migrant was seen at Emporia, 
Kans., October 10. 

343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.). [443.] Broad-winged Hawk. 

This is the only distinctively eastern Hawk occurring in the Missis- 
sippi Valley. It is found only rarely so far west as Kansas, the most 
westerly record being that of Dr. Watson, at Ellis, Kans. It breeds 
principally in the northern part of its range, being quite common in 
Minnesota (though it has been known to nest even in southern Texas), 
and in winter it passes south to Florida, and even to Central and South 
America. In spring migration in 1884 it passed through central Iowa 
about the middle of April, but only a few notes on it were reported. 

In the spring of 1885 the Broad-winged Hawk arrived at Mount Car- 
mel, Mo., March 23, at Laporte City, Iowa, March 30, and at Grinnell, 
Iowa, April 17. In the fall of 1885 none were seen at Mount Carmel, 
Mo., after September 12. 



117 

346. Asturina plagiata Schlegel. [445.] Mexican Goshawk. 

The Mexican Goshawk occurs regularly as far north as the southern 
border of the United States, aud occasionally up the Mississippi Valley 
to southern Illinois. 

347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel. ). [447. ] American Bough-legged 
Hawk. 

The whole army of these Hawks crosses our northern boundary twice 
a year. During the winter they are distributed over most of the Missis- 
sippi Yalley, the exceptions being the extreme northern and extreme 
southern portions. They are most numerous in the middle sections, 
thinning out each way. At Elk River, Minn., all had passed south by 
December 24, 1883. A little south of this point they remained all 
winter. At Vermillion, Dak., ten were seen during a day's tramp in 
January, 1884. At Mount Carmel, Mo., they were quite common all win- 
ter on the prairies, the bulk leaving March 10, and the last on the 24th. 

In the fail of 1884 the first Rough-legged Hawk was seen at Mount 
Carmel, Mo., November 7. It used to be abundant there during the 
winter, but now is somewhat rare. 

In the spring of 1885 the last was seen at Mount Carmel March 15. 
The first appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba, April 7, and they were 
common there April 10. In the fall of 1885 they returned to Mount 
Carmel November 10 ;. the next was seen November 12, and by Novem- 
ber 20 they were in usual winter numbers. 

348. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.). [448.] Ferruginous Rough-leg ; Ferruginous 

Buzzard. 

Chiefly a western species, a few coming east into the Mississippi 
Valley. It is resident in western Kansas, where Dr. Watson says it is 
tolerably common at Ellis every year. It has also been seen in western 
Nebraska, and is abundant in western Texas in winter. It has been 
seen once at Rock Island, 111., and has been found nesting at Vermil- 
lion, Dak., and G-rinnell, Iowa. 

Mr. Balmer writes from Paris, 111. : iC On January 19, 1886, 1 had the 
good fortune to capture what I consider a rare bird for this State, viz, 
Archibuteo ferrugineus. He seems to have got a long way out of his lati- 
tude. He came with a thaw, in a south wind, after our big, big blizzard. 
I shot him out of a tree after dark, having marked him down for the 
night. The bird is a male, and measured 53 inches in extent." 

349. Aquila ckrysaetos (Linn.). [449.] Golden Fagle. 

In the western mountains this species comes far south in winter, even 
to New Mexico and Arizona, but nearer the Mississippi it comes only 
to Kansas. Some years ago one was taken in November at Fayette, in 
central Missouri, but it is very rare so far south. Several were seen 
and some captured in central and northern Iowa in the winter of 
1883-'84, the last ones leaving from March 15 to 22. Most Golden 



118 

Eagles retire in spring to British America to breed, but Mr. Ridgway 
says that a few still breed in Northern Illinois, and they probably do 
so in northern Minnesota, as I have seen them there about the first of 
Jane. 

In the spring of 1885 a Golden Eagle was reported from Paris, 111., 
March 6; from Laporte City, Iowa, March 14; and from William stown, 
Iowa, March 30. Even as late as April 19 one was shot at Mount 
Oarmel, Mo. 

350. Thrasaetus harpyia (Linn.). [450.] Harpy Eagle. 

A tropical American species, rarely straggling as far north as our 
southern border. Said to have been taken once in Texas, at the delta 
of the Eio Grande (Oswald, Am. Nat., 1878, p. 151). 

352. Haliseetus leucocephalus (Linn.). [451.] Bald Eagle. 

Locally distributed throughout the whole of North America. It has 
no regular migration, but after breeding throughout the Mississippi 
Valley it disappears from some places for the winter, while it remains 
at others. Generally speaking, it leaves the North when the freezing 
of the waters prevents it from getting its accustomed food, but some- 
times it remains through the winter even as far north as latitude 47° in 
Minnesota, where, in the heavy pine forests, I have found it throughout 
the year, and where it nests quite commonly. In the spring of 1884 
it moved back to summer quarters in northern Iowa about March 20. 

In western Texas it is an abundant resident (Lloyd). In the fall of 
1885, at Saint Louis, Mo., the first Bald Eagle was seen September 9. 
November 7 four were seen, and the next day two more. 

354. Palco rusticolus Linn. [412a.] Gray Gyrfalcon ; Iceland Gyrfalcon. 

An accidental winter visitant from the north. A specimen was cap- 
tured at Manhattan, Kans., December 1, 1880. 

354a. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.). [412b.] Gyrfalcon: McFarlanes Gyr- 
falcon. 

Like the last, an accidental visitor in winter. Taken by Dr. Agers- 
borg, at Vermillion, Dak., October 21, 1880. 

354b. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). [412c] Black Gyrfalcon; Labrador 
Gyrfalcon. 

Has been taken in Minnesota a few times as a rare winter visitant; 
a specimen has been examined by Mr. Ridgway. 

355. Falco mexicanus Schleg. [413.] Prairie Falcon. 

This hawk is found principally in the West, but occurs east to the 
eastern border of the plains in Texas, Indian Territory, Missouri, Kan- 
sas, Nebraska, and Dakota. It winters from Kansas southward, and 
passes north in the summer to central Dakota, where it was noted as 
being very common in August. Dr. Agersborg gave it as a rare mi- 






119 

grant in southeastern Dakota, bat it is known to breed in Kansas, Mis- 
souri (Goss), and Texas. Mr. Eehrling states that it is resident, but 
not common, near Houston, in eastern Texas. It has been found in cen- 
tral Iowa, and even as far east as Illinois. 

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). [414.] Duck Hawk; Peregrine Falcon. 

This species occurs locally throughout the Mississippi Yalley. It 
breeds more particularly in Manitoba and the northern half of the 
United States, but is known to breed also in Kansas, Mississippi, and 
Texas. In the fall of 1884 the last Duck Hawk was seen at Mount 
Carmel, Mo., November 12. 

In the spring of 1885 it was seen April 4 at Lake City, Minn., and 
April 25 at Mount Carmel, Mo. 

357. Falco columbarius Linn. [417.] Pigeon Hawk. 

Occurs over the whole of the Mississipi Valley, but is nowhere abun- 
dant; winters in the Southern States and southward; breeds in Brit- 
ish America. A few stragglers were found at San Augelo, Tex., in the 
winter of 1883-'84, the last of which left February 1, being the first bird 
to migrate. Near Houston, in eastern Texas, it is common in fall and 
winter (Nehrling). At Heron Lake, Minn., the first was noted March 
27; and none were seen at Manhattan, Kans., until April 12. In the 
spring of 1885 the Pigeon Hawk was recorded from Ferry, Iowa, March 
30; Clinton, Wis., March 31; Delavan, Wis., April 11; and Ossowo, 
Manitoba, April 18. In the fall of 1885 the first at Emporia, Kans., 
was noted October 10. 

358. Falco richardsonii Kidgw. [418.] Richardson's Merlin. 

Found principally on the Great Plains, and thence westward, but is 
most common just east of the Eocky mountains; south to Texas in 
winter; has occurred accidently in Michigan, and occasionally in Minne- 
sota. Professor Aughey recorded it as rather common, and breeding, in 
Nebraska. Dr. Agersborg says it is a migrant in southeastern Dakota. 
Mr. Powell reports it from southeastern Nebraska. It probably breeds 
in western Kansas, where Colonel Goss says it is not uncommon. At 
Ellis, Kans., Dr. Watson noted the arrival of the first April 15, 1884. 
An accidental visitor has been recorded from Laporte City, Iowa. 

359. Falco fusco-coerulescens Vieill. [419.] Jplomado Falcon. 

A tropical American species, breeding in the valley of the Lower 
Rio Grande in Texas (Men-ill). 

360. Falco sparverius Linn. [420.] Sparrow Hawk. 

Inhabits the whole of Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley, and breeds 
throughout its range ; but in Indian Territory and eastern Texas it is 
apparently rare and local as a breeder. In Tom Green and Concho 
counties, Tex., it is an abundant resident (Lloyd), but the summer 
birds pass south in wiuter and their places are taken by northern birds 7 



120 

so that the species is found all the time, though the same individuals 
are not present. Nests containing, respectively, five and six eggs were 
found near San Angelo March 15 and July 1, indicating two broods. 
This Hawk is said to have remained at Chicago the whole of the winter 
of 1883-'84. With this exception no winter record was received from 
any point north of latitude 37°. 

In the spring of 1884 a single bird was seen at Saint Louis February 
26, and a few days later (March 3) most of the winter residents were 
leaving Caddo, Ind. Ter. (latitude 34° ll'). In the case of this species, 
as in many others, no records of movement were made during the first 
two and one-half weeks of March. March 2L it appeared at Tampico, 
111. (latitude 41° 36'), and at Ellis, Kans. (latitude 38° 55'). By March 
26 it had been seen along the Mississippi river as far north as Elk 
Eiver, Minn, (latitude 45° 25') ; and almost a month later (April 20) it 
appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30'). In northern Illi- 
nois and Wisconsin arrivals were recorded until April 2. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Sparrow Hawk at Mount Carmel, Mo., was 
seen September 27. It was reported as wintering at Shawneetown, 111. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of its northward movement were 
very irregular. They fell between the dates of March 14, at Tampico, 
111., and April 15, at Oak Point, Manitoba. The first was seen at White 
Earth, Minn., April 4. In the fall of 1885 the last at Grinnell, la., was 
recorded October 10, and at Mount Carmel, Mo., October 22. 

362. Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.). [423. ] Audubon's Caracar a \ ; Caracara Eagle. 

Common along the Gulf coast, and abundant in southern Texas. At 
Eagle Pass and Mason, Tex., it was recorded as common and resident. 
At Eagle Pass it was building March 16, 1884. 

Mr. Lloyd says of it : 

Eesident in the eastern part of Concho county ; a few visit the western half in fall ; 
none seen in Tom Green county. Breeds. Nest found in live-oak, about 18 feet from 
the ground, with three eggs, April 24, 1881. The same nest was used for two years 
after. Though iu the southern part of Texas they prey on carrion, in Menard and 
Concho counties they hunt prairie dogs in couples. (The Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 189.) 

Mr. Nehrling states that in eastern Texas, near Houston, it is regu- 
larly distributed, but not so common as in the interior. He says of it : 

It is a very showy bird, and the night is extremely elegant and quick. Although 
it is very shy and not easily to be approached, it often builds its nest in trees not far 
from farm houses. The farmers say they are as harmless as Turkey Buzzards. The 
nest is usually from 25 to 30 feet above the ground, and is built of sticks, sometimes 
lined with bits of cotton and Spanish moss ; the cavity is shallow. Often the birds, 
commonly single individuals, are to be observed with Vultures, feeding together on 
carrion. (Bull. Nutt. Orinth. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, p. 173.) 

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). [425.] Osprey ; Fish-Hawk. 

Occupies the southern half of our district in winter, and the whole 
Mississippi Talley in summer. It migrates rather late. In 1884 it ap- 
peared at Newton, Iowa, April 12 ; at Laporte City, Iowa, April 15 j 



121 

at Ellis, Kan s., April 10; at Lanesboro and Red Wing, Minn., April 
18 and 20, and at Alda, ISebr., April 25. 

In the fall of 1885 the first southward migrant was seen at Emporia, 
Kans., September 30. 

365. Strix pratincola Boiiap. [394.] Barn Owl. 

The Barn Owl is most abundant in the Southern States, where it is 
resident. It occurs north to Minnesota and Wisconsin (noted from La 
Crosse and Eipon), and west to Kansas and Nebraska. In western 
Texas it is rare (Lloyd) ; in eastern Texas common (ISTehrliog). 

366. Asio wilsonianus (Less.). [395.] Long-eared Owl. 

A common summer resident in western Manitoba; resident through- 
out the Mississippi Yalley. 

367. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). [396.] Short-eared Owl. 

A common summer resident in western Manitoba and Dakota. It oc- 
cupies the whole of the Mississippi Valley; Eesident in the northern 
half; occurs in the lower half chiefly in fall and winter. 

368. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.). [397.] Barred Owl. 
The most common Owl of the Southern States, and found also over 

the whole of the Mississippi Valley and Manitoba; resident except in 
the extreme northern part of its range. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., the pellets 
thrown up at one time by a Barred Owl contained parts of a Brewer's 
Blackbird, a Cardinal Grosbeak, and a Le Conte's Sparrow. 

3, 

fr 
M 

■ 

C( 






368a. Syrnium nebulosum alleni Eidgw. (397a.) Florida Barred Ow\ 

Kecently Mr. Bagsdale has taken this owl, previously known only 
from Florida, in Cook County, Tex. A specimen has been examined by 
Mr. Bidgway, and is now in the U. S. National Museum. 



170. Ulula cinerea (Gmel.). [399.] Great Gray Owl. 

A northern species ; found occasionally in winter in Minnesota, Wis- 
consin, and Illinois. 



371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Boiiap.). [400.] Richardson's Owl. 

Another northern bird, occurring in winter in Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
and Iowa. 

372. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.). [401.] Saw-wliet Owl. 

A common resident from northern Illinois northward; south of this 
a rare winter visitant. 

373. Megascops asio (Linn.). [402.] Screech Owl. 

An abundant resident throughout most of the Mississippi Valley, but 
said not to be very common in Minnesota. Mr. Carr killed one in the 
winter of 1883-'84 at Waupaca, Wis., which had nothing in its stomach 
but wheat, buckwheat, and miscellaneous seeds. 



122 

373a. Megascops asio ftoridanus (Ridgw.). [402a.] Florida Screech Owl. 

This form of the Screech Owl, previously known only from South 
Carolina to Florida, was procured in southern Louisiana by Dr. A. K. 
Fisher, who examined several specimens. 

373b. Megascops asio mccallii (Cass.). [402&.] Texas Screech Owl. 

Eesident in Texas, whence reported from Tom Green and Concho 
counties, where it is abundant in winter from about September 10 to 
March 10 (Lloyd). In eastern Texas, near Houston, it seems to be com- 
mon (Nehrling). 

375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). [405.] Great Homed Owl. 

A common resident over the whole of the Mississippi Valley east of 
the Great Plains. 

The following unique owl story was contributed by Mr. H. F. Peters, 
of Bonham, in northeastern Texas: 

On the lOtli of March, 1833, I was out hunting in some woods, and flushed a Great 
Horned Owl from a large stump about 20 feet high. I shot at and missed it, but 
coming up to the stump I could see an Owl's head above the top of it. I would not 
shoot him there as I did not want to climb for him. It was hard work to make him 
leave the stump, but, by nearly hitting him with a stick, he flew off and I killed him. 
He was a young Great Horued Owl. When he left the nest I distinctly saw some- 
thing move there. My son climbed up and found two owlets about six or eight days 
old. We left them there, and that evening at dusk I killed a female Barred Owl, and 
the next morning a male Barred Owl off the top of the same stump where the young 
ones were. We then secured the two young owls and kept them a year, until they 
grew to be two fine Barred Owls. A few days later I killed two Great Horned Owls 
(a male and female) in close proximity to the place. Thus we have a case of two 
species of owls breeding at the same time in the same nest, with at least a month's 
difference in ihe ages of the young. The young Horned Owl was barely fledged, and 
I am sure had never been out of the nest until I drove him out. There were bones 
and offal arouud the stump, showing that it had been used for some time as a breed- 
ing place. 

375a. Bubo virginianus subarcticus (Hoy). [405a in part.] Western Horned Owl. 

This is the western representative of the Great Horned Owl. It 
breeds from western Manitoba and Dakota southward, over the Great 
Plains, to Texas, and even to the table-lands of Mexico. Stragglers 
have been taken in Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Dr. Agersborg 
states that it occurs in southeastern Dakota nearly every winter. In 
Tom Green and Ooncho counties, in western Texas, where it is an 
"abundant resident," Mr. Lloyd says of it : 

Breeds from February 20 to end of May in hackberry or mesquit on prairies, and in 
holes in the large pecans on rivers. I have rarely found more than two eggs in one 
clutch; three, however, occur in about one nest in six. Feeds on poultry, skunks, 
and rabbits, and is often on wing during the day. The birds seem to grow lighter 
with age. (The Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 190.) 

375b. Bubo virginianus arcticus (Swains.). [405&.] Arctic Honied Owl. 

■ Breeds in Arctic America, coming south iu winter, irregularly and 

rarely to Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. 






123 

376. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). [406.] Snowy Owl. 

A great wanderer in winter, visiting the . United States, and appear- 
ing without any regularity in all of the northern tier of States, and 
southward into Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois, and has been taken even 
in Texas. It seems to have been less common than usual in the winter 
of 1883-'84, though Mr. Lindley, at Mitchell, Iowa, had the good fortune 
to see nine. At Linwood, Nebr., the last seen in 1884 was noted Feb- 
ruary 1, but at Heron Lake, Minn., one was seen as late as April 3. The 
winter of 1876-'77 was noted for the great numbers of Snowy Owls 
which migrated into the United States. They came November 22, 1876, 
and for two weeks afterwards were common as far south as Saint Louis. 
At Omaha and Denver they were specially abundant. One taxidermist 
in the East had thirty Snowy Owls sent him from this single flight. 

In the spring of 1885 a Snowy Owl was seen at Clinton, Wis., Feb- 
ruary 23, and at Huron, Dak., March 7. In the fall of 1885 the first 
came to Elk Eiver, Minn., October 23. At Chicago. 111., one was seen in 
the city November 3. A magnificent specimen, almost pure white, was 
shot at Chrismau, 111., the latter part of January, 1886. 

377a. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull.). [407.] Hawlc Owl. 

The Hawk Owl visits the upper Mississippi Yalley in winter. It has 
been taken in winter in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and once in northern 
Illinois. Occasionally in severe winters it has been found in the East as 
far south as Pennsylvania. It is therefore the more strange that one 
should be found so far south as Mississippi. Dr. Eawlings Young, of 
Corinth, Miss., writes : "In January, 1882, I was shooting quail over 
a brace of setters in a thick sedge grass 300 or 400 yards from the 
timber, and while working up a scattered bevy the dogs pointed. 
Walking in, a Hawk Owl, much to my astonishment, got up from the 
grass right under the dogs' noses. As he went off I cut him down, and 
had no trouble in identifying him from the cuts seen in Wilson." 

In the fall of 1884 a Hawk Owl was reported from Elk Eiver, Minn., 
October 27. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first was seen December 26. 
In January, 1885, about a dozen were reported as wintering at Elk 
River, Minn. In the spring of 1885, at Mount Carmel, Mo., the last was 
seen March 10. In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Elk River, Minn., 
October 23. 

378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonap.). [408.] Burrowing Owl. 

Wherever prairie dogs exist Burrowing Owls are also very likely to 
be found, so that their range may be said to include most of the open 
prairie ground west of the Mississippi river. They are especially 
abundant in western Nebraska, middle and western Kansas, and In- 
dian Territory ; and as I write from Red Rock, in that Territory, I can 
look out on a dog town several miles in extent, in which the Burrowing 
Owls are usually numerous. Even as far east as Waverly, Miss., Major 
Young writes that they were formerly quite common, but have not been 



124 

seen for some time. Mr. Nehrling states that near Houston, in eastern 
Texas ? they are "every year increasing in numbers." At San Angelo, 
Tex., they have been found breeding from April 1, to May 10. 

The Burrowing Owl is resident from southeastern Dakota southward. 
By many it is erroneously supposed to hibernate, and it may be that 
some of the northernmost colonies change their dwelling places during 
the winter so as to disappear from certain localities at this season. Dr. 
Agersborg says that it is a permanent resident in southeastern Dakota, 
where from seven to nine eggs constitute a full clutch. He further 
states : 

In the winter as many as twenty of these birds may be found nestling together in 
one hole. They are always at such times abundantly supplied with food. I have 
found at one time forty-three mice and several Shore Larks scattered along the run 
to their common apartment. They forage in line weather, and retreat to their dirty 
abodes when cold weather threatens. 

It is possible that those individuals that spend the summer far north 
in Dakota actually and regularly migrate. In 1884 Mr. Edwards noted 
their return to Argusville, Dak. (latitude 47° 08'), April 30. 

380. Glaucidium phalsenoides (Daud.). [410.] Ferruginous Pigmy Owl. 

A tropical American species, coming north to the valley of the Lower 
Rio Grande in Texas (Sennelt). 

382. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.). [392. J Carolina Paroquet or Parakeet. 

This beautiful Parrot formerly was resident throughout the Missis- 
sippi Valley and the South Atlantic and Gulf States. It no longer ex- 
ists in the northern part of its former range, and can scarcely be found 
north of latitude 3G°. So far as known, it is now confined to isolated 
localities in the Gulf States and the lower Mississippi Valley. At Fay- 
ette, Mo., it was reported as present, though almost extinct. Formerly 
immense flocks were found all over Indian Territory. At present it is 
almost extinct in the eastern part of the Territory, though a few are still 
found around Caddo, and in the middle and western parts they are 
almost as numerous as ever. 

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swains.). [391. ] Thick-bill eel Parrot. 

An abundant inhabitant of the pine forests of central and northern 
Mexico, coming north into southwestern Texas. 

384. Crotophaga sulcirostris Swains. [390.] Groove-billed Ani. 

A middle American species, coming north to Texas. It occurs in the 
valley of the Rio Grande (Sennett); and is a fall visitor in Concho and 
Tom Green counties, Tex., where one was shot in October, 1885, and 
several seen in October, 1886 (Lloyd). 

305. G-eococcyx californianus (Less.). [385.] Road-runner; Chapparal Cock. 

A southwestern bird, noted by the Texas observers ; resident wher- 
ever found. It was reported as abundant at Mason, Tex., and in Concho 
and Tom Green counties, breeding in the latter region from March 30 



125 

to May 8. Clutches of fire, six, and seven eggs were taken. This spe- 
cies has been captured as an accidental visitor in Arkansas, near Fort 
Lyons; and was seen by Mr. Trippe in Colorado north at least to latitude 
38°, which has led to the surmise that it was the species seen by Mr. 
Cavanaugh in southwestern Kansas, and reported by him to Colonel 
Goss as the Sage Cock. Colonel Goss, in a recent communication, states 
that in September, 1884, Mr. Charles Dyer saw two of these birds in 
western Kansas, along the line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
Kail way, about 15 miles east of the western boundary of the State ; and 
that he " has seen them quite often in Colorado, near the State line." 
Colonel Goss further states : 

The birds are known to breed as far east as Las Animas, and I feel confident that 
they occasionally breed in the southwestern corner of this State [Kansas], a natural 
habitat of the birds, but unsettled and little known, especially as to its bird life. 
(The Auk, Vol. Ill, 188fi, p. 114). 

386. Coccyzus minor (Grnel.). [386.] Mangrove Cuclioo. 

This tropical Cuckoo has been found as far north as the coast of Lou- 
isiana. 

387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). [337.] Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 

The range of this species is considerably more southern than that of 
the next. It breeds from the Gulf of Mexico to the northern tier of 
States. Both species are said to winter in Florida, but the bulk passes 
still further south. 

In the spring of 1884 the Yellow- billed Cuckoo entered our southern 
border the latter part of April, appearing at Bodney, Miss., and at Ma- 
son, Tex., April 28 and 29. At San Angelo, Tex., and Saint Louis, Mo., 
it was seen May 5 and 6, and at Burlington, Iowa, May 8. At Gaines- 
ville, Tex., and Ellis, Kans., it arrived May 12, and at Manhattan, 
Kans , and Iowa City, Iowa, May 20. It came to Laporte City, Iowa, 
May 27. In Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., it breeds in June. 
At Laporte, Iowa, on June 11, 1884, a female was shot with eggs ready 
for the nest. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk was reported as leaving Williamstown, 
Iowa, August 15, and the last August 27. The last was reported from 
Des Moines, Iowa, October 1; from Mount Carmel, Mo., September 21; 
and from San Angelo, Tex., August 15. 

For the spring of 1885 the records of the movements of this species 
in the West were quite full. It appeared at San Antonio, Tex., April 
17 5 at Mason, Tex., April 22; Bonham, Tex., April 29 (though it had been 
noticed April 20 at Gainesville, Tex.). May 14 it reached Manhattan, 
Kans. In Missouri it was seen at Saint Louis May 15, and at Mount 
Carmel May 17. By May 20 it had reached Des Moines, Iowa, and 
Fernwood, 111. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Iowa City, Iowa, August 26, 
and at Fernwood, 111., September 11. At Saint Louis, Mo., it was con- 



126 

spicuous September 22, was present in bulk September 25, and was last 
seen September 27. 

388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). [388.] Black-billed Cuckoo. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and most parts of the Mis- 
sissippi Yalley except the extreme southern portion. In the spring of 
1884 no records were received relating to the date when it entered the 
United States, but it appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., and at Hennepin, 
111., May 5. May 12 it was seen at Coralville, Iowa; May 16 at Lake 
Mills and New Cassel, Wis. ; May 22 at Elk Eiver, Miun. ; May 31 at 
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and June 1 at Oak Point, Manitoba (lati- 
tude 50o 30'). 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk left Williamstown, Iowa, August 10, and 
none were seen there after that date. 

In the spring of 1885 no notes were sent but those of l firsts,' and they 
are as follows: Saint Louis, Mo., May 15; Des Moines and Grinnell, 
Iowa, May 16; Iowa City, Iowa, and Hennepin, Fern wood, and Rock- 
ford, 111., May 17; Heron Lake and Elk River, Minn., May 22 ; and Shell 
River, Manitoba, June 16. 

In the fall of 1885, at Elk River, Minn., it was last seen September 7. 
At Saint Louis, Mo., it became conspicuous September 22 ; the bulk 
was present September 25, and departed September 29; and the last was 
seen October 16. In Concho county, Tex., it is a spring and fall migrant. 

389. Trogon ambiguus Gould. [384.] Coppery -tailed Trogon. 

The home of this Trogon is in central and northern Mexico. Two 
specimens were killed in southern Texas in the summer of 1877 (Merrill, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, p. 118). 

390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). [382.] Belted Kingfisher. 

The Kingfisher is a common summer resident in Manitoba and the 
Mississippi Yalley. Its wiuter home is bounded on the north by the 
southern limit of frozen water. His food is found in the water, and when 
cut off from it by the ice he must migrate or perish. The extreme 
cold of the winter of 1883-84 sent him much further south than usual. 
While often seen in ordinary winters at latitude 39° in Kansas, none 
stayed in this latitude during the winter of 1883-'84, nor was there a 
record from any point north of latitude 36°, though it is probable that 
at favorable places, such as spring-holes, a few may have wintered. 
From the nature of the case the northward movement of the Kingfisher 
is irregular. Near rivers which open early he will be among the first 
birds to arrive, while at neighboring ponds and lakes many days may 
pass before he appears. But even the presence or absence of ice fails 
to explain a large share of the irregular notes. In Concho and Tom 
Green counties, Tex., it is an abundant resident (Lloyd). 

In the spring of 1884 a single individual was seen at Saint Louis, 
Mo., February 25, but the regular movement did not begin until March 






127 

22 and 23, when the species suddenly spread from latitude 39° to lati- 
tude 41° 3S' in Iowa, and latitude 41° 36' in Illinois, with an adven- 
turous bird at latitude 42° IS' in Iowa and another at latitude 43° 43' in 
Minnesota, which latter was reported to have been seen at intervals all 
winter. By April 6 the van had reached latitude 44° 47' in Minnesota, 
and latitude 44° 22' in Wisconsin. April 14 they were recorded from 
Elk Eiver, Minn, (latitude 45° 25'): April 20 from Frazee City, Minn, 
(latitude 46° 33'), and May 5 from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. In the 
West, as usual, they were later. At Gainesville, Tex., the first was 
heard March 17, and at Manhattan, Kans., two days later. At Ellis, 
Kans., none were seen until April 3 ; and April 21 they came to Ver- 
million, Dak. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of the Kingfishers left William stown, 
Iowa, August 28, and the last on the same day. At Des Moines, Iowa, 
the last was seen September 17, and at Mount Oarmel, Mo., October 12. 
At Lanesboro, Minn., a Kingfisher was seen December 5. 

In the spring of 1885 the first noted in migration was seen at Paris, 
111., March 5, the next at Shawneetown, 111., March 12; the next at Glas- 
gow. Mo., and the next March 26, at Laporte City, Iowa, and at Mount 
Oarmel, Mo. During the rest of March arrivals were noted from Man- 
hattan, Kans.; Emporia, Kans.; Hennepin, 111.; Saint Louis, Mo.; and 
Grinnell, Iowa. During the first two days of April they appeared at 
Peoria, 111.; Knoxville, Iowa; Iowa City, Iowa; Aledo, 111.; Tampico, 
111., and Lanesboro, Minn. From April 4 to April 6 they were reported 
from Fernwood, 111.; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Durand, Wis. ; Hastings, Minn.; 
and Elk Eiver, Minn. They reached Luck, Wis., April 24, and Shell 
Eiver, Manitoba, May 1. 

In the fall of 1885, at Elk Eiver, Minn., the last was seen September 
16; at Eiver Falls, Wis., October 9; at Des Moines, Iowa, October 24; 
while at Lanesboro, Minn., near a rapid stream, which is very late in 
freezing, they were still present November 30. 

391. Ceryle cabanisi (Tschud.). [383.] Texas Kingfisher. 

As its name implies, this bird inhabits Texas, though the center of 
its distribution is in tropical America. Mr. Lloyd says he has found it 
in Nueces and Frio Canons, in Edwards county, but not further north. 
Mr. Henry recorded it as a rare summer resident in Mason county, a 
few miles northeast of Edwards county, In April, 1878, its eggs were 
taken in Comal county, Tex., by Mr. W. H. Werner (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 

Club, Yol. IY, 1879, pp. 79, 80). It is probably resident throughout its 
range. 

392. Campephilus principalis (Linn.). [359.] Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 

This is the largest Woodpecker of the Mississippi Yalley, to the 
southern part of which it is limited, as far as our district is concerned. 
It is a resident wherever found. Eidgway says it was formerly resident 
in southern Illinois, but is now extinct in most parts of that State. At 



128 

Fayette, Mo., Mr. Lieutz marks it as formerly breeding, but not known 
to do so at present. It is still found in northeastern Arkansas, being 
abundant at Newport, and not very wild or wary, and thence westward 
to Caddo, Ind. Ter., where a few were seen during the winter of 1883-'84 
in the heaviest timber of the bottom lands, together with the Pileated 
Woodpecker. A few have been seen at Kansas City, Mo., during the 
past few winters, and it probably still breeds in that vicinity. Mr. 
Nehrling states that it is rare and very shy in the northern part of 
Harris county, and in Montgomery county, Tex. 

393. Dryobates villosus (Linn.). [360.] Hairy Woodpecker. 

The whole of the Mississippi Valley, except the Gulf States, is inhab- 
ited by this species. 

393a. Dryobates villosus leucomelas(Bodd.). [360«.] Northern Hairy Woodpecker. 

The northern representative of the preceding. Inhabits British 
America, coming south in winter to the northern border of the United 
States. Eecorded by Mr. Seton (now Thompson) as a common resident 
in western Manitoba. 

393b. Dryobates villosus audubonii (Swains.). [360, part.] Southern Hairy Wood- 
pecker. 

An inhabitant of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. 

393c. Dryobates villosus harrisii (And.). [360&.] Harris's Woodpecker. 

This is the western form of the Hairy Woodpecker, occurring from 
the Kocky mountains to the Pacific. Dr. Agersborg says it is common 
and resident at Vermillion, Dak., thus bringing it within our district. 

394. Dryobates pubescens (Liun.). [361.] Downy Woodpecker. 

Like the Hairy Woodpecker, this species is resident in Manitoba and 
over the whole of the Mississippi Valley, but is a little more given to 
changing its feeding grounds. It has no regular migration, but, like all 
the non-mi gratorj- Woodpeckers, it roves around during the winter in 
search of food. This causes it to disappear at some places in the winter, 
and when it returns again it is supposed by the observers to have been 
regularly migrating, whereas it may have been north, east, south, or 
west; it may have been in the next county, or it may have wandered a 
hundred miles or more away. It is rare in central Texas, where one was 
shot in January, 1883, on the Middle Concho river (Lloyd). 

394a. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii (Aud.). [361a.] Gairdners Woodpecker. 

A western Woodpecker; rare along the northern half of the western 
border of our district. Mr. Allen found it along the Missouri in central 
Dakota, and thence westward, but not common. 

395. Dryobates borealis (Vieill.). [362.] Ecd-cockaded Woodpecker. 

A bird of the southern swamps. The most northern record received 
from the observers came from Newport, Ark., where it has been found 



129 

several times in the pine timber. Near Houston, in eastern Texas, it is 
not rare (Xehrling). It is resident throughout its range. 

396. Dryobates scalaris bairdi (Sclater). [363.] Ttxas Woodpecker. 

.Resident in Texas; noted from San Angelo as very abundant, breeding 
from April 10 to May 15, where clutches of four, five, six, and eight 
eggs were taken. Common also in eastern Texas (Xehrliug) and in the 
valley of the lower Eio Grande (Sennett & Merrill). 

400. Picoides arcticus (Swains.). [367.] Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. 

Resident in Manitoba and northern Minnesota. This is one of the 
migratory Woodpeckers, but its movements are not extensive. In the 
Mississippi Valley these movements are limited to a migration from its 
summer home in British America to the United States, where it remains 
during tbe winter, returning in the spring. Even in winter it is more 
abundant in Manitoba than in summer. Individuals have been known 
to occur in northern Illinois, but are seldom seen south of latitude 40°. 
They were reported by Vernon Bailey from Elk River, Minn., and some 
years ago I met them at White Earth, Minn., and had the pleasure 
of ascertaining that they nested in that State.* 

402. Sphyrapicus varius (Liun.). [369.] Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and the northern part of the 
Mississippi Valley. This is one of the three regularly migratory Wood- 
peckers which inhabit the Mississippi Valley, and its migrations are more 
extended than are those of either of the others. The extreme limits of 
its range are separated by 3,000 miles, for it has been recorded from 
Guatemala to Greenland, but of course no single individual has trav- 
ersed the whole of this distance. Still, since it seldom breeds south of 
latitude 42°, the most unambitious has many a long mile to travel. In 
the winter of 18S3-'8A it was found as far north as Danville, in Illinois, 
and Morning Sun, in Iowa, but was rare at both places. From these 
points southward for 300 miles it is a rare winter visitant, but its regu- 
lar winter home is south of latitude 37°. Even at Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 
31° ll 7 ), it was not common, and its quietness and retired habits made it 
seem even less numerous. In the spring of 1884, migration commenced 
at Gainesville, Tex. (lat. 33° 36'), March 6, when the bulk of the winter 
residents departed; the last followed on the 11th. Migrants had be- 
come quite numerous at Pierce City, Mo. (lat. 36° 56'), by March 19, 
and this wave brought the first of the migrants to Saint Louis March 
26. An accidental bird was seen at Chicago February 16, but the 
regular advance did not reach there until about the 8th of April. By 
April 10 they had reached Lanesboro, Minn. (lat. 43° 43'). They were 
seen at River Falls, Wis. (lat. 44° 45'), April 12, and two days later r.'; 
Elk River, Minn, (lat, 45° 25'). The bulk rarely falls more than thren 

*[In July, 1877, Dr. Thomas S. Koberts found this Woodpecker breeding in Carl tea 
county, Minn. (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, vol. IV, 1879, p. 154).— C. H. M.j 
7365— Bull 2 9 



130 

or four days behind the van, and the last one does not lag far in the 
rear. Though rarely breeding south of latitude 42°, it nests regularly 
but a short distance farther north. It has been known to breed at La 
Porte, Iowa (lat. 42° 18'), and Mr. Munroe states that between July 4 
and 10, 1884, he shot several in the hills 50 miles west of Newport, Ark., 
where he saw others in June and August, though neither nests nor 
young birds were found. At Danville, 111., they remained all summer, 
and two trees were found which contained their nests. No attempt was 
made to secure their eggs. 

In the fall of 1884, at Des Moines, Iowa, the Yellow-bellied Wood- 
pecker was last seen September 24. At Shawneetown, 111. (lat. 37° 43') 
a few individuals remained during the winter of 18S4-'85. 

In the spring of 18S5 the notes of its northward movement were quite 
regular. It appeared at Saint Louis and Mount Carmel, Mo., March 
31; Chicago, 111., April 1; Des Moines, Iowa, April 13; Newton,- Iowa, 
April 17; Green Bay, Wis. (two observers), April 19; Lanesboro, Minn., 
April 21; River Falls, Wis., April 21; Elk River, Minn., April 26; and 
Shell River, Manitoba, May 3. In the fall of 1885 the last at both Fern- 
wood, 111., and Des Moines, Iowa, were seen October 3. At Saint 
Louis, Mo., the first arrived September 16; there was an increase Sep- 
tember 24, and the bulk arrived October 9. The first at Gainesville, 
Tex., was seen October 9. 

402a. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. [369a]. Bed-naped Sapsucker. 

Inhabits the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south into 
Mexico. It was taken by Colonel Goss at Wallace, Kans., October 12, 
1883, this being the first record for that State and probably for our 
district. It has since been taken by Mr. Lloyd, at Fort Davis, Tex., 
where it is a rare winter resident. 

404. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.). 1.370.] Williamson's Sapsucker ; Black-breasted 

Woodpecker. 

The only Mississippi Valley record of this species was received from 
Mr. William Lloyd, who noted it as an irregular winter visitant in 
Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., where it was tolerably common 
in the winter of 1883-84. Mr. Lloyd found it on the North Concho, and 
also in Nueces Canon, in Uvalde County. 

405. Ceophloeus pileatus (Linn.). [371.] Pileated Woodpecker. 

Resident in Manitoba and over all the Mississippi Valley wherever 
there is heavy timber. Reported by many observers. 

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn. ). [375.] Red-headed Woodpecker. 

A tolerably common summer resident in Manitoba and throughout 
the Mississippi Valley. Mr. Allen found it abundant in west- central 
Dakota in the summer of 1873. Its wiuter range west of the Missis- 
sippi is much restricted. At Saint Louis it is a rare winter resident; 
a short distance south, in Illinois, Mr. Ridgway says that it is excess- 






131 

ively abundant in the bottom-lands during the winter. Passing west- 
ward to Pierce City, Mo., it was recorded as a rare winter resident in 
the bottom-lands. Still farther southwest, at Caddo, Ind. Ter., it is 
so rare a bird iu winter that none of the local hunters thought one 
could be found. A few were seen, however, one at a time, all through 
December and January. Near Houston, in eastern Texas, it is an 
abundant resident (Nekrling). Throughout the greater part of its 
range it is a more or less regular migrant, its movements depending 
largely, if not wholly, on the food supply. Though capable of with- 
standing great cold when food is plenty (as for instance when it spends 
the winter in northeastern New York), * it seems to much prefer a warm 
climate, and when in the south waits until the weather is settled be- 
fore attempting the northward journey. In the spring of 1884, in the 
belt between latitude 39° and latitude 39° 30' in Illinois and eastern 
Missouri, their winter numbers began to be increased about the middle 
of March, and in Illinois the first had advanced to Chicago by the end 
of the month. No such advance took place in Iowa. Not a Eed-head 
was reported in the State before April 26, nor any farther advance iu 
Illinois until after May 1. By the 1st of May the advance in Iowa was 
at latitude 41° 38', and by May 6 those on the western side of the Mis- 
sissippi had overtaken those on the eastern side, and they were both 
together in Wisconsin and Minnesota at latitude 43° 43'. Four days 
later they had passed to West Depere, Wis. (latitude 44° 26' ); May 15 
they were reported from Minneapolis and Green Bay; May 19 from 
Elk River, Minn, (latitude 45° 25'), and the last day of the month they 
had penetrated to Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30'). Near the 
Mississippi Hiver the bulk may be looked for about ten or fourteen 
days after the arrival of the first. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk left Williamstown, Iowa, August 27, and 
Des Moines, Iowa, September 18. At Des Moines the last was reported 
September 19; aud at Mount Carmel, Mo., November 11. At Shawnee- 
town, 111., it remained through the winter of 1884-'85, and a single pair 
wintered at Saint Louis, Mo. Several early records from points farther 
north indicate that the individuals seen had wintered not far from the 
localities whence they were reported. These records are : Fayette, Mo., 
March 10; Sioux City, Iowa, March 11; Durand, Wis., March 15; Keo- 
kuk, Iowa, March 2 2; and Lake City, Minn., April 13. 

In regular migration in the spring of 1885 it was first noted from 
Saint Louis, Mo., April 16; an increase was observed April 21; it con- 
tinued arriving slowly from April 22 to 26, and the bulk came from 
April 28 to May 1. As the rest of the notes for 1885 can not be arranged 
systematically they will be given in full. The "firsts" recorded were as 
follows: Ferry, Iowa, April 24; Williamstown, Iowa, and Lake Mills, 
Wis., April 25; Delavan, Wis., April 29; Fayette, Mo., and Grinnell, 
Iowa, April 30; Paris, 111., Manhattan, Kans., and Milwaukee, Wis., 
'Merriaiu, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, VoLlll^l87d, pp. 124-125. 



132 

May 1; Fern wood, 111., and Des Moines, Iowa, May 2; Eockford, 111., 
May 3; Luck, Wis., May 4; Aledo, 111., and Eipou, Wis., May 5; Ba- 
tavia, 111., and Eochester, Minn., May 10; New Cassel, Wis., May 13; 
Leeds Centre, Wis., and Waukou, Iowa, May 14; Ames, Iowa, and Elk 
Eiver, Minn , May 15; Elver Falls, Wis., May 18. It was given as a 
very rare visitant near San Angelo, Tex., where one was shot iu 
August, 1885. In the fall of 1885 the last at Elk Eiver, Minn., was 
seen September 4; at Eiver Falls, Wis., September 21; at Grinnell, 
Iowa, August 15 ; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 15; at Fernwood, 
111., September 2G; and at Iowa City, Iowa, October 30. Many migrants 
were seen at Saint Louis, Mo., October 10, all going southeast. 

408. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.). [376.] Lewis's Woodjiecker. 

A western Woodpecker, rare in our district. It has been taken by 
Dr. Watson at Ellis, Kans., and is known to breed in the Black Hills 
of Dakota (Grinnell). In the fall of 18S4 Mr. Lloyd added this spe- 
cies to the list of Texas birds. He says: "Two were here (near San 
Angelo) before Christmas, and four arrived after onr bad Christmas 
norther." More recently Mr. Lloyd records it as a " winter visitor," 
tolerably common on Spring Creek. 

409. Melanerpes carolinus (Litiu.). [372.] Ited-bellied Woodpecker. 

South of latitude 35° iu the Mississippi Valley theEed-bellied Wood- 
pecker is an abundant resident; north of this latitude for about five 
degrees it is less common, but still resident; and from latitude 40° 
northward to the limit of its range it is more or less migratory. In 
Kansas it is an abundant resident (Goss). Mr. Peck writes from La 
Porte, Iowa (latitude 42° 18'), that a few breed, but that most of them 
migrate northward. Where they go is a mystery. None of the sta- 
lions in northern Iowa reported the bird, and it is unknown in Minne- 
sota. Years ago Mr. Trippe made the same observation, namely, that 
"during the winter it is exceedingly abundant in southern Iowa, from 
which section great numbers migrate on the approach of spring." In 
Nebraska, Prof. Aughey says they are rarely seen north of the Platte, 
and Dr. Agersborg states that it is a rare summer visitor in south- 
eastern Dakota. In northern Illinois, Mr. Kline marks it as a rare 
resident, and I have found it a rare summer bird at Eipou, Wis., 
but am not aware of its occurrence there in winter. As Eipon is north 
of the southern boundary of Minnesota, it is probable the species will 
yet be found in that State. Dr. Hoy reported it from Eacine, Wis., 
March 26, 1884. Iu central Texas, on the main Concho Eiver, it is 
tolerably common in winter (Lloyd). 

410. Melanerpes aurifrons (Wagl.). [373.] Golden-fronted Woodpecker. 
Occurs in our district in Texas only. In the valley of the Lower Eio 

Grande it is an abundant resident. It was reported from Tom Green 
and Concho Counties, by Mr. Lloyd, who states that it is an abundant 
resident. He says it occurs west to the Castle Mountains, near Pecos 



133 

River, and north to the Texas and Pacific Railway. Mr. Brown found 
it at Boer ne. 

412. Colaptes auratus (Linn.). [378.] Flicker; Yellow-shafted Flicler. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and most of the Mississippi 
Valley east of the Plains; being replaced, in the west, by the following 
species. Along the eastern edge of the Plains all sorts of interme- 
diate phases occur. 

Few birds are better known or possess more local names than the 
present species. Yellow-hammer and Flicker are the names by which 
it has been most frequently reported, and the two in about equal pro- 
portion. Its winter home in 1883-84 was somewhat farther south 
than usual. At Manhattan, Kans., large flocks remained all winter, 
but they were not reported from the rest of the State. In Missouri none 
wintered at St. Louis, nor were they mentioned from any station in the 
State before March. In Illinois they were found in the extreme south- 
ern part only. The species was a full degree, and in most places two 
degrees, south of its ordinary limit. Although mixing with C. cafer and 
the variety formerly known as Colaptes auratus hybridus in the western 
part on the Plains, yet true auratus is found throughout the Mississippi 
Valley, even to southwestern Texas, where it was noted from San An- 
gelo in the winter of 18S3-'84. Its spring migration begins .early, 
being but little behind that of the Robin, and the bulk of these two 
species usually moves together. In 1881 a few individuals were influ- 
enced by the warm weather of the last of January aud moved slightly, 
but no real movement took place uutil the second week in March. On 
March 10 and 11 they appeared at Saint Louis and Glasgow, Mo. (lat- 
itude 39° ll 7 ). The Flicker, like the Red-headed Woodpecker, migrates 
faster on the east than on the west side of the Mississippi River. The 
record of its arrival on the east side is as follows: In Illinois it reached 
latitude 30° 43' March 19; March 20 and 21 it reached latitude 41° 36' 
and 41° 51': March 24, latitude 41° 58'; March 2G, latitude 43° in Wis- 
cousin, and March 29, latitude 44° 26'. West of the Mississippi it had 
moved to latitude 41° 40' in Iowa by March 26: to latitude 44° 26' in 
Minnesota by March 2S, and March 31 it was seen at latitude 45° and 
45° 25' in Minnesota, having thus overtaken those in Wisconsin- 
Farther west the dates ^vere still later. The first was seen at Ellis, 
Kans., March 21; at Linwood, Xebr. (latitude 41° 22'), April 2; at Ar 
gusville, Dak. (latitude 47° OS 7 ), April 1G; and at Larimore (latitude 
47° 52') April 21. At Portage La Praiiie, Manitoba, the first was seen 
also xlpril 21, which makes the record irregular as compared with that 
from Dakota, but regular when compared with the notes from the region 
around the headwaters of the Mississippi. The bulk ordiuarily appears 
from three to six days behind the first. 

The variety formerly known as the Hybrid Flicker (Colaptes auratus 
hybridus) [378 a], consisting of those soecimens which are intermediate 



134 

between auratus and cafer, has been found along the western edge of our 
district, running into cafer in the west and auratus in the east. It was 
noted in the winter of 18S3-'84 from Caddo, Ind. Ter., and a second time 
from Texas, this record being from San Angelo. At Caddo it was first 
seen January 11, and was more or less common during the rest of the 
winter, though outnumbered by both auratus and cafer. There is little 
to indicate that in its migration it differs from typical auratus. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk had departed from Elk River, Minn., 
before September 27. At Mount Carmel, Mo., a half dozen were seen 
December 10. During the winter of 1884- ? 85 the range of the Flicker 
extended somewhat farther north than in the winter of 1883-'84. More 
than the usual number wintered at Saint Louis, where none were seen 
the previous winter. It was seen also during the winter at Glasgow^ 
Mo., Keokuk, Iowa, Fayette, Mo., and Griggsville, 111. At La Porte 
City, Iowa, it was more common during the winter of 1884-'85 than 
ever before; while at Aledo, 111., this was the only winter for many 
years when none were seen. 

In the spring of 1885 the northward movement of the Yellow-shafted 
Flicker was later than in 1884. No positive records of migration were 
made until March 29 and 30, when the bulk reached Saint Louis, and the 
first were noted at Aledo, 111., Ferry, Iowa, and Linwood, Nebr. Its prog- 
ress for a few days seems to have been more rapid along the Missis- 
sippi River than farther east or west. By April 5 it had been noted 
from Mount Pleasant, Iowa; Griunell, Iowa; Ames, Iowa; Clinton, Wis.. 
Lake Mills, Wis.; Lanesboro, Minn., and Rochester, Minn. April 7 it 
was reported from Chicago, 111.; Delavan, Wis., and Lake City, Minn. 
Tnen, April 18 to 20 the line of the van reached the same parallel in 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, the first being seen at Milwaukee, Wis.; 
New Cassel, Wis.; Green Bay, Wis. (two observers) ; Durand, Wis.; 
River Falls, W T is.; Minneapolis, Minn, (two observers), and Heron Lake, 
Minn. It was seen at Oak Point, Manitoba, April 21. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Elk River, Minn., October 13; 
at River Falls, Wis., September 29 ; at Fern wood, III., October 31. The 
first migrant reached Fernwood September 12, and they were con- 
spicuous at Saint Louis, Mo., September 22. At the latter place many 
were seen going south October 5, and two days later migration reached 
its height, although the last migrant was not seen until November 11. 
At Bonham, Tex., it was first seen October 4; was next seen three days 
later, and became common by the 15th. 

413. Colaptes cafer (Gmel.). [378 &.] Bed-shafted Flicker. 

This is a species which occupies the United States from the Plains 
westward. It is found almost to the eastern boundary of Texas, Indian 
Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska, but in Dakota its eastern limit curves 
sharply westward, nearly the whole of that Territory being occupied by 
Colaptes auratus. There seems to be but little difference between the 



135 

movements of this species and those of C. auratus, though it is probable 
that a greater percentage of C. cafer go farther north to breed. At 
Manhattan, Kans., it was recorded as merely a winter bird, arriving 
December 8, and it was seen occasionally through the winter. In the 
spring of 1884, at Manhattan, the bulk arrived from the south March 
15, and April 1 the last was seen. At Gaddo, Ind. Ter., it was not seen 
until January 11, bat after that date was common during the rest of the 
winter. It was rare near town, staying in or near the bottom-land. I 
do not think it ever remained to breed. At San Angeio, Tex., it was 
also marked as merely a winter resident, not breeding. Considering the 
two species and the variety once known as hybridus as they occur to- 
gether at Caddo, Ind. Ter., we find that auratus arrives early in the fall 
and is a common winter resident; few, if any, breed there. After auratus 
has practically completed its fall migration and settled down to winter 
numbers, C. cafer and C. auratus hybridus came in together, and during the 
coldest weather all three are found in about equal numbers in heavy 
timber land, though G. cafer perhaps is the most abundant. It has been 
said that it is impossible to distinguish one species from the other with- 
out shooting them, but auratus and cafer can be easily distinguished by 
the difference in their call notes. 

416. Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmel.). [353.] Chuck-wilVs-widow. 

This is the southern Whippoorwill, and though it occurs as far north 
as southern Illinois (in some counties of which it is quite common), it is 
more abundant in the Gulf States, from which came all the notes con- 
tributed by our observers. In the spring of 1884 it was seen at Rodney, 
Miss., April 14. and the next day at Yazoo City. April 13, it came to 
Gainesville, Tex. It was found breeding at Isewport, Ark. 

In the spring of 1885 the only records received on the migration of 
the Chuck-will's Widow were notes of its appearance at Gainesville 
Tex., April 10, and at San Antonio, Tex., April 28. 

417. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). L354.] Whippoorwill. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley 
east of the Plains. In the spring of 1884 it appeared in eastern Concho 
County, Tex., where it was a summer resident, March 6. As it was not 
seen at Rodney and Yazoo City, Miss., until the last two days of 
March, it constitutes an exception to the general rule that species ar- 
rive earliest near the Mississippi River. The notes on tbis species, 
though quite numerous, are peculiar in that they do not contain a single 
record of the arrival of bulk, departure of bulk, or last. East of the 
Mississippi the rest of the record, omitting irregular occurrences, is as 
follows: April 15 they reached latitude 33° 34' in Mississippi and lati- 
tude 3G° 31' in Tennessee; April 27 they were recorded at latitude 40° 
OS' in Illinois; April 29 at latitude 41° 10' in Illinois, and the next day 
at Chicago, latitude 41° 5V. They reached latitude 41° 58' in Illinois 
May 1; Milwaukee, Wis., latitude 43°, May 3, and Green Bay, Wis., 



136 

latitude 44° 30', May 14. West of the Mississippi the record began at 
Eeeds, Mo., latitude 37° OS', April 8, and was carried on by arrivals at 
latitude 33° 45' in Missouri, and latitude 39° 12' in Kansas, April 17; 
at latitude 41° 14' in Iowa, April 23 ; latitude 41° 3S' in Iowa, April 25 ', 
latitude 44° 47' in Minnesota, May 2; and May 3, at latitude 45° 05' and 
45° 25' in Minnesota. May 10, it was reported at Frazee City, Minn., - 
(latitude 46° 33'), by Miss Gertrude M. Lewis; and another early date 
came from Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30'), where it was seen 
May 8, by Mr. A. T. Small. The records on this species cover a stretch 
of country about 1,400 miles in length, and the average rate of migra- 
tion (whether taken from the records east or from those west of the 
Mississippi Eiver) is twenty miles a day. The rarity of the Whippoor- 
will over the region of the Great Plains is seen from the fact that not a 
siugle record was received from Nebraska or Dakota. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Whippoorwill was seen at Elk River, 
Minn., September 23; at Lanesboro, Minn., September 22; and at 
Grinnell, Iowa, October 10. 

The notes on this species for the spring of 1885 can be arranged with 
ease, since nearly all of them belong to one wave. The first records 
were : Mason, Tex., March 27 ; Gainesville, Tex., April G ; Eeeds, Mo., 
April 12. The wonderful warm wave which occurred in the Mississippi 
Valley from April 19 to 24 induced the Whippoorwill to migrate over 
an immense stretch of country. Duriug these days it was noted from 
Mount Carmel, Mo.; Peoria, Aledo, and Chicago, 111.; Morning Sun, 
Ferry, Coralville, Iowa City, Newton, Grinnell, Ames, La Porte City, 
Williamstown, and Waukon, Iowa; Leeds Centre, Durand, Eiver Falls, 
New Eichmond, and Luck, Wis.; and Elk Eiver, Minn. After such an 
extraordinary wave as the above it is natural that further advance 
would be long delayed, and no report came from any station north of 
Elk Eiver, Minn., until the extreme limit of the northern range was 
reached, at Oak Point, Manitoba, May 12. It was noticed in 1884 that 
the Whippoorwill was not reported from Nebraska and Dakota. In 
1885 no reports come from these States nor from Kansas. In the fall 
of 1885 the last was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., September 20. 

418. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli (And.). [355.] Poor-will. 

The scarcity of the preceding species on the Phiius has been men- 
tioned. Its place there is taken by the present species, which is a rather 
common summer resident in Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, pass- 
ing eastward, even to Grinnell, Iowa, where an accidental visitant was 
taken in 1880. In southeastern Dakota Dr. Agersborg recorded it as 
common, but gave no date for its arrival. Iu the spring of 18S4 it was 
seen at Mason, Texas, April 8, and at Manhattan, Kans., May 0. It 
proceeds north to about latitude 48°, and winters near our southern 
border. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Poor-will was noted at San Angelo, 
Tex., March 2G. It arrived at Manhattan, Kans., April 15, but the 






137 

next was not seen there until May 4. In the meantime it had been seen 
at Emporia, Kans., April 27. 

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewster. [ .] Frosted Poor-idll. 

This handsome subspecies has been recently described by Mr. Win. 
Brewster, from specimens taken on the Nueces River, in Texas (Auk. 
Yol. IV, No. 2, April, 1887, pp. 147-148). 

419. Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmel.). [356.] Parauque. 

A tropical American species, coming north to the valley of the Lower 
Rio Grande, in Texas, where it is a common summer resident (Senuett 
& Merrill). 

420. Chordeiles virgiiiianus (Gmel.). [357.] Nighthawk. 

The Nighthawk winters south of the United States, and breeds 
throughout most of the Mississippi Valley east of the Plains, but 
principally in the northern portion, very few remaining in summer 
south of the parallel of thirty-seven degrees. It is a common summer 
resident in middle and eastern Kansas (Goss). 

In the spring of 1884 the earliest date received of the appearance of the 
Nighthawk within our borders was April 20, when it was seen at Waverly, 
Miss, (latitude 33° 34'). Since it arrived at Oak Point, Manitoba (lati- 
tude 50° 30'), May 25, its average speed was very high, reaching 34 
miles a day. A computation based on the same rate of speed indicates 
that the species reached the Gulf coast of Mississippi about April 14. 
The Nighthawk was recorded from latitude 39° in Missouri and Illinois 
April 29 and 30, and May 3 from latitude 39° 27' and 40° OS' in Illi- 
nois. May 6 and 8 it appeared in Illinois and Iowa, in the neighborhood 
of latitude 4L° 30', with a stray bird at latitude 43° 15', and also at 
Manhattan, Kans. (latitude 39° 12'). May 12 and 13 found it at lati- 
tude 43° 43' in Minnesota, and latitude 43° 0G' in Wisconsin, and May 
16 and 17 carried it over all the country south of latitude 54° 25'. 
It reached Argus ville, Dak. (latitude 47° 08'), May 23, and was noted 
from Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30'), May 25. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Nighthawk was seen at Williamstown, 
Iowa, August 26; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 15; at Mount Car- 
mel, Mo., September 27. The bulk left Des Moines September 10, and 
Mount Carmel September 21. While the advance of this species iu 
1884 was quite regular, in 1885 there were unexplainable idiosyncracies. 
It reached the southern border of the United States the same day as in 
1884, namely, April 14 (at Houma, La.). It was reported from San 
Antonio, southern Texas, April 15; from Coriuth, Miss., April 22; 
Bonham, Tex., April 29; Saint Louis, Mo., April 30; and May 2,3, 
and 4 from Eeeds and Mount Carmel, Mo., Odin and Kockford, 111., 
Keokuk, Iowa, and Ellsworth and Emporia, Kans. Thus far all the 
notes were somewhat regular, but four notes were contributed which 
certainly are extraordinary. They are: Griuuell, Iowa, first seen 



138 

April 21; next, April 22; common, April 26; Iowa City, Iowa, first 
seen April 22; Leeds Centre, Wis., first, April 21; next, April 24; 
Luck, Wis., first, April 28; next, April 30; common, May 11. The high 
character of the observers, and the commonness and uninistakability 
of the Nigkthawk, render it hardly possible that there can be any 
mistakes in the observations, which by their very number substantiate 
one another. And it must be remembered in this connection that the 
temperature during the night of April 21 was high enough to inspire 
migration in any of the heat-loving species. At 11 p. in., April 21, the 
thermometer registered 62° F. at Saint Paul and C9° F. at Davenport. 
The next warm wave reached the Upper Mississippi Valley April 28. 
The rest of the notes are quite regular. The first Nigkthawk reached 
Peoria, 111., May 6; Aledo, 111., May 11; and May 14, 15, anl 16 the 
first was recorded from Unadilla, Nebr.; Des Moines, Iowa; Waukon, 
Iowa; Lake Mills, Wis.; Milwaukee, Wis.; New Cassel, Wis.; La Crosse, 
Wis.; Durand, Wis.; River Falls, Wis.; Eochester, Minn., and Elk 
River, Minn. May 19 it was reported from Heron Lake, Minn.; May 
20 from Linwood, Nebr., and Huron, Dak.; May 23 from Argusville, 
Dak.; Menoken, Dak.; Two Rivers, Manitoba, and Oak Point, Mani- 
toba, though at this last place it had been first noted May 19. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Elk River, Minn., September 
20; at River Falls, Wis., September 15; Lanesboro, Minn., September 
18; Grinnell, Iowa, October 10; Iowa City, Iowa, September 20; and 
Fayette, Mo., September 19. The first was seen at Gainesville, Tex., 
October 6, and the last November 27. At Saint Louis, Mo., migration 
began August 17. Great movements were noted during the evenings 
of August 21 to 23, and again August 27. Fifty were seen going south- 
east at 5 p. m., September 15, and the last passed October 3. 

420 a. Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cass.). [357 a.] Western Nighfhawk. 

A common summer resident in western Manitoba and the Great Plains; 
common in middle and western Kansas (Goss). The records of this 
subspecies, which is the form inhabiting the dry western Plains, indicate 
quite a regular migration. In the spring of 18S1 it was reported from 
Gainesville, Tex., April 29; Darlington, Ind. Ter., May 4; Ellsworth, 
Kans., May 9; Ellis, Kans., May 10; and Menoken, Dak., May 23. These 
records indicate that the species performed its northward migration in 
the spring of 1884 at the high rate of 34 miles a day for a distance of 
upwards of 900 miles. Few species exceed the present in the extent of 
its wanderings, its migrations extending nearly 4,000 miles — from Brazil 
to the Arctic regions. It is found as far east as Yermilliou, in south- 
eastern Dakota, where it is a common summer resident, and where the 
eastern Mghthawk occurs in migration only. In the spring of 1885 
the only record received concerning the Western Mghthawk was its 
arrival at San Angelo, Tex., April 28. Mr. Lloyd says it probably breeds 
on the plains in Texas. Several specimens have been recorded from as 
far east as Waukegan, 111. (Nelson). 



139 

421. Chordeiles texensis Lawr. [35i.] Texan Nighthawfo 

A soutliern species, occurring froin Texas to southern California and 
southward. In 1884 it arrived at Mason, Tex., April 26. At San Angelo, 
Tex., five nests were found from May 14 to May 29, each containing two 
eggs. In southeastern Texas (near Houston) it is a regular summer 
resident (Sehrling). 

423. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.). [351.] Chimney Swift. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley. 
From its unknown winter home, somewhere south of the United States, 
the Chimney Swallow, in the spring of 1884, crossed our border in 
March, arriving at Eodney, Miss., March 13, but it was not noticed at 
Abbeville, La., which is on a prairie, until March 25. !No records of 
it were received while it was performing the next 400 miles of its jour- 
ney; but on April 14 it appeared all along the line of latitude 39° in 
Illinois and Missouri. April 20 it was reported from latitude 40°, and 
May 1 from several stations near latitude 41° 30'. On the same day it 
was also reported from Minneapolis, Minn., and Green Bay, Wis. These 
latter, however, were doubtless records of impetuous birds that had 
flown far ahead of their fellows, and the whole of the next week was 
required to distribute the species over the region they had crossed so 
hurriedly. The advance reached Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, May 
17. An average of all the notes received indicates that the bulk trav- 
eled about one week in rear of the van. 

In the fall of 1S34 the last Chimuey Swift was seen at Mount Cartnel, 
Mo., October 5, while the bulk left September 21. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Swift was noted at Houma, La., March 
21. It probably reached that point some days before, since it arrived 
at Saint Louis, Mo., ten days later (March 31), and this distance of 700 
miles is more than this species usually travels in that time. Six days 
elapsed after the first was seen at Saint Louis before it was observed at 
any other station, and then at two places on opposite sides of Saint 
Louis, and both much farther south, namely, Corinth, Miss., and Bon- 
ham, Tex. April 15 to 17 the bulk arrived at S.iint Louis, and during 
the same peuod the first was noted from Shawneetown, Paris, and 
Griggs ville, III. The next advance took place April 21 and 22, bring- 
ing the species to Emporia and Manhattan, Kans., Linwood, Xebr., Des 
Moines, Iowa, Griggsville, 111., and Hennepin, 111. At the following 
places in Iowa, in the same latitude, they were not seen until fire days 
later: Coralville, Grinnell, and Ames. Then came a long rest, extend- 
ing to May 13 and 14, when, with the returning warm weather, they 
appeared at Chicago, 111., Delavan, Wis., Milwaukee, Wis., Stoughton, 
Wis., Lake Mills, Wis., River Falls, Wis., Lanesboro, Minn , and Elk 
River, Minn. Much attention was paid to the movements of this species 
at Saint Louis by Mr. Widmann, who counted the number which, at 
evening, entered a certain tall chimney that for years has been a favorite 
resting place. The whole record from Saint Louis is : 



140 

March 31, first came two small parties at 6 p. m.; April 1, one going north, two 
enter the chimney ; April 4, four enter; April 5, seven; April 15, thirty; April 17, 
one hundred and thirty; April 20, one hundred aud fifty; April 26, two hundred and 
six; May 8, four hundred; May 12, one hundred and forty; May 15, fifty; May 16, 
transients are gone and summer sojourners are building. 

la the fall of 1885 the last was reported from Elk River, Minn., Sep- 
tember 7; Grinuell, Iowa, September 10; Iowa City, Iowa, September 
12; Mount Oarmel, Mo., September 20; Saint Louis, Mo., October 17; 
Shawneetown, 111., October 19; and Bonham, Tex., September 26. 

The full fall record from Saint Louis is as follows : 





Date. 


Auff 


17 




19. 


" 


26 


" 


29 


" 


30 


Sept 


. 9 


" 


18 



Movement. 



311 enter chimney. 

600 enter chimney. 

600 enter chimney. 

600 enter chimney. 

400 enter chimney. 

At 11a. in. larjje troops go south. 

300 enter chimney. 



Date. 



Oct. 3 
7 
" 11 
" 15 
" 16 
" 17 



Movement. 



100 enter chimney. 
Many in air. 
175 enter chimney. 
175 enter chimney. 
88 enter chimney. 
Last seen. 



425. Micropus melanoleucus (Baird). [349.] White-throated Swift. 

A western species, taken once in Texas by Heermann (B. B. & R. 
Land Birds, Vol. II, p. 425). 

428. Trochilus colubris Linn. [335.] Ruby-throated Hummingbird. 

Breeds from Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico. Breeds commonly as far 
west as Tom Green County, Tex. It is not probable that the Ruby-throat 
is ever found in the United States in winter. A queried reference from 
Florida has been received, and Mr. Bibbins, of Mermeuton, La., states 
that he thinks he saw one at that place the last of January or first of 
February, 1881. In the spring of 1884 the Hummingbird appears to 
have entered the United States during the last week in March, when it 
was seeu at Rodney, Miss., and Mason, Tex. April 3 and 4 it was re- 
ported from Yazoo City and Waverly, Miss., after which, excepting an 
irregular occurrence at Danville, 111., April 28, nothing more was heard 
of it until the van reached Saint Louis, May 5. May 13 it had moved 
to latitude 43° in Wisconsin, and 43° 15' iu Iowa. May 18 it was re- 
ported from the most northern stations of Wisconsin, and in Minnesota 
up to latitude 46° 33'. May 25 it was seen at Oak Point, Manitoba. 
And even here these tiny creatures, some of whom spent the winter in 
Brazil, had another five hundred miles to go before reaching the north- 
ern limit of their range. 

In the fall of 1884 the last was seen at Williamstown, Iowa, August 
23, and at Des Moines, Iowa, September 27. The last left Mount Oar- 
mel, Mo., October 5, although the bulk left September 15. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Ruby-throated Hummingbird was 
recorded from San Autonio, Tex., April 1. This was followed by its 
arrival at Bonham, Tex., April?; Shawneetown, 111., April 20; Fay- 
ette, Mo., April 25 ; and Odin, 111., April 27. The rest of the notes were 
irregular. The first at Iowa City, Iowa, was noted May 1; at Pierce 



141 

City, Mo., May 2; at Paris, 111., May 3; at Grinneli, Iowa, Saint Louis, 
Mo., and Hennepin, 111., May 4; at Peoria, 111., May 6 ; at Waukon, Iowa, 
May 13 ; at Coleta, 111., and La Porte City, Iowa, May 15 ; at Keokuk, 
Iowa, Lake Mills, Wis., and Lanesboro, Minn., May 16; at Rockford, 
111., and Elk River, Minn., May 17 j at Chicago, 111., Xew Cassel and 
Luck, Wis., May 19 and 20. The arrival of the first at Shell River, 
Manitoba, was noted June 3. 

Iu the fall of 1885 the last was reported from Lanesboro, Minn.. 
September 23; Grinneli, Iowa, September 16 ; Iowa City, Iowa, August 
11 ; Fayette, Mo., October 10 ; and Mount Carniel, Mo., August 2. The 
last female was reported from Bonham, Tex., October 16, while the 
males had left some time in August. At Saint Louis, Mo., they were 
numerous September 26 : the bulk left September 29, and the last was 
seen October 11. 

429. Trochilus alexandri Bourc. and Muls. [336.] Black-chinned Hummingbird. 
This western Hummer comes east to central Texas, where it was re- 
ported to be a common summer resident in Mason, Concho, and Tom 
Green Counties. In 1S78 it was taken in Gillispie and San Saba Coun- 
ties, Tex., by Mr. Ragsdale (Bull. Xutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, 
p. 60). Aud a single male was killed by Mr. X. C. Brown at Boerne, 
Tex., April 5, 1883. At San Angelo, iu the spring of 1881, it was not 
observed till April 16, but since its nest aud two eggs were found there 
four days later (April 20) the species must have been present for some 
time before it was noticed. 

In the spring of 1SS5 it was reported as arriving at San Angelo 
April 2 ; at San Antonio, April 7 ; and at Mason, April 1 1. At San An- 
tonio a nest with two eggs was found April 28, and at San Angelo a 
nest with five young, May 13. 

432. Trochilus platycercus Swains. [339.] Broad-tailed Hummingbird. 

A Rocky Mountain Hummer, migrating south to Guatemala in win- 
ter. It was taken at El Paso, Tex., by Mr. J. H. Clark, iu 1851 (B. 
B. & R. Land Birds, Vol. II, p. 463). 

435. Trochilus heloisa (Less. & DeLatt.). [342.] Heloises Hummingbird. 

This species inhabits eastern Mexico and southern Texas. One 
specimen ( $ ) was taken at El Paso by Mr. Clark. 

438. Amazilia fuscicaudata (Fraser). [345.] Eieffefs Hummingbird. 

An inhabitant of Central America and eastern Mexico, coming north 
to the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, iu Texas, where it was taken 
by Dr. Merrill. 

439. Amazilia cerviniventris Gould. [346.] Buff-bellied Hummingbird. 

An inhabitant of eastern Mexico, coming north to the valley of the 
Lower Bio Grande, in Texas, where Dr. J. C. Merrill fouud it a common 
summer resident. 



142 

442. Mirvulus tyrannus (Linn.). [302.] Forlc-tailed Flycatcher. 

A tropical American species, accidental in the United States. Be- 
corded by Audubon from Mississippi and Kentucky. 

443. Milvulus forficatus (Gmel.). [301.] Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. 

The true home of the " Texas Bird of Paradise " is from Texas to 
Central America. In summer it occurs regularly in Indian Territory 
and Kansas. In southern Kansas it is a tolerably common summer 
resident (Gross). Accidental stragglers have been recorded from as far 
north as Manitoba and Hudson Bay. In the spring of 1881 the first 
arrivals spread over the whole of the northern part of Texas during 
the last week of March. In Indian Territory they appeared at Caddo 
April 11 and at Darlington April 9. The bulk reached Eagle Pass, 
Tex., April 1, and three days later they were numerous at San Angelo, 
where they were breeding from May G to July 16. Clutches of four, 
five, and six eggs were found. 

In the fall of 1884 a flock of transient Scissor-tailed Flycatchers was 
seen at San Angelo October 1. The last was seen there October 6. 
At Portage la Prairie, Mauitoba, Mr. Nash found one a lying dead on 
the prairie" in October. 

In the spring of 1885 none but Texas observers reported its arrival. 
It reached San Angelo March 11 ; Bonham March 28, and Gainesville 
March 31. It was noted also at Eagle Pass, San Antonio, and Mason. 
In the fall of 18S5 the last was seen at Bonham October 5, and at Ma- 
son October 11. 

444. Tyrannus tyrannus ( Liu n.). [304.] Kingbird. 

A common summer resident throughout Manitoba and the Missis- 
sippi Yalley. Even as far south as Houston, Tex., it breeds abun- 
dantly; but in the valley of the Lower Bio Grande it is a migrant only 
(Sennett & Merrill). At Brown's Valley, on the border between Min- 
nesota and Dakota, it is so abundant that Boberts and Benner found 
twenty-five nests in one day (June 17, L879), " all containing full sets 
of perfectly fresh eggs." (Bull.Nutt, Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, p. 15.) 

This species will be treated with reference to the influence which the 
atmospheric warm and cold waves had upon its movements. In study- 
ing the weather reports of the Signal Service it is found that a succes- 
sion of cold aad warm waves pass over the Mississippi Valley. They 
begin in the northwest and pass eastward and southward. This is true 
of the warm waves as well as the cold. The common idea that a warm 
wave begins in the south and passes northward is wrong ; it begins iu 
the north and passes southward. For example, on the night of May 
15, 1881, a warm wave began at Custer, in the Bocky Mountains. At 
11 p. m. the temperature was 70° Fahr., while at Memphis, Tenn., sev. 
eral hundred miles farther south and east, it was seven degrees colder 
(the mercury standing at 63°). This warm wave reached the Missouri 
River at Yankton and Omaha on the night of May 16, the Mississippi 



143 

at Keokuk and St. Louis May 17, and by the next night it had ex- 
tended to Cairo and Memphis. The maximum heat did not reach 
Vicksburg until the night of May 19. Thus this warm wave was four 
days in passing from the Rocky Mountains to Vicksburg. Before it 
had reached the Gulf States another cold wave had already started in 
the northwest. May 17, at Ouster, Mont., the temperature was re- 
duced to 53°. This cold wave, also passing south and east, reached 
Vicksburg May 20, the next night after the warm wave. In this way 
waves are constantly passing, and their influence on the migration of 
birds is very marked. 

The Signal Service reports show that a warm wave culminated in the 
Lower Mississippi region on the night of March 30. The next day the - 
first Kingbird noted in the spring of 1884 Avas seen at Rodney, 
Miss., (latitude 31° 52 / ). (It was reported that a few remained all 
winter at latitude 29° 57' in Louisiana, as indeed they do throughout 
most of the Gulf States.) For the next ten days there was no general 
or widespread atmospheric wave. The northern half of the Mississippi 
Valley was visited by short snow-storms followed by still shorter 
periods of sunshine, while the weather in the southern part was of an 
indeterminate character. During this period, and after a night when 
the temperature was scarcely above freezing, the first Kingbird was 
noted from latitude 37° OS' in Missouri. There is no reason for challeng- 
ing the record, for in so well-known a bird there is little chance of 
erroneous identification. But the probability is that the bird really 
arrived the night before, when the temperature was nearly fifteen 
degrees warmer, and escaped detection. However that may be, it is 
evident that very little movement took place until the advent of the 
warm wave which started in the Eocky Mountains on the 12th of 
April and was very pronounced in the Lower Mississippi Valley during 
the nights of the 13th and the 15th, the temperature being 29 degrees 
warmer than a few nights before. This renewed the advance and 
brought the first Kingbirds to latitude 33° 34' in Mississippi on the 15th, 
and to latitude 33° 36' in Texas on the 16th. After a decided but 
short cold wave another warm wave passed over most of the Missis- 
sippi Valley on the night of April 17. It brought three males to Saint 
Louis, and the next day the bulk was reported from latitude 37° 08' in 
Missouri. A few days later two notes were received from Illinois, just 
opposite Saint Louis. It may be that the birds came during the slight 
rise of temperature during the night of April 21, but it is more proba- 
ble that they came on the night of the 17th and were not noticed until 
later. The next note in order of latitude is that from latitude 36° 56' in 
Missouri, where the first was not recorded till April 25; but since a 
station in latitude 37° OS' in Missouri, only a few miles distant, had 
previously reported both the first and bulk, it may be considered that 
the species was accidentally overlooked until long after it had arrived. 

On April 2o a warm wave was at its height at Yankton and Omaha, 



144 

arriving at Saint Louis the next day. This wave was the culmination 
of six clays of constantly increasing warmth, and started the birds be- 
fore it had reached its maximum. April 25, first arrivals were reported 
from latitude 41° 22' in Nebraska, and April 20 an increase of summer 

residents, with the first flock of transients, was recorded at Saint Louis 

at both places the day before the maximum of temperature. The night 
of the maximum (April 27) brought " firsts " to latitude 39° 43' and lati- 
tude 40° 08' in Illinois. A record was made at latitude 42° 16' in Illi- 
nois on April 28, but as this was the day after a quite pronounced polar 
wave it is probable that the birds came the day before with the maxi. 
mum wave, and had escaped observation. The same remark applies 
to two records from latitude 40° 47' and 40° 53', April 28 and 29, which 
probably belong to April 26. The largest wave of the season began 
at Custer, Mont., April 28, passed Yankton and Saint Paul, and ex- 
tended down the Mississippi to Saint Louis on the 29th, and reached 
the Lower Mississippi Valley on the 30th. As in the case of the previ- 
ous wave, a slight bird movement took place the day before, bringing 
the first Kingbird to latitude 39° 14' in Missouri, the bulk to latitude 
39° 43 / in Illinois, and flocks of transients to latitude 38° 40' in Missouri. 
But the next night witnessed the grand movement, which carried the 
species to latitude 41° 05', 41° 26', 41° 3S', 41° 40', and 42° 37' in Iowa, 
and latitude 39° 19', 41° 36', 41° AG', 41° 58', and 42° 37' in Illinois. 
Ilence it appears that between darkness and daylight there was a solid 
advance of Kiugbirds over 200 miles of territory. Who shall say how 
many, many thousand were winging their way northward through the 
silent watches of that night ? The notes of May 1 from latitude 41° 14/ 
in Iowa undoubtedly also belong to this wave. The night ot May 1 was 
cold throughout the northern half of the Mississippi Valley, and was 
followed two days later by a warmer period, which marked another ad- 
vance of Kingbirds to latitude 43° 06'. In this wave there was no such 
uniformity of movement as in the preceding. Indeed, out of the seven 
uotes which have been apportioned to it, only two hit the maximum 
exactly; but considering them all to pertain to this wave, the advance 
is found to be at latitude 43° and 43° 06' in Wisconsin, and latitude 43° 
43' in Minnesota, with the bulk at latitude 39° 12' in Illinois and lati- 
tude 41° 14' in Iowa. The culmination of the next wive extended from 
May 8 in the northwest to May 10 in the southeast. During the five 
days of preparation for this wave there were no notes. On the day 
preceding, the bulk arrived at latitude 42° 56' in Dakota; the first at 
latitude 44° 22' in Wisconsin and at latitude 45° in Minnesota, while 
on the day of the maximum "firsts" were recorded at latitude 43° 43' 
and 44° 30' in Wisconsin, latitude 44° 32' in Minnesota, latitude SS° 
55' in Kansas, and latitude 47° OS 7 in Dakota, with new arrivals of bulk 
at latitude 43° 06' in Wisconsin and 41° 36' in Iowa. Thus there was 
nearly as much real advance during these nights as during the last 
wave of April, the difference being that the April wave spread over all 






145 

the stations during the same night, while the present wave occupied 
two nights. For the next three days there were six notes from the Up- 
per Mississippi Valley, which probably belong to this wave, though the 
next two nights after the maximum were also warm and the birds very 
likely did some migrating. These six do not indicate any advance be- 
yond previous records, but are the filling in from stations in the rear 
which had not before reported. 

Another wave occurred on the night of May 17, but all the notes re- 
ceived on Kingbirds were made the previous day, which was also warm. 
These records mark the arrival of the bulk at latitude 43° in Wisconsin, 
and of the first at latitude 46° 33' in Minnesota, while — and the fact 
is significant — it marked, as it should, the last transients seen at Saint 
Louis, for certainly all lasts should be seen just before the maximum of 
a warm wave. 

But few waves remain in which the Kingbird is concerned. One on 
May 20 brought the bulk to latitude 43° 48' and 4G° 33' in Minnesota, 
and the first to latitude 46° 58' in Dakota, and lastly, on June 3, the 
first appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30'). To recapitu- 
late, 76 observations were contributed on the movements of the King- 
bird. Of these, 12 were made on the day before the maximum ; 10 the day 
after the maximum; 9 exactly at the minimum, that is, when the polar 
wave was at its height; 4 are evidently mistakes in identification, and 
8 occurred at intermediate times when there was no decided wave either 
cold or warm. This leaves 33 notes which agree exactly with the max- 
imum of the warm waves. It is perfectly natural that when a warm 
period is gradually increasing the birds should be influenced by it before 
it reaches the maximum, so that the first 12 records spoken of may be 
considered correct. Omitting the four mistakes, 72 records remain, of 
which 11 per cent, are indeterminate, 28 per cent, do not agree with 
the waves, and 61 per cent, agree exactly. 

Considering the lack of experience in noting migration on the part of 
most of the observers, this is a very creditable showing. 

The average speed at which the Kingbird migrates has been calcu- 
lated in the light of the above-mentioned cold and warm waves. It has 
been assumed that no movement took place during the nights of pro- 
nounced cold waves, and also that none occurred until at least the day 
before the maximum, with the exception of the indeterminate times on 
which there were notes. The record began at latitude 31° 52' in Mis- 
sissippi March 31, and ended at latitude 59° 30' in Manitoba June 
3. The species thus passed over 1,286 miles in sixty-four clays, which 
gives an average of twenty miles a day. Subtracting the nights of 
no movement, but retaining all the nights on which there was any 
possibility of movement, we find that there were thirty-two nights on 
which migration might have taken place, which would give an aver- 
age of forty miles a night. That the above estimate of the number of 
non-movement nights is not too high may be seen from the records at 
7365— Bull 2 10 



146 

Saint Louis, where there were only about twenty-seven nights from March 
31 to June 3 on which migratory movements took place; and it is safe 
to assume that the favorable nights as far north as Minnesota would 
have been fewer than at Saint Louis. Hence it is probable tbat on no 
night during which Kingbirds moved did they go less than forty miles, 
while on the night of April 29 they traversed over two hundred miles, 
and on the nights of May 9 and 10 more than a hundred miles each 
night. 

If each station had furnished a record (similar to that kept by Mr. 
Widmann at Saint Louis) of all the nights when decided bird move- 
ments took place, when slight movements took place, and when no 
movement occurred, the advance of the various species could be cal- 
culated with great accuracy, and a long step forward would have been 
made in our knowledge of the phenomena of migration. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk left Williamstown, Iowa, August 20, and 
the last was seen there August 28. At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was 
seen August 2G. 

In the spring of 1885 the earliest record of the presence of the King- 
bird in the Mississippi Valley came from Hon ma, La., where it was 
seen March 19. At Gainesville, Tex., 4 degrees farther north, the first 
was seen April 10; at Eeeds, Mo., April 13; Shawneetown, 111., April 
16, and Odin, 111., April 19. April 19 was the date of the beginning of 
the most pronounced warm wave which occurred in the Mississippi 
Valley during the whole season of migration. The risiug temperature 
was first felt at Saint Vincent, Minn., the evening of April 18, and 
reached the maximum at New Orleans, La., the night of April 22. Its 
intensity may be judged from the fact that at La Crosse, Wis., the 
temperature at 11 p. m., April 17, was 38°, while the next night it was 
58° ; at Keokuk the temperature rose from 42° on the 17th to GS° dur- 
ing the night of the 21st. Of course, this great rising temperature sent 
a large bird-wave northward. The Kingbird was prominent in this 
wave, traveling in company with the Whippoorwill, Brown Thrasher, 
and many others. Now it is a queer fact that, although this bird-wave 
was plainly noticed at every station in southern Iowa and central 
Illinois, yet each station reported a different set of birds out of the ten 
or a dozen well-known species which there is good reason to believe 
were then migrating together. Thus, for example, during spring mi- 
gration in 1885 the three birds already mentioned, namely, the King- 
bird, Brown Thrasher, and Whippoorwill, were all reported from the 
following thirteen stations: Griggsville, Aledo, and Hennepin, 111., 
and Morning Sun, Ferry, Knoxville, Des Moines, Iowa City, Coral- 
ville, Newton, Grinnell, Ames, and La Porte City, Iowa. During the 
five days from April 19 to April 23 the Kingbird was reported from 
six of these stations, the Brown Thrasher from eleven, and the Whip- 
poorwill from nine. One station reported the Brown Thrasher only, 
and another the Kingbird only. The Kingbird and Brown Thrasher, 



147 

without the Whippoorwill, were reported by two stations; the other 
two without the Kiugbird by six stations, and one station reported the 
Kingbird and Whippoorwill without the Brown Thrasher. At two 
stations all three were seen. Now what conclusions can be drawn from 
these facts ? It is evident that the peculiarity of the records must be 
due to irregularity of migration or to irregular or incomplete observa- 
tion, and it is probable that both causes affect the result. These rec- 
ords show also how necessary it is, in studying migration, to have notes 
from a large number of stations. The seven of the above mentioned 
stations which did not report the Kingbiid by April 23 recorded its 
arrival the following number of days afterwards, namely, one, fourteen, 
nine, six, eight, four, and twenty days, respectively. 

Beturning again to the regular migration of the Kingbird, the records 
show that it was seen at Odin, HI., April 10; the next day at Saint 
Louis and Glasgow, Mo.; April 21 at Mount Carmel,Mo., and Manhattan, 
Kans.; April 22 and 23 at Paris and Hennepin, 111., and Ferry, Coral- 
ville, Knoxville, and La Porte City, Iowa. 

Although this same warm wave carried the Whippoorwill and the 
Brown Thrasher a full hundred miles farther north than any of these 
stations, no further advance of the Kingbird was noted during the rest 
of the month. Its advance from ttie region where the last wave left it 
to latitude 45° seems to have taken place in two separate flights, about 
a week apart, both passing over the same country. And since the in- 
terval between these two flights was occupied by snow-storms and 
freezing weather, it may be inferred that the advance-guard of King- 
birds had encountered the cold wave, which delayed the arrival of any 
other detachments until the weather moderated. The stations visited 
by the scouts on May 4 and 5 wereBatavia, 111., Delavan, Wis. (where 
it was first seen May 1), Stoughtou, Wis., Lake Mills, Wis., New Oassel, 
Wis., Bochester, Minn., Excelsior, Minn, (first seen May 2), and Min- 
neapolis, Minn. The second detachment was noted from May 11 to 13 
at Batavia, 111. (common); Bockford, 111. (common); Lake Mills, Wis- 
(bulk arrived); Leeds Centre, Wis. (first); Bipon, Wis. (first); Biver 
Falls, Wis. (first); Ames, Iowa (first); Williamstown, Iowa (first); 
Waukon, Iowa (first); Lanesboro, Minn, (first); Heron Lake, Minn. 
(first); Lake City, Minn, (first), and Huron, Dak. (first). The first at 
Elk Biver, Minn., was seen May 14 ; at New Richmond, Wis , May 15 ; 
at Menoken, Dak., May 17 ; Two Bivers, Manitoba, and Oak Point, 
Manitoba, May 21. The two notes from Xebrasl^a (Unadilla April 27 
and Linwood May 2) agreed very well with records from both Kansas 
and Dakota 

In the fall of 1885 the last Kingbird was reported from Elk Biver, 
Minn., September 1; Grinnell, Iowa, August 4; Saint Louis, Mo., 
August 18; Mount Carmel, Mo., September 17; and Bonham, Tex., 
October 17. In Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., it is. a rather 
rare fall visitant. 



148 

445. Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmel.). [303.] Gray Kingbird. 

The Gray Kingbird is a tropical species, a few coming north regularly 
to the Gulf States to breed. 

446. Tyrannus melancholicus couchii (Baird). [305.] Couclis Kingbird. 

A tropical American species, coming north to southern Texas. Its 
nest and eggs have been taken at Lomita Eanch, on the Lower Rio 
Grande (Sennett). 

447. Tyrannus verticalis Say. [306.] Arkansas Flycatcher ; Western Kingbird. 

A western species occurring in the western row of States in our dis- 
trict. It was ascertained to breed in western Minnesota by Thomas S. 
Roberts and Franklin Benner, who found two of its nests in the Trav- 
erse Lake region in June, 1870 (Bull. Nutt. Orniili. Club, Vol. V, 1880, 
pp. 15-10). It is common in middle and western Kansas (Goss) ; has 
been taken in Texas, in Kansas as far east as Fort Hays, and in both 
southwestern and southeastern Nebraska; is a rare summer resident in 
southeastern Dakota; abundant in central Dakota, and has occurred 
accidentally in Iowa, the District of Columbia, Maine, New Jersey, and 
New York. In 1S84 few notes were contributed relating to its move- 
ments during the spring migration. It was seen at San Angelo, Tex., 
and Vermillion, Dak., during the first week in May, and-at Ellis, Kans., 
May 22. 

In the spring of 1SS5 the first Arkansas Flycatcher was seen at San 
Angelo, Tex., May G, the next May 8, and the last May 18. 

448. Tyrannus vociferans Swains. [307.] Cassiiis Kingbird. 

A south western species, recorded from western Texas. 

449. Pitangus derbianus (Kaup). [308.] Mexican Pitanyus : Derby Flycatcher. 

An inhabitant of tropical America, coming north to the Lower Rio 
Grande Valley, in Texas, where it was found by Mr. Sennett, who pro- 
cured several specimens near Lomita rauch, above Hidalgo. 

450. Myiozetetes texensis (Giraud). [309.] GiraueVs Flycatcher. 

An inhabitant of tropical America, coming north to Texas (Giraud). 
Giraud's type is in the U. S. National Museum. 

452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). [312]. Great-crested Flycatcher. 

A common summer resident of the Mississippi Valley ; rare as far 
north as Manitoba. Winters extralimitally, entering our district in 
April. In the spring of 1884 it was recorded at Gaiuesville, Tex., 
April 13; Manhattan, Kans., April 26, and Burlington, Iowa, April 27. 
About the same time it was observed at Pierce City, Mount Carmel, 
and Saint Louis, in Missouri. The three stations near the thirty-ninth 
parallel reported tbe arrival of the bulk about May 1. By May 3 tbe 
van had advanced to central Iowa (latitude 41° 36' and 41° 38'), while 
on the 10th, at West Depere, Wis., Mr. S. W. Willard shot the first he 
had ever seen in that neighborhood. The species seldom goes farther 






149 

north than this. In Minnesota it has been traced up to latitude 45° 
and possibly a little farther, but at latitude 47° I never saw it. It 
breeds throughout its United States range. In the fall of 1881 the last 
Great crested Flycatcher was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, August 26. 
At Mount Carrnel, Mo., the bulk left August 15 and the last September 
9. The last left San Angelo, Tex., September 27. 

Iu the spring of 1885 the earliest record was from Gainesville, Tex., 
where the species was seen April 9. It appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., 
April 21; Paris, 111., April 22; Mount Carrnel, Mo., April 23; Manhattan, 
Kans., May 4; Des Moines, Iowa, May 5, and Elk River, Minn., May 
21. In the fall of 1885 the last left Grinnell, Iowa, September 26, and 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 21. 

In Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., it is a summer resident, 
and is particularly abundant in fall migration ; and at Houston, in east- 
ern Texas, it is also a common breeder. 

453. Myiarchus mexicanus (Kaup). [311.] Mexican Crested Flycatcher. 

But one record of this Mexican species was received. Mr. Atwater 
found it a summer resident at San Antonio, Tex., where it arrived 
about the 1st of April in 1884. This point probably is not far from the 
northern limit of its range. Previously it was not known north of the 
valley of the Lower Rio Grande, where it is abundant. 

454. Myiarchus cinerascens La wr. [313.] Ash-throated Flycatcher. 

This western Flycatcher reaches our district in Texas, where it is a 
summer resident. In the spring of 1884 the first male arrived at San 
Angelo March 23, followed three days later by the female; April 7 
both sexes were numerous. Three nests were found May 9, May 19, 
and June 9. They contained clutches of four, five, and five eggs, 
respectively. The last noted in 18S3 was on August 30. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Ash throated Flycatcher came to 
Mason, Tex., April 5, where they were common by April 10. At San 
Angelo, Tex., the first was seen March 15. They appeared at Bon- 
ham, Tex., April 22, and were common April 26. In the fall of 1885, 
at Bonham, Tex., the last was seen October 17. 

455. Myiarchus lawrenceii (Gir.). [314.] Lawrence 1 s Flycatcher. 

An inhabitant of eastern Mexico, coming north to the Lower Rio 
Grande Valley, in Texas. 

456. Sayornis phcebe (Lath.). [315.] Phoebe; Fewee. 

This familiar bird is a common summer resident in tne Mississippi 
Yalley. In eastern Texas, near Houston, it is common in winter from 
December till March, but none remain to breed (Nehrling). In the 
spring of 1884 fifty observers reported the date of its first appear- 
ance. At the different stations there were great differences in the 
number of individuals seen. At one station they were reported as 
common, while at another, not far distant, they may have been very 



150 

rare. Mermenton, La., near the Gulf coast, was the only station report- 
ing it to be a permanent resident. Farther west, at San Angelo, Tex., 
a single bird was taken February 1, 1882. A single bird appeared at 
Gainesville, Tex., as early as February 27, 1884. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., 
one was seen March 8, and eleven days later the first arrived at Saiut 
Louis, Mo. These were several m^es and females, the advance guard 
of the scattered army that moved northward a few days later. 

The appearance of the Pewee at any locality is usually an indication 
that it will breed there. I have never yet seen a transient visitor in 
migration, and the notes received from the different stations confirm 
my opinion that they do not linger along the way while migrating. 
Whether their flight is maintained for long distances at a very great 
height, or whether they stop for rest aud food, I do not know, but I 
have never seen any arrive in spring whose breeding locality was not 
easily found. True, I have known a pair to appear for a few days dur- 
ing warm weather and then disappear for a fortnight during a cold 
snap. But later the same birds returned and nested under the eaves 
of the old barn. They may have sought the shelter of some near forest 
or ravine, or may even have gone southward for a time during the cold 
weather. From March 20 to March 23, 1SS4, the great wave of migra- 
tion occurred. During those eight days the species spread throughout 
Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. There does not 
seem to have been any regularity in this advance. The birds seem to 
have left their winter homes and to have passed directly to their breed- 
ing stands, where nesting began within a few days. Thus, at Newton, 
Iowa (latitude 41° 42'), they were building March 28. 

On tlie western line of migration there was more delay in the advance. 
Thus on March 29 the first was seen at Pierce City (latitude 3G° 5G')-, 
April 2 the first appeared at Manhattan, Kans. (latitude 39° 12'). April 
7 they became common at Gainesville, Tex.; three days later were com- 
mon at Manhattan. April 5 they were first seen at Fridley, Minn, (lati- 
tude 45° 05'). The last record of arrival was from Oak Point, Manitoba 
(latitude 50° 30'), where they are rare and were first seen May 15. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Phoebe left Des Moines, Iowa, September 
24. The bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., October 1, while the last was 
seen there October 10. At Gainesville, Tex., the first came October 27. 

In the spring of 18S5 about half of the notes contributed on the Pewee 
mention its movements on two consecutive days, so that it evidently 
was migrating in great numbers at that time. Previously several dates 
were recorded, the earliest of which was its arrival at Fayette, Mo., 
March 4. It reached Shawueetown, 111., March 5; Saint Louis, Mo., 
March 10 (and on the same date was seen the second time at Fayette); 
Richmond, Kans., March 11; Manhattan, Kans., and Glasgow, Mo., 
March 14. 

During the next nine days no movement was recorded, which may 
be explained by the fact that from Saint Louis northward a second 
winter set in with the temperature below freezing almost every night. 



iSi 

From March 23 to March 29 the folio wing scattered notes of i: firsts" 
were made : Odin, 111., March 29 ; Aledo, III., March 23; Keokuk, 
Iowa, March 29; Ferry, Iowa, March 28; Knoxville, Iowa, March 23; 
Des Moines, Iowa, March 24 ; Newton, Iowa, March 27 ; Tanrpico, 111., 
March 25 ; Batavia, 111., March 28; Bockford, 111., March 23 ; Delavan, 
Wis., March 29 ; Lanesboro, Minn., March 29. The above records in- 
dicate that the van was so demoralized by the cold weather that its 
movements, when it did start again, were very irregular. The grand 
move, to which allusion has beeu made already, took place the last 
day in March and the first day in April. During these two days the 
arrival of the Pewee was recorded at Paris, 111.; Peoria, 111.; Hennepin, 
III.; Chicago, 111.; Morning Sun, Iowa; Mount Pleasant, Iowa ; Bick- 
mond, Iowa ; Iowa City, Iowa ; Coralville, Iowa; La Porte City, Iowa ; 
Stoughton, Wis.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Leeds Centre, Wis., and Lake 
Mills, Wis. Following are the only notes contributed for the region 
north of the stations just enumerated: the species arrived at New Cas- 
sel, Wis., April 4; Lake City, Miun., April 4; Durand, Wis., April 5; 
Hastings, Minn., April 6; Elk Eiver, Minn., April 6, and Oak Point, 
Manitoba, May 22. 

In the fall of 1885 the last Pewee was reported from Elk Eiver, Minn., 
September 28; from Eiver Falls, Wis., September 27; Lanesboro, 
Minn., October 7; Grinnell, Iowa, October 17; Iowa City, Iowa, Octo- 
ber 3; Mount Carmel, Mo., October 9; and Saint Louis, Mo., October 
27. At Gainesville, Texas, the first was seen October 4 and the sec- 
ond November 27. In Concho County, Tex., it is rare in summer and 
winter, but common in fall (Lloyd). 

457. Sayornis saya (Bonap.). [316. "| Say's Phoebe. 

Like the Phcebe of the east, this western bird is an early migrant. 
In our district it winters in Texas, ranging regularly as far east as the 
Colorado Eiver (Lloyd). It occurs in eastern Texas, near Houston, in 
April (Nehrling). Near Fort Brown, on the Lower Eio Grande, in 
Texas, it is not uncommon in winter (Merrill), and Mr. Sennett took it 
at Lomita ranch in April. It proceeds north early in the spring. At 
Boerne, Tex,, Mr. Brown saw several and secured two early in Febru- 
ary, 1883, during a severe storm. Both were much emaciated. By 
March 18, 1884, it had reached Ellis, Kans., where it is a constant sum- 
mer resident. Though not recorded by our observers from any station 
north of Kansas, yet it does go more than a thousand miles farther 
northward. Ou its southward journey it reached winter quarters at 
San Angelo, Tex., December 19, 1883, at which locality the last spring 
bird was seen April 22, though a few probably stay to breed in favorable 
localities. At Ellis, Kans., the bulk came April 18. Toward the east, 
in Texas, Mr. Eagsdale found it in Clay County in the spring of 1884, 
but has never seen it at Gainesville, in Cook County. It has been 
found by Mr. Powell and by others in southeastern Nebraska, and has 
occurred accidentally in northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa. 



152 

458. Sayornis nigricans (Swains.). [317.] Black Phceue. 

Daring the summer this southwestern species penetrates a short dis- 
tance into western Texas. The only locality at which Mr. Lloyd has 
found it is along Spring Creek, in Tom Green County, where it is rare, 
but breeds. In the spring of 1885 it arrived at San Angelo, Tex., 
March 14, and was common there March 2G. Three eggs were taken 
April 3 from a last year's nest which had been used a second time. 

459. Contopus borealis (Swains.). [318.] Olive- sided Flycatcher. 

Breeds from northern Minnesota northward and winters below our 
southern border. Col. Goss says it breeds in Kansas. Though occur- 
ring throughout the whole of the Mississippi Yalley, this species seems 
to have almost escaped the notice of the observers. It was seen as a 
rare transient at Ellis, Kans., and the first was noticed at Lanesboro, 
Minn., June 2, 1884. In the spring of 1885 the first Olive sided Fly- 
catcher was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 30; at Grinnell, Iowa, May 
21; and at Lanesboro, Minn., May 18. The last was recorded from 
Saint Louis May 15; from Gainesville, Tex., May 21; and from Grin- 
nell, Iowa, May 30. In the fall of 1885 the first migrant appeared at 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 14, and the last was seen there September 
25. Mr. Lloyd states that in Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., it 
is a fall migrant, tolerably common in September. 

461. Contopus virens (Linn.). [320.] Wood Pewee. 

A common summer resident in Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley east 
of the Plains. This species was said by Audubon to winter in Louisiana, 
but has not been found there by late observers ; neither were any notes 
contributed of its presence in the United States as early as the date of 
arrival given by Dr. Coues, who says that it enters our district in March. 
Still, as it reached Saint Louis April 29, 1884, and its average rate of 
travel is about fifteen miles a day, calculation shows that it ought to 
have reached the Gulf coast of Louisiana March 18. In the spring of 
1884 our earliest date came from near the extreme western limit of its 
range, namely, Mason, Tex., where it was seen April 1G. Farther 
north in Texas, it was observed at Gainesville, April 29, which is the 
same day at which it was seen at Saint Louis, three hundred and fifty- 
four miles farther north and still farther east. The average rate from 
Mason to Gainesville was about the same as that from Saint Louis to 
Waukon, Iowa, so that it is probable that the dates express very nearly 
the actual state of affairs, making it evident that migration along the 
western part of its habitat is much behind that in the eastern and 
middle portions. West of Mason the only record came from San An- 
gelo, Tex., where the species was found to be an occasional visitant. 
Mr. Eidgway states that specimens sent to the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion were not the western form (G. richardsonii), but the true eastern 
C. virens.* Central Iowa was reached in migration May 10, northern 

* Since the above was written, Mr. Lloyd has taken two specimens of Contopus 
richardsoni in Concho County, Tex. 



153 

Iowa May 20, and southern Minnesota (at Lanesboro) June 2. The 
bulk was four or five days behind the van. The Wood Pewee is com- 
mon iu eastern Kansas and rare in western (Goss). 

In the fall of 18S4 the bulk of Wood Pewees was reported as leaving 
Williainstown, Iowa, August 24; Des Moines, Iowa, August 29 ; and 
Mount Carmel, Mo., September 10. The last was reported from Des 
Moines, August 29 ; from Mount Carmel, September 21 ; and from San 
Angelo, Tex., September 21. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was recorded from San Angelo, Tex., 
March 14. Several weeks elapsed before the next record was made. 
At Gainesville, Tex., it was seen April 18; at Saint Louis, Mo., April 
28 ; at Chicago, 111 , May 5 ; Des Moines, Iowa, May 15 ; Lanesboro, 
Minn., May 19; Heron Lake, Minn., May 20; Elk Eiver, Minn., May 
22, and Manhattan, Kans., May 16. 

In the fall of 1885 the bulk was present at Saint Louis, Mo., September 
25, although they were conspicuous September 22. The last was re- 
ported from Grinnell, Iowa, September 16; Fernwood, 111., October 3; 
Saint Louis, October 5, and Bonham, Tex., November 10. 

462. Contopus richardsonii (Swains.). [321.] Western Wood Pewee. 

A western species. Common in western Manitoba (Seton) ; frequently 
seen in western Nebraska (Aughey) ; a rare summer resident in west- 
ern Kansas (Goss). In Concho County, Tex., two were shot in the fall 
of 1886 (Lloyd). 

463. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. [322.] Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 
Breeds in Manitoba, and doubtless in northern Minnesota also, and 

migrates through the entire length of the Mississippi Valley, wintering 
in Central America. The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher was not noticed by 
any of the observers near the Mississippi south of Saint Louis, though 
it must traverse that part of the United States in coming from its 
winter home. In the spring of 1881, at Saint Louis, it arrived May 8, and 
the next day it was seen at Des Moines, Iowa. May 23 it was seen at 
Chicago, and May 21 at Lanesboro, Minn. In the southwest the first 
female was shot at Gainesville, Tex., May 16. 

In the spring of 1885 the first arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., May 13; 
Grinnell, Iowa, May 21, and Lanesboro, Minn., May 20. The last was 
seen at Saint Louis May 15 and at Grinnell May 23. 

465. Empidonax acadicus (Ginel.). [324.] Acadian Flycatcher. 

A common breeder in all but the northern and western parts of the 
Mississippi Valley. In eastern Texas (near Houston) it is the only Em- 
pidonax that remains to breed (^Nehrling). The same is true of Southern 
Louisiana and Alabama (A. K. Fisher). As in the case of many other 
species, the earliest record of the Acadian Flycatcher in the spring of 
1881 came from Saint Louis, where it arrived April 29. The other rec- 
ords are: latitude 39° 12' in Kansas, May 10; latitude 41° 51' in 111- 



154 

inois, May 21, and latitude 43° 43' in Minnesota, May 28. The species 
is decidedly eastern, and not often found west of the Mississippi. Man- 
hattan, Kaus., is near the western limit of its range, and it is quite rare 
in all parts of Kansas, though it has been traced as far west as Ellis. 
In the spring of 1885 the earliest record of the Acadian Flycatcher 
came from the extreme western limit of its range. It was seen at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., April 20. The other records are: Saint Louis, Mo., April 28; 
Tampico, 111., May 5; Chicago, 111., May 9, and Manhattan, Kans.,May 
20. It was common at Grinueil, Iowa, May 22. It breeds throughout 
its range. In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Saint Louis Septem- 
ber 14. 

466. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.). [325.] Little Flycatcher. 

Specimens taken by Mr. Lloyd and identified by Mr. Ridgway prove 
that this western species is a tolerably common breeder at San An- 
gelo, Tex. 

466a. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Ami.). [S25a.] TrailVs Flycatcher. 

A common migrant in the Mississippi Valley ; breeds from Missouri 
and southern Illinois northward. The earliest date of its migration in 
the spring of 1884 came from San Angelo, Tex., where it was seen April 
27; but in corresponding latitudes near the Mississippi it must have 
appeared much earlier, since it was seen at Saint Louis, 500 miles far- 
ther north, April 20. The rest of the very few notes contributed on this 
species refer to its arrival at latitude 41° 51' in Illinois, May 21 ; latitude 
30° 12' in Kansas, May 22, and latitude 43° 43' in Minnesota, May 26. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Traill's Flycatcher was seen at Mount Car- 
mel, Mo., September 16, and San Angelo, Tex., September 1. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., May 4, 
while at Gainesville, Tex., much farther south and west, none were re- 
ported until May 16. The first reached Mount Carmel, Mo., May 8; 
Des Moines, Iowa, May 15; Lauesboro, Minn., May 15; Delavau, Wis., 
and River Falls, Wis., May 16. 

In the fall of 1885 the first Traill's Flycatcher noticed at Emporia, 
Kans., was seen August 27. The species was still numerous at Saint 
Louis, Mo., September 16, and was last seen September 25. 

467. Empidonax minimus Baird. [326.] Least Flycatcher. 

In the spring of 18S4 the Least Flycatcher, like the Wood Pewee, 
already mentioned, was reported to have arrived on the same day 
(April 20) at Gainesville, Tex., and Saiut Louis, Mo. Records were 
received from as far north as Oak Point, Manitoba, but they were too 
irregular for use. 

In the fall of 1884 the last was seen at San Angelo, Tex., Septem- 
ber 1. 

In the spring of 1885 the reports of first arrivals were as follows: 
San Antonio, Tex., April 14; Gainesville, Tex., April 20; Saint Louis, 
Mo., April 30 ; Des Moines, Iowa, May 5; Hennepin, 111., May 10; Lanes- 



, 155 

boro, Minn., May 5; Heron Lake, Miun., May 12; White Earth, Minn., 
May 16 (about forty seen during the day); Oak Point, Manitoba, May 
22. In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Saint Louis September 14 
aud the last October 14. The last was seen at Bonham, Tex., Septem- 
ber 8. 

The facts at present known seem to indicate something phenomenal 
in the breeding range of Empidonax minimus.^ It is an abundant sum- 
mer resident throughout Manitoba and the northern States. Specimens 
(both adult and young) taken by Mr. Lloyd at San Angelo, Tex., dur- 
ing the breeding season have been examined by Mr. Ridgway and pro- 
nounced typical E. minimus; and Mr. Peters recorded it as breeding 
commonly in Bonham, Tex. Prof. Aughey states that it sometimes 
breeds in Nebraska. On the other hand, both Col. Goss and Prof. 
Lantz give it as a migrant only in Kansas ; and Mr. Widmann positively 
states that it does not breed in Saint Louis, Mo., where, in 1885, it was 
last seen May 13. 

468. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus). [327.] Hammond's Flycatcher. 

The only truly Mississippi Valley record of this western species came 
from Dr. Agersborg, who reported it to be a rare summer resident at 
Vermillion, Dak. In Texas Mr. Lloyd has found it a tolerably com- 
mon fall migrant in Tom Green County and rare in Concho County. 

469. Empidonax obscurus (Stains.). [323.] Wright's Flycatcher. 

This also is a western species, or rather southwestern, coming north- 
ward in the Rocky Mountains during the summer as far as latitude 49°. 
Mr. Lloyd has taken it twice in fall migration in Tom Green County, 
Tex. 

470. Empidonax fulvifrons (Giraud). [329.] Fulvous Flycatcher. 

This species is au inhabitant of eastern Mexico, coming north to Texas 
(Giraud). The type is in the IT. S. National Museum. 

471. Pyroceplxalus rubineus mexicanus (Scl.). [330.] Vermilion Flycatcher. 

A tropical species coming north to Texas. In the valley of the Lower 
Rio Grande it is a tolerably common resident, but more numerous in 
summer than in winter (Merrill). 

472. Ornithion imberbe (Scl.). [331.] Beardless Flycatcher. 

An inhabitant of Central America and eastern Mexico, coming north 
to the valley of the Lower Eio Grande, in Texas, where it was taken by 
Mr. Sennett. 

474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). [300.] Horned Lark; Shore Lark. 

This species breeds in northeastern JSorth America and Greenland, 
wintering in the United States. During its southward journey it ex- 
tends westward to the Mississippi Valley, where it is abundant in some 
parts of Illinois and rare in Kansas, but the limits of its winter distri- 
bution are not known. It visits Manitoba in October. 



156 

474a. Otocoris alpestris leucolsema (Coues). [300a.] Pallid Horned Lark; 
White-throated Horned Lark. 

Breeds in the interior of British North America and Alaska, coming- 
son th in winter to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and westward. (Known 
locally as Wheatear and Wheat Bird ; and confounded by many with the 
Wheatear of Europe.) 

474 b. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. [ — . ] Prairie Homed Lark. 

This subspecies and the following occur in the Mississippi Valley, 
where the present is the prevailing form east of the Plains, breeding- 
abundantly in the northern half and south, at least as far as Kausas 
and Illinois, and wintering from latitude 43° southward even to Texas. 
It is abundant in eastern Kansas (Goss) and breeds in Manitoba. 

474 c. Otocoris alpestris arenicola Heusb. [ — .] Desert Horned Lark. 

Inhabits the Rocky Mountain region and the Great Basin, coming 
east to Dakota, where it breeds at least as far east as Devil's Lake. It 
is a common resident in middle and western Kansas (Goss). In winter 
it is abundant in Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., arriving late 
in October and departing early in March (Lloyd). 

474 d. Otocoris alpestris giraudi Hensk. [ — .] Texan Homed Lark. 

Inhabits eastern and southeastern Texas. 

Note. — Owing to the want of exact knowledge concerning the breed- 
ing and winter ranges of the various subspecies of Horned Larks it is 
impossible at present to give their distribution more fully than has 
been done above. 

Either the typical 0. atyestris or variety praticola (probably the 
former) usually reaches northern Minnesota before the second week 
in February, though the mercury sometimes falls to forty degrees 
below zero afterwards. The northern limit of the winter range of the 
species, taken collectively, varies from latitude 42° to 44°, but a few 
individuals usually can be found along latitude 43° even in the cold- 
est winters. In the winter of 1883-84 they were unusually scarce in 
the north, and on March 1 but few had been seen north of latitude 43°. 
During the next two weeks they advanced to latitude 45°, and March 
23 they were noticed at Two Rivers, Manitoba, latitude 49° 28'. 

In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Sau Angelo, Tex., 
September 23, where it had become common by November 3. 

In the spring of 1885 Horned Larks appeared at New Cassel, Wis., 
January 28; at River Falls, Wis., February 2; Lake City, Minn., aud 
Elk River, Minn., February 26. Three individuals were seen at Moor- 
head, Minn., after a short spell of south wind, February 12. They 
were there continuously after that date. The first came to Larimore, 
Dak., March 18, and Oak Point, Manitoba, March 28. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returning Lark came to Bonham, Tex., 
November 4, and they w T ere common there by November 10. They 
appeared at Gainesville, Tex., November 2. 



157 

475. Pica pica hudsoiiica (Sab.)- [286.] Black-billed Magpie. 

Occurs in the western part of the Mississippi Valley as a rather rare 
visitant from the north or northwest. In western Manitoba Mr. Thomp- 
son records it as a rare and irregular resident. In western Kansas it 
is an occasional fall and winter visitant (Goss). Dr. Agersborg states 
that it used to be very common in winter about Vermillion, Dak., but 
has recently disappeared. In western Dakota it is still tolerably com- 
mon. Eobert Kennicott, writing in 1854, stated that the Magpie was 
"not uncommon in winter" in Cook County, 111. (Trans. 111. State Agl. 
Soc. for 1853-1854, 1855, p. 585.) 

477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). [289.] Blue Jay. 

This species is resident throughout all of the Mississippi Valley and 
common in all parts except the western plains. In western Manitoba 
it is given as a summer resident (Seton). It is usually said to be non- 
migratory, because in most localities some individuals are present the 
whole year round. The bulk, however, performs quite a regular mi- 
gration south in the fall and north late in the spring. In addition to 
this imperfect migration it roves somewhat in search of food. The bulk 
of its migrations in the spring of 1884 took place during the first two 
weeks of May, and the first one reached Oak Point, Manitoba, May 
29. The Blue Jay is local in its distribution, requiring an abundance of 
acorns or other mast as a prime requisite for a breeding or wintering 
place. The following note from Heron Lake, Minn., shows how they 
are seen during migration at places where they do not breed: "May 
14, one seen ; in a few days they will be quite plenty and then they 
will disappear until fall." The Nueces Canon in southwestern Texas is 
said to be the winter home of countless myriads. In that case they 
must migrate to the northeast, for all observers agree that in north- 
western Texas they are rather a rare bird. Mr. Lloyd says that its 
western limit in Texas " seems to be near the mouth of the main Concho, 
where it is tolerably common." (The Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 290.) 

In the spring of 1885 flocks in migration passed Saint Louis, Mo., 
almost every day from April 21 to April 30; and again, May 12, a party 
of fifteen or twenty went north. The first returned to Shell Eiver, 
Manitoba, May 15, and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 24. In the fall of 
1885 the bulk of the flocks were reported from Saint Louis September 
26. October 5 one troop was seen going south at 9 a. m. 

480. Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). [292.] Woodlwuse's Jay. 

A bird of the west, occurring in our district in southwestern Texas. 
Mr. William Lloyd states that it is tolerably commQii in Concho and 
Tom Green Counties, Tex., where it is "resident wherever there is 
skin-oak, at the heads of nearly all the creeks." (The Auk, Vol. IV, 
1887, p. 290.) Two nests were found. 

483. Xanthoura luxuosa (Less.). [296.] Green Jay. 

The Green Jay is an inhabitant of eastern Mexico, coming north to 
the Lower Eio Grande Valley, in Texas, where it is a common resident. 



158 

484. Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). [297.] Canada Jay. 

This is a northern bird, coming down in winter from the pine forests 
of Manitoba, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, where it is abundant. It has 
not been known to breed in Wisconsin, but breeds in northern Minne- 
sota, where I found it in summer in the tamarack swamps. 

486. Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagl.). [280.] American Haven. 

A hundred years ago the Eaven was found probably all over the 
Mississippi Valley, excepting perhaps in the Gulf States. Now civiliza- 
tion has driven it from most of the district, but it is still found locally 
in almost every State except Mississippi and Louisiana. In western 
Kansas it is resident and not uncommon (Goss). The migratory move- 
ment is too slight to be studied, and is dependent upon the food rather 
than the weather. At the mouth of Devil's Eiver and the bend of the 
Rio Grande, in Texas, immense numbers pass the winter and disperse 
again in the spring. In western Texas its nest has been taken by Mr. 
Lloyd. In Manitoba it is a resident at some places and a winter visi- 
tant at others. 

487. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. [281.] White necked Raven. 

A southwestern species; common in western Texas. Resident iu 
western Kansas, where it is rare in summer but common in fall and 
winter (Goss). Rare iu Nebraska. Mr. Lloyd states that it is resident 
as far east as Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., where it is 
abundant at times. He says: "The bulk retire in fall in large flocks 
down the Pecos and Devil's Rivers, where they winter by thousands. 
A nest with six eggs was found May 19, 1882, in a low hackberry; 
another nest, partly finished, was found May 13, 1883;- aud a third, 
with three eggs, May 5, 1885, in low mesquites," 

488. Corvus americanus Aud. [282.] Common Crow. 

Common in name and common by nature, the Crow is a common sum- 
mer bird over all of Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley, and common 
in winter from northern Iowa southward. In winter it is especially 
numerous at Pierce City, Mo., where Mr. Kehrling says that thou- 
sands spent the night near his house, and is still more abundant at 
Saint Louis, where its numbers, after the increase of the first half of 
January, reached near fifty thousand. The most northern record in the 
winter of 1883-'S4 was at Lanesboro. Minn. In the spring of 1884 
migration began about the same time as the real migration of the Pur- 
ple Grackle, that is, in the second week in March. Passing irregularly 
north, crows reached the stations around latitude 45° in Miuuesota 
March 13 and 14; Frazee City, Minn, (latitude 4G° 330, March 17, 
and finally arrived at Oak Point, Manitoba, on the last of the mouth. 
They were marked as coming to Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, April 4, 
which date is said to be later than usual. 

During the winter of 1884-'8o (on !sew \Teai's day) crows were again 



159 

seen at Lanesboro, Minn., and either winter residents or very early 
migrants were seen at Xew Cassel, Wis., January 27. From the records 
for the spring of 1885 it is easy to trace two routes and times of migra- 
tion. The first was aloug the Mississippi Eiver. The enormous num- 
bers which roosted at Saiut Louis, Mo., March 2, began to decrease 
rapidly after March 4. At Excelsior, Minn., they arrived March 1 ; at 
Minneapolis, Minn., March 7 and March 9 (two observers) ^ at Elk 
Eiver, Minn., March 14; Saint Cloud, Minn., March 11, and White Earth, 
Minn., March 20. The second line of migration was over the prairie 
along the valleys of the Missouri River and the Eed Eiver of the Xorth. 
The first came to Emmetsburgh, Iowa, March 26; Grand View, Dak., 
March 30; Eochester, Minn., March 31; Argusville, Dak., March 31; 
Menokeu, Dak., March 31 ; and probably also on the same day to Moor- 
head, Minn, (latitude 4G° 50'); for although I saw none there until the 
next day, yet their abundance then (about two hundred being seen) 
would indicate that some of them had come the day before (March 31). 
On this same migrating route they reached Two Eivers, Manitoba, 
April 2, and Shell Eiver, Manitoba, April 3. They were reported from 
Oak Point, Manitoba, March 28, and Ossowo, Manitoba, March 29; 
which fact seems to indicate that the crows which appeared at these 
two places had come by way of the Mississippi Eiver. Continuing the 
comparison between Oak Point and Shell Eiver, we find that although 
Shell Eiver is half a degree farther south the average date of arrival 
was later than at Oak Point. Out of fourteen of the more common 
birds which were reported by both stations, two arrived at both places 
the same day, three came to Shell Eiver an average of three days 
earlier than to Oak Point, and nine came to Oak Point an average of 
five days earlier than to Shell Eiver. 

In the fall of 1885 the Crows began to go to roost in numbers at 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 24; the bulk arrived October 27, and very 
many were present November 1. 

Mr. Lloyd states that in the eastern part of Concho County, Tex., 
Crows breed in colonies early in May. 

490. Corvus ossifragus Wils. [283.] Fish Crow. 

The home of the Fish Crow is in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, 
where it is resident, especially along the coast. It is commou in south- 
ern Louisiana. 

491. Picicorvus columbianus (Wils.). [284.] Clarke s Xutcr acker. 

Dr. Agersborg furnished the only record from the observers for this 
Eocky Mountain bird, he having taken it as an accidental visitant at 
Vermillion, Dak., in October, 1883. Professor Aughey saw it once 
in Nebraska. 

492. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). [285.] Maximilian's Nutcracker; 

Pinon Jay. 

A rare visitant from the Eocky Mountain region. October 23, 1875, 
three specimens were killed near Lawrence, Kans. (Snow), 



160 

494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). [257.] Bobolink. 

A common migrant in the Mississippi Valley, breeding from Kan- 
sas and Illinois northward. In 1884 fifty-four notes were furnished on 
this species. Studied with relation to the warm and cold atmospheric 
waves, in the same way that was done in the case of the Kingbird (see 
pages 142-147), it is found that just 50 per cent, of the records are 
bad — thaj) is, they agree with the cold wave instead of the warm; 11 
per cent, are indeterminate, and only 39 per cent, agree with the maxi- 
mum of the warm wave. Why it. should be thus is not known, though 
the fact that the bird frequents marshy meadows, and hence is less easily 
noted, may partially account for the difference. 

Wintering south of the United States, the earliest record of its ap- 
pearance was from Saint Louis, where it arrived April 20. The notes 
from Illinois are of no value. Bobolinks were noted at latitude 43°06 / 
in Wisconsin, May 1 ; the bulk reached latitude 43° 20' in Wisconsin 
with the next wave, Ma}' 5 ; while with the following wave, May 11, 
the first reached latitude 44° 2G', the bulk following on the 18th. West 
of the Mississippi the movements agree a little better with atmos- 
pheric waves. After reaching Saint Louis, April 20, the next wave 
brought them at latitude 40° 50' in Iowa, May 3, and latitude 42° 01' and 
latitude 42° 18' in Iowa, May 5, while arrivals at latitude 43° 48' and 
45° 25' in Minnesota were noted the day after the maximum wave, on 
May 10. The movements of the bulk averaged about ten days in the 
rear of those of the van. 

On the prairie the maximum wave of the night of May brought 
them to latitude 40° 53' in Nebraska and latitude 4L° 21' in Dakota. 
They reached latitude 4G° 58' in Dakota May 17, and May 23 were 
noted from latitude 50° 30' in Manitoba. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Bobolink at San Angelo, Tex., was seen 
October 2, and at Abbeville, La,, one was reported August 4. 

In the spring of 1885 the earliest record came from Mount Carmei, Mo., 
April 20, but it was not again seen there until May 1. In the meantime 
it had been seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 28. A few stations in 
northern Illinois reported Bobolinks May 5 and G, but the pronounced 
movement did not take place until May 10 to 12, during which three 
days the species spread from southern Iowa to latitude 45° in Wiscon 
sin and Minnesota, and to Huron, Dak., latitude 44° 21'. They reached 
Argus ville, Dak., May 14; Menokeu, Dak., May 15, and Shell River, 
Manitoba, May 18. In the fall of 1885 the last Bobolink was reported 
from Elk River, Minn., September 3; Fernwood, Hi., September 20 and 
Grinnell, Iowa, July 27. 

494 a. Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha Ridgw. [ ] Western Bobolink. 

The western race of the Bobolink is found from Dakota to Utah and 
Nevada, and north into western Manitoba, where it was reported as an 
abundant summer resident. 



161 

495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.). [258.] Cowlird. 

A com mon breeder throughout the Mississippi Valley aud Manitoba. In 
winter flocks abound in the Southern States, extending north to southern 
Illinois in the east, and in the west to the central part of Indian Territory. 
At San Angelo, Tex., it was reported as resident, a few remaining in win- 
ter, but most of them going south. On asking Mr. Lloyd whether he was 
sure it was 21. ater that nested there, he replied that its identification as 
the typical bird was positive, and that he had found their eggs from May 
1 to June 10 in nests of the Orchard Oriole, Nonpareil, Bell's Yireo, etc.* 
In this he agrees with Mr. Nehrling, who makes the same statement 
concerning its breeding at Houston, Tex. In Indian Territory, at 
Caddo, they were quite common throughout the winter of 1883-'84, bnt 
all the birds were either females or males in the garb of the female ; no 
bright males were seen until January 17, and no flocks of males until 
January 19. The bulk of males came January 22; the bulk of the 
species left February 22, and the last disappeared March 24. At Saint 
Louis, in the spring of 1884, the first came March 17, but only a few 
were seen. At Carlinville, 111., some were seen March 31, and at Bur- 
lington, Iowa, April 7. So far the dates probably represent somewhat 
nearly the actual movements of the species. Then came the severe and 
widespread snow-storms of the early part of April, as a result of which 
only one record north of Burlington was made previous to April 16, but 
when the records began again they were so thoroughly and hopelessly 
contradictory that it is useless to attempt to reconcile them. All that 
can be said is that "firsts" came to stations between the parallels of 
41° and 45° all the way from April 16 to May 15, being quoted frcm 
latitude 45°, April 16, and from latitude 41°, May 15, with all intermedi- 
ate dates between. The first was recorded from Argusville, Dak., May 
9. There seems to be an error in the date (April 14) given Irom Oak 
Point, Manitoba. The female of the Eed-winged Blackbird was marked 
as coming the same day, and possibly was mistaken for it. 

In the fall of 1884 the last migrant was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., 
September 20. 

In the spring of 1885 the records from stations east of the Mississippi 
River were too irregular for use. From those farther west the follow- 
ing may be selected as giving an approximate idea of the time of migra- 
tion. The first were noted at San Angelo, Tex., March 6; hundreds 
were seen at Bonham, Tex., March 23 ; the first was reported from Saint 
Louis, Mo., March 30; Des Moines, Iowa, April 10: Waukon, Iowa, 
April 21; Lanes'coro, Minn., April 23; Heron Lake, Minn., April 28; 
Argusville, Dak., May 4; Shell River, Manitoba, May 14. In the fall 
of 1885 the last Cowbird at Grinnell, Iowa, was seen November 1 ; at 
Saint Louis, Mo., the last flock was seen October 30; at Bonham, Tex.., 
the first migrants appeared October 14. 

*Iua recent paper on the birds of western Texas Mr. Lloyd gives this species as a 
spring and fall migrant, and the Dwarf Cowbird as the form which breeds there. 
(The Auk, Vol. IV, 1887,p. 290. )— C. H. M. 
7365— Bull 2 1L 



162 

495a. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.). [258 a.] Dwarf Cowbird. 

This is the common Cowbird from middle Texas southward and west- 
ward. It was noted at San Antooio by Mr. A twater, breeding there in 
company with the typical form. Mr. Lloyd states that it is abundant 
in summer in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., and Mr. Xehrling 
records it as a common breeder in eastern Texas, near Houston. 

496. Molothrus aeneus (Wagl.). [239.] Bronzed Cowbird. 

A Mexican and Central American species, whose northern limit is in 
the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, iu Texas. It was found breeding 
abundantly at Fort Brown, Brownsville, Hidalgo, and Lometa Ranch, 
by Dr. J. C. Merrill and Mr. Geo. B. Sennett. One of our observers, 
Mr. Negley, says it is abundant at Eagle Pass. 

497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.). [200.] Yelloic-headed Blackbird. 

Breeds from Manitoba southward. Though a bird principally of the 
Plains and of western North America, it may be found in restricted lo- 
calities over most of the Mississippi Valley. It seldom winters as far 
north as Illinois, but is found in the Southern States. In eastern Texas 
near Houston, it is a common winter resideut (Xehrling). In the valley 
of the Lower Rio Grande it occurs in wiuter, but is not common (Seu- 
nett & Merrill). It is very abundant in winter at Mertnenton, La., and 
was reported as a spring visitor at Corinth, in northeastern Mississippi. 
Most of the migration takes place in April. In the spring of 1884 the 
Yellow-headed Blackbird reached Oak Point, Manitoba, May 5, and the 
bulk appeared the next day at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. Many 
records were received, but they are very irregular. For example, iu 
Minnesota the first was seen at latitude 45° 05', June 3 ; at latitude 
47° 25', May 17, and at latitude 4G° 33', April 8, when it was u common." 
It is probable that the irregularity in the notes on this species is due to 
the restricted localities which the birds visit year after year, their pas- 
sage to and fro being unnoticed. Should the observer know these spots 
and watch them closely he will find the real first, but if he trusts to 
chance to show him the bird his record will be much behind. While 
living in Wisconsin there was a spot covering a few acres, 19 miles 
distant, where the birds could be found every year; but in over a dozen 
years' residence none were ever seen in the marshes within 5 miles of 
town, though during this time they had slightly extended their range. 

In the fall of 1884 flocks of Yellow headed Blackbirds were seen at 
San Angelo, Tex., September 28, and two days later the last had gone. 

In the spring of 1885 the record of no other species showed so plainly 
that its migration on the Plains was much later than in corresponding 
latitudes nearer the Mississippi River. The Texas records were quite 
regular and are as follows: At Eagle Pass, Tex., tiie first was seen 
April 12; San Antonio, Tex., flocks were seen passing north almost 
every day from April 13 to May 25, on which date a flock of several 
thousand was seen in a field where oats were being cut. At both Bon- 



163 

ham, Tex., and Gainesville, Tex., the first were seen April 22. The Kan- 
sas records also were regular, so far as that single State is concerned. 
They were: Emporia, Kans., April 11; Eichmond, Kans., April 15, and 
Manhattan, Kans., April 18. The eastern records were much earlier. 
The first came to Paris, II]., April 2; to Heron Lake, Minn., April 12 
(common there April 16); to Huron, Dak., April 14; to Argusville and 
Menoken, Dak., April 20 and 21; and to Two Eivers and Shell River, 
Manitoba, May 1. 

498. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.)- [2(31.] Red-winged Blackbird. 

An abundant summer resident in Manitoba and the Mississippi 
Valley. It breeds abundantly in eastern Texas and in the valley of 
the Lower Rio Grande. In 1SS4 sixty-eight observers reported on the 
movements of this well known bird. But, as in the case of most other 
species, the number of records from the southern part of the district 
were few. Enough, however, were received to confirm the belief that 
these Blackbirds gather in flocks in winter; that they have regular 
roosts, sometimes in company with Grackles or even Crows; that the 
females do not always retire so far to the south as the males, or so 
early in the winter; and that the males precede the females in spring 
migration. 

At Yazoo City, Miss, (latitude 32° 30'), they were seen u dusting" them- 
selves with snow in January. At Abbeville, La. (latitude 29° 5T 7 ), they 
are common winter residents. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., they were common 
during the entire winter of 1883-84. At Saint Louis, Mo., a flock of 
females was seen December 29 and again during January. At Manhat- 
tan, Kans., a few females were seen during January and February, always 
in warm, cloudy weather. They seem to winter in flocks as far north 
as Kansas, Missouri, and southern Illinois— say up to latitude 40°. Their 
accidental occurrence in winter has been noted at various more northern 
points. At Alda, Xebr. (latitude 40° 53'), three or four were seen every 
few days during the entire winter coming to the cattle yards to feed. At 
Lake Mills, Wis. (latitude 43° 0C/), an accidental visitor arrived Feb- 
ruary 19 and was fed with corn by a farmer for several weeks. 

The first northward movement recorded in the spring of 1884 came 
from Pierce City, Mo. (latitude 3G°56 / ), where large flocks passed north 
January 29 and 30. At Saint Louis, January 31, a flock of twenty went 
north in advance of the Robins. On January 22 they began to increase 
in numbers at Caddo, Ind. Ter. The first wave of migration reached 
Odin and Caiiinville, 111., February 12, when large flocks arrived. Feb- 
ruary 16 additional flocks of migrants arrived at Caddo, Ind. Ter. 

No further progress was recorded until March 11, when large flocks 
appeared in the lowlands near Saint Louis. On the following day 
migrants appeared at Osceola and Polo, 111. March 15 the first arrived 
at Ferry, Iowa; Manhattan, Kans. (a flock of young males), and Una- 
dilla, Xebr. From this date to the close of the month was but a suc- 
cession of records of appearance, either of first or of bulk, at the 



164 

various stations throughout Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and 
Minnesota. 

At Green Bay, Wis., the first arrived April 6. On the same day the 
first was seen at Pine Bend, Minn. Two days later (April 8) the first 
was seen at Frazee City, Minn. Farther west the progress seems to 
have been less rapid and more irregular. March 20 the first arrived at 
Linwood, Nebr., and Vermillion, Dak. (the last were all males); March 
30 at Barton, Dak.; April 3 at Two Eivers, Manitoba. April 12 the 
bulk arrived at Manhattan, Kans. April 14 the first arrived at Oak 
Point, Manitoba, the most northern point of observation. Ten days 
later, April 24, the first was noted at Ellis, Kans., and at Menokcn, 
Dak., two points almost 600 miles apart. The limited extent of marshy 
country in Kansas will probably account for their late arrival at Ellis. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of the Bed-shouldered Blackbirds left 
Elk River, Minn., November 1, and Des Moines, Iowa, November 8 (nor 
were any seen there after this date). At Mount Carmel, Mo., large 
numbers passed August 15, and the last was noted November G. Even 
in southern Louisiana many passed southward as early as August 4. 

During the winter of 1884- ? 85 a few irregular notes were contributed. 
A Bed- shouldered Blackbird was taken in January at Paris, 111., and a 
few were seen at odd times during February at Mount Carmel, Mo., and 
Odin, 111. In the spring of 1885 the first regular northward movement 
recorded occurred on the last day of February, when a flock of a hun- 
dred passed over Corinth, Miss. The next day they were seen at Pierce 
City, Mo., and March 2 at Saint Louis. From March 4 to March 8 a 
few scattered flocks visited various parts of northwestern Illinois near 
the Mississippi Biver. They were seen at xVlcdo, Hennepin, and Tam- 
pico. From March 11 to March 14 the same thing took place along tbe 
valley of the Des Moines Biver, where flocks were seen at Knoxville, 
Des Moines, Newton, and Grinnell, Iowa. The first full wave which 
passed over this country (that is to latitude 42° in Illinois and Iowa) 
was reported March 25 and March 26 from Mount Pleasant, I5wa, La 
Porte City, Iowa, Fernwood, 111., and Batavia, 111., with stragglers at 
Delavan, Wis., and Heron Lake, Minn. The largest wave of the season 
in the migration of this species occurred during the last day of March 
and tbe first day of April. This wave brought " firsts" to Sioux City, 
Iowa, Emmetsburgh, Iowa, Williamstown, Iowa, Bockford, 111., Clinton, 
Wis., Milwaukee, Wis., Lake Mills, Wis., Leeds Centre, Wis., and 
Bipon, Wis., and to Lanesboro, Minn., with a scout at Luck, Wis. 
During the next three days the first were noted at Durand, Wis., and 
Lake City, Minneapolis, Fridley, and Elk Biver, Minn. None were 
noted by the observers at Green Bay, Wis., until April 17. They 
reached White Earth, Minn., April 6. On the Plains the movement 
was as follows: Emporia, Kans., was reached March 12, and Manhat- 
tan, Kans., March 20. AtUnadilla, Nebr., an irregular and very large 
flight occurred March 11, but no more were seen until the regular ad- 






165 

vauce of April 1. They were reported from Linwood, Nebr., March 31; 
Grand View, Dak , April 10; Huron, Dak., April 12; Two Rivers, Man- 
itoba, April 1G; and Oak Point, Manitoba, April 18. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was reported from Green Bay, Wis., Sep- 
tember 23; Iowa City, Iowa, October 15; Fayette, Mo., October 20; 
and Mount Carmel, Mo., November 15. Stragglers were seen at Grin- 
nell, Iowa, as late as November 21, and at Lanesboro, Minn., Novem- 
ber 4. At Saint Louis, Mo., several large flocks were seen October 5 ; 
the height of migration was reached October 11, and many flocks went 
south November S and 12. 

The breeding habits of the Red-wings are well known. They remain 
to nest in favorable localities throughout Missouri and eastern Kansas. 
Probably not a few breed in Indian Territory. At Saint Louis males 
and females were together at breeding stands April 30 (1884), and the 
last flock of females passed northward May 11. 

501. Stimiella magna (Linn.). [283.] Meadoidarl: 

The eastern Meadow lark is a common and well known bird from the 
Mississippi eastward; west of the Mississippi it is found with the 
western Meadow-lark (S. neglecta) as for as the edge of the Plains, be- 
yond which it is almost entirely replaced by that species. In south- 
eastern Dakota Dr. Agersborg says the eastern form does not occur; 
in Kansas it is common in the vicinity of Lawrence and Topeka; but 
at Manhattan, 50 miles farther west, it is almost replaced by S. neglecta. 

The winter quarters of the eastern Meadowlark do not seem to be 
well defined. Apparently it is abundant in the lower valley of the Mis- 
sissippi, wherever there are suitable meadows sheltered from the ex- 
treme cold ; but it seldom winters here so far north as it does in the 
Atlantic region. In going westward from the shelter of timber-belts it 
seeins to retire farther southward. Thus, in Illinois it is common in 
sheltered localities as far north as latitude 40°, while farther west, on 
the Plains, except in favorable seasons, it retires farther southward, 
being rare north of latitude 38° in Kansas and Missouri. It is com- 
mon in winter near Fort Brown, in the valley of the Lower Rio Grande 
(Merrill). In 1884 sixty-two observers in the Mississippi Valley sent 
notes concerning this bird. At Eagle Pass, Tex., on the Rio Grande, 
it was reported as plentiful all winter. At San Angelo, Tex., it was 
reported as resident and abundant in winter. The Kueces Canon is 
the winter home of countless myriads. At Mermenton, La., near the 
Gulf coast, they are resident and much more abundant in winter 
than in summer. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., they are resident, but not so com- 
mon as S. neglecta. At Darlington, Ind. Ter., some remained throughout 
the winter of 1883-84. At Linwood, Xebr., one was seen February 1G. 
It may have remained there all winter or have been an adventurous 
scout of the army that moved from winter quarters in Texas about this 
time. At Odin, 111., they were common February 2, in small flocks. 
At Danville, 111., they were reported as resident. 



166 

Early in February, 1884, winter quarters were moved from southern 
Louisiana and Texas northward, but, except in the case of a few indi- 
viduals, none reached points beyond the usual bounds of their winter 
home. By February 26 few were left on the southern border. 

About March 8 the first general wave of migration set in. The first 
records, too, unlike those of most birds, came from the prairie region. 
On March 8 they arrived at Gaddo, Ind. Ter.; March 9 at Unadilla, 
Nebr.; and March 10 at Des Moines, Iowa. These were the advance- 
guard. The great army followed close iu the rear, reaching Darling- 
ton, Ind. Ter., March 10, and Liu wood, Nebr., about the same time. 

At Saint Louis the first silent arrival on the lowlands was noted 
March 11. The bulk followed March 17 in flocks of twenty to twenty- 
five, noisy. By this date the advance had spread throughout Illinois 
and the greater part of Iowa. From March 8 to the close of the month 
there was but one day on which the first appearance of the Meadow- 
lark was not reported at some station. There seems to have been no 
general interruption in the northward movement. On March 28 the 
first arrival was noted at Green Bay, Wis., Lanesboro, Minn., and Red 
Wing, Minn. On the same day the bulk reached Barton, Dak., and 
was reported at Fridley, Minn. March 27 the first reached Larimore, 
Dak., and Elk River, Minn. 

As the eastern Meadowlark is known to breed abundantly north 
of the United States, it is probable that many of those which arrive at 
the different stations in Minnesota and Dakota are but transient vis- 
itors. Little has been noted on this point, or as to the time of nesting 
at the different stations. At Saint Louis they were noisy and excited 
April 14. At Manhattan, Kaus., nesting began early in May. The only 
record from Manitoba came from Two Rivers, where the first was noted 
April 18. From the date at hand it seems that during migration this 
species lingers longest in the northern part of the United States. It 
seems to move quite rapidly over the greater part of the way, and to 
take the last portion leisurely. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk left Elk River, Minn., September 29, and 
the last was seen there October 15. At Des Moines, Iowa, the bulk left 
October 20, and the last was seen November 9; at Shawneetown, 111., 
they were seen in numbers all winter. The first came to San Angelo, 
Tex., October 5, and to Mason, Tex., October 11. 

The notes on the migration of the eastern Meadowlark in the spring 
of 18S5 indicate that the species does not migrate by rushes, but travels 
a few miles almost every night from the time of starting until the jour- 
ney's end is reached. This starting took place March 3 at Saint Louis, 
Mo., and Paris, 111. March 10 brought them to Mount Carmel, Mo., Fay- 
etteville, Mo., and Glasgow, Mo., while a couple of scouts had previously 
visited Grinnell and Newton, Iowa. March 13 and March 14 a regular ad- 
vance w T as made to Ferry, Iowa; Richmond, Iowa; Tampico, 111. (both 
observers), and Hennepin, 111. Nearer the Mississippi River they 



167 

were noted March 15 and March 16 at Mount Pleasant and Morning Sun, 
Iowa; aud Aledo aud Peoria, III, though it is probable that at all four of 
these places the birds actually came March 14. March 25 and March 26 
they were found moving in the vicinity of Lake Michigan, at Batavia, 
111.;. Delavau, Wis., aud S ougkton, Wis. March 27 they reached Mil- 
waukee, Wis., and Williamstown, Iowa. The last days of March aud the 
first day of April were days of enormous migration in the Upper Mis- 
sissippi Valley, bringing Meadow-larks to Waukon, Iowa; Lanesboro, 
Minn.; Lake City, Minn.; Leeds Centre, Wis.; t Eipon, Wis.; and New 
Cassel, Wis. April 5 they were noted from Durand, Wis.; River Falls, 
Wis., and Green Bay, Wis.; and April 6 a half dozen were seen at White 
Earth, Minn. In the fall of 18S5 the last left River Falls, Wis., Septem 
ber 26; Grinned and Iowa City, Iowa, October 11 ; Des Moines, Iowa, 
October IS: Fernwood, 111., October 25; and Mount Carmel, Mo., No- 
vember 13. The first migrant reached Bonham, Tex., October 14; the 
next October 16 ; and the species was common there October 20. 

501a. Sturnella magna mexicana (Scl). [263 a.] Mexican MeadowlarJc. 

From Mexico this form reaches only a little way into our district, 
keeping near the Rio Grande River, where it is common in summer. It 
was recorded by Mr. Xegley as common at Eagle Pass, Tex. 

501b. Sturnella magna neglecta (And.). [264 &.] Western Meadoiulark. 

Chiefly a bird of the Plains. Breeds from western Manitoba south- 
ward. It breeds commonly in western Minnesota (Roberts & Benuer, 
Bull. Xutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, p. 15). It is a common resident in 
western and middle Kansas (Goss). On the western lint* of migration, 
in the Mississippi Valley, the eastern Meadow-lark is replaced by this 
form, which is well marked both in plumage aud soug. Iu the eastern 
parts of Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota the 
eastern form predominates, but on the Plains farther west it disap- 
pears and is replaced by 8. neglecta, which is found as for eastward as 
northeastern Iowa and northern Illinois. 

At San Augelo, Tex., it was reported as resident. Probably the 
greater number pass northward to breed, since at Mason, Tex., the 
bulk was reported as departing March 31, 1881, though a few remained 
as late as x\.pril 17. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was reported as resident, 
outnumbering the eastern form. In fall migration it was abundant, in 
flocks of 200 to 500; but only a few were seen in the coldest weather. 
The first of the transients returned February 16. At Ellis, Kans., the 
first arrived March 10; and at Manhattan, Kans., a pair remained all 
winter on the farm of the State Agricultural College. The first mi- 
grants came March 1; the bulk came March 13. On March 18 large 
flocks were seen in full song. Some of the eastern form accompanied 
them, but they were not numerous. Both magna and neglecta breed 
here, but neglecta is much more abundant. Nests were seen as early as 
May 0. Two broods are raised in a season. At Vermillion, Dak., 



168 

the tirst was seen March 20; at Argasville, Dak., March 27; at Oak 
Point, Manitoba, May 17. 

Dr. Agersborg states that the western Meaclowlark breeds abun- 
dantly in southeastern Dakota, to the exclusion of the eastern. 

In the spring of 1885 no distinction was made in tbe records of ob- 
servers between the eastern and western Meadowlarks, and it was 
thought that they could not be separated until a decided difference was 
discovered in the times of their migration. The general rule holds 
good for fully Dine- tenths of the migratory birds of tbe district, that 
those which pass over the Plains migrate several days or even weeks 
later than their fellows which are traveling nearer the Mississippi River. 
Hence, when we find that the Meadowlarks of the Plains move quite 
uniformly a week or more in advance of their eastern brethren, it may 
be safely concluded that the difference in time is caused by a difference 
in the species. These western birds were quite plentiful at Ellsworth, 
Kans., during the month of February, and ou the 4th of March appeared 
at TJnadilla and Linwood, Nebr., being common at Lin wood by March 
12. They reached Grand View, Dak., March 21; Sioux City, Iowa, 
March 22; Huron, Dak., and Emmetsburgh, Iowa, March 25; Heron 
Lake, Minn., March 26; Moorhead, Minn., March 31, where they were 
heard and seen over a sheet of snow which had fallen the day before. 
At Menoken, Dak., the first was seen April 4 ; at Larimore, D.ik., April 
5; at Ossowo, Manitoba, April 6; and at Oak Point, Manitoba, April 9. 

503. Icterus audubonii Giraurt. [ - 2(>G. ] Audubon's Oriole. 

The home of Audubon's Oriole is from central Mexico north to the 
Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, where it is a tolerably common resi- 
dent. It is the only Oriole which spends the winter within the United 
States. 

505. Icterus cucullatus Swains. [2(>9.] Hooded Oriole. 

The Hooded Oriole inhabits eastern Mexico, coming north to the 
Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, where it is a common summer resident, 
and the most abundant of the four Orioles that breed there. 

506. Icterus spurius (Li-nn.). [270. J Orchard Oriole. 

The Orchard Oriole is a common summer resident in most parts of 
the Mississippi Valley, breediug from southern Texas to central Minne- 
sota and Dakota. It is a common breeder at Brown's Valley, on the 
boundary between Dakota and Minnesota (Roberts & Benner, Bull. 
Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, p. 15); and Mr. J. A. Allen found a few 
as far west as Heart River, Dak., west of the Missouri (Proc. Bost. 
Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, Oct., 1874). It winters south of the United 
States, and crosses our border about the last of March. Its migration 
is steady and uniform. Its advance northward occurs at the same time 
on both sides of the Mississippi, and even on the Plains. Moreover, it 
is so conspicuous a bird that it is easily observed. In the spring of 1884 



1G9 

the first male arrived at San Angelo, Tex., April 13, and the first female 
three days later. At Gainesville, Tex., the first came April 14; at 
Abbeville, La,, April 16. East of the Mississippi they appeared 
earlier, the first male being seen at Eodney, Miss., March 31, and the 
first female April 9. April 27 they reached Griggsville and Danville, 
111., and the next day three old males were seen at Saint Louis. April 
29 they were seen at Fayette, Mo. ; April 30, at Manhattan, Kans., and 
by May 10 they had advanced to latitude 41° 5S' in Illinois, latitude 
41° 40' in Iowa, and latitude 40° 53' in Nebraska, though the probability 
seems to be that the advance was made simultaneously to all places on 
the 7th. May 12 they came to Laporte City and Waukon, Iowa, with 
one a little behindhand at Milwaukee, Wis., May 17. At Lanesboro, 
Minn., they were seen May 23, three days after they had reached Elk 
River, Minn. Elk River is near the northern limit of their range. They 
breed commonly in southeastern Dakota. A few have been seen in 
central Dakota, and they have been recorded from White Earth, Minn, 
(latitude 47°). North of this there appears to be no record. The bulk 
moves closely behind the first, two or three days only in the rear. The 
full record from Saint Louis is as follows : 

The first came April 23, when three old males were in song at their breeding places : 
April 29 the bulk of old males arrived; April 30 the first two-years-old male ; May 5 
the first female and an increase of young males; May 6, conspicuous and noisy. The 
height of the season was attained May 5 and 6. May 8, several old males were mated. 
May 9, first one-year-old male arrived; bulk of females arrived; some beginning to 
build. May 17, males and females always together. May 31, incubated eggs were 
found. 

In the fall of 18S4 the last old male Orchard Oriole left San Angelo, 
Tex., August 31 ; the last young male, September 10 ; the last female, 
September 6. 

The record of this species was so regular during the spring migration 
of 1884 that its movements in 1885 were watched with much interest. 
About a dozen irregular notes were contributed in 1885, but taken as a 
whole its record still stands as that of a species of unusual uniformity 
in its migrations. It was first seen, just after its arrival in the United 
States, at Houma, La., March 28. At San Angelo, Tex., in the same 
latitude as Houma, but farther west, none were seen until April 7, 
though they were seen April 10 at Bonham, Tex., and April 11 at 
Gainesville, Tex., which latter note agrees very well with the record 
from Houma. The probable explanation of the lateness of the record 
at San Angelo is found in the altitude of the place, which is nearly 
two thousand feet. Saint Louis, Mo., was reached April 21; and, 
although the bulk of males was noted there the next day, there was 
no record from any neighboring station until April 27, when they were 
reported from Odin, 111. April 28 they were seen at Paris, 111., and 
Fayette, Mo.; and April 30, at Emporia and Manhattan, Kans. The 
next advance was recorded May 5, when they reached Morning Sun, 
Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, Peoria, 111., and Hennepin, 111. May 7 one 



170 

was seen at Sioux City, Iowa. May 15 aud May 16 a large wave ex- 
tended from latitude 4ii° to latitude 45°, and carried them to their 
journey's end. The most northern stations from which records were 
received are: New Richmond, Wis., Elk River, Minn., and Huron, Dak., 
though at this last place they were not noted until May 20. The full 
record from Saint Louis, Mo., was: "April 21, first; April 22, first fe- 
male and bulk of males; April 28, first male of third year; May 5, first 
male of second year; May 13, full numbers. The bulk of females ar- 
rived the first week iu May." 

In the fall of 1885 the last migrant left Grinnell, Iowa, September 10. 
The summer residents left Mount Carmel, Mo., June 7. The last mi- 
grant left Bon ham, Tex., September 15. 

507. Icterus galbula (Liu n.). [271.] Baltimore Oriole. 

The Baltimore Oriole is a common summer resident throughout most 
parts of the Mississippi Valley proper, breeding from the Gulf States 
to Manitoba. In the spring of 1881 the first record of its migration 
was made April 7, when it appeared at Rodney, Miss., and the last May 
25, when it reached Oak Foiut, Manitoba. These dates indicate an 
average speed of 27 miles a day. In 1883 it was found that the rate of 
its migration was very uniform. Hence it will be interesting to trace 
the record for 1881 and see how the two agree. Saint Louis, Mo , was 
reached April 20, which indicates a rate of 25 miles a day; but in going 
directly north we find a record on the 25th at Hillsborough, 111., which 
would make a speed of just 27 miles a day. About April 29 and April 
30 there seems to have been much movement— not so much the ad- 
vance of the van as the filling up the country already traversed, bring- 
ing the bulk to the region from latitude 3L>° 30' southward, aud the van 
to latitude 41°, and in the west to Manhattan, Kans. (latitude 39° 12'). 
Continuing the journey at the rate of 27 miles a day, the species should 
have advanced by May 6 to about latitude 43° 30'; and the records 
received demonstrate the correctness of this computation. May 5 and 
May 6 were days of special movement in Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and 
Wisconsin. During these days there were records over all of northern 
Illinois aud southern Wisconsin to latitude 43° 06', with a stray one at 
latitude 44° 22'; and Minnesota shows good records at latitude 43° 43', 
with an extra advance along the Mississippi River to latitude 41° 32'. 
May 12 should have found it at latitude 46°, and records were received 
of its appearance that day at 45° 25' and 46° 33' in Minnesota. Hence 
it appears, omitting a few minor local variations which were to be ex- 
pected, that the species shows a remarkable uniformity in its rate of 
migration throughout this long distance. There w r as, however, no trace 
of the increase of speed from the south northward which was noticed 
in 1883, the highest rate being in the middle districts during the first 
week in May In the prairie region the records were somewhat later, 
the birds reaching latitude 39° 12' in Kansas, April 30; 40° 53' in Ne- 



171 

braska, May 9, and 44° 21/ in Dakota, May 22. Farther west, almost at 
the extreme limit of its western dispersion, it was observed at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., and Ellis, Kans. The full record from Saint Louis is as fol- 
lows: 

April 26, first (three males at stands calling) ; April 23, bulk of males arrived (in 
all the notes the hulk of the species averaged about four days behind the first) ; May 
3, first females (the average for females was seven days behind the first, and as the 
arrivals of the bulk may be separated into two series, one about two or three days in 
the rear of the firsts, and the other of seven or eight, it is evident that the first series 
indicates the arrival of the bulk of the males, while the second indicates the increase 
of the species as a whole, caused by the arrival of the females) ; May 5, bulk of fe- 
males and many transients arrived, making this day the height of the season. (As 
has already been stated, this day and the next were the days of special movement of 
this species, and this seems to have been true over an immense area of country, 
stretching from latitude 34° to latitude 44°.) May 10, the first one-year-old male 
arrived; May 11, species very much excited, and transient birds of last year present; 
May 31, set found of sis incubated eggs. 

In the fall of 18S4 the bulk and the last individual left Williamstown, 
Iowa, August 8. The bulk left Des Moines, Iowa, August 26 ; the last 
was seen there August 30. At Mount Carmel, Mo., none were seen after 
the middle of the month, and at Gainesville, Tex., they were seen 
August 20. 

In the spring of 1885 the migration of the Baltimore Oriole^ in the 
Mississippi Valley, so far as our stations are concerned, began April 15, 
when the species was seen at Corinth, Miss. April 20 it reached Shaw- 
neetown, 111., and Saint Louis, Mo. Two days later it appeared at Paris, 
111., one degree farther north. April 25 and April 2G it was reported 
from Aledo, 111., and Mount Pleasant and Keokuk, Iowa. April 29 and 
April 30 the movement extended northeastward up the Eock River Val- 
ley to Batavia, III, Hennepin, 111., and Clinton, Wis. On the Iowa River 
they appeared at Iowa City and Coralville, Iowa, May 1. .At Des Moines, 
Iowa, they were not seen until May 3. May 5 a large wave brought 
them to Williamstown, Iowa, and carried them up the Mississippi River 
to Lake City, Minn., and to Ripon and Leeds Centre, Wis. No further 
advance was made until after the cold snap ; then on the 13th and 14th 
of May they appeared at Green Bay and River Falls, Wis., and Elk 
River, Minn. Either they traveled earlier on the Plains (where they were 
noted from Manhattan, Kans., April 21, and Linwood, Nebr., April 24), 
or else they moved very fast in the latter part of their course, for they 
were reported from Ossowo, Manitoba, May 15; Shell River, Manitoba, 
May 1G, and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 19. In the fall of 1885 the 
last migrants were reported from Heron Lake, Minn., September 9 ; 
Grinuell, Iowa, September 16 ; Fayette, Mo., September 1 ; and from 
Bonham, Tex., September 5. 

508. Icterus bullocki (Swains.). [272.] BuUocl's Oriole. 

This is a bird of the far west, coming east to the western edge of 
our district. In Dakota it seems to be tolerably common from the 



172 

Missouri westward. Dr. Agersborg recorded it as a common summer 
resident at Vermillion, in southeastern Dakota. It is common in west- 
ern Kansas, passing eastward even to Manhattan, where, in 18S3, the 
first was seen May 5. In middle Texas it ranges east a little beyond 
the center of the State. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a tolerably common 
summer resident in Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., "especially 
on the main streams." He says : u The ordinary date of arrival is April 
15 to 20, the birds becoming common about April 24. The females 
are very retiring. The males are seen with the family as late as Sep- 
tember 30. Breeds on the top branches of the mesquite.' 7 In southern 
Texas it ranges farther east. It is an abundant summer resident at 
Laredo (Butcher). In the valley of the Lower Rio Grande it is a com- 
mon summer resident (Merrill). In the spring of 1884 it was seen at 
Mason, Tex., April 7, and San Angelo April 29, wheu the first male 
was noted ; the first female came May 1, and by May 3 the species was 
common. This Oriole has been found at Gainesville, Tex., where, in 
1876, the first appeared April 29. It winters in Mexico and breeds 
throughout all its United States range north to British America. At 
San Angelo it was found breeding from May 15 to June 1, with six 
eggs in a clutch. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Bullock's Oriole was seen at San Angelo, 
Tex., August 31. The preceding year it had been noted much later, 
the last female being seen September 14 and the last male October 14. 

In the spring of 18S5 the first was seen at San Antonio, Tex., April 
11, and at Mason, Tex., April 9. They were common at Mason April 16. 

509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.). [273.] Rusty Blackbird. 

A common migrant through the Mississippi Valley as far west as the 
Plains, where it is principally replaced by Brewer's Blackbird ; breeds 
from Manitoba northward ; dispersed iu winter over the Southern 
States from southern Illinois and Kansas southward. Iu the winter of 
1882-'83 its range extended north to Saint Louis. Dr. Coues, in his 
" Birds of the Northwest,' 7 gives some interesting facts concerning the 
migrations of these two species. He says: u During the breeding sea- 
son their habitats are entirely separate, but they overlap during the 
fall migration, if not also in winter. In the east, the Rusty Grackle 
breeds from northern New England (and perhaps farther south in mount- 
ains) northward, throughout a great part of the British possessions, 
from Labrador entirely across to Alaska. Now to take an intermediate 
point, say Fort Pembina, on the Red River, the extreme northeast 
corner of Dakota. Here, in the spring and summer, the Rusty Grackle 
is not known, while Brewer's Blackbird occurs in great abundance, 
breeding. In the fall, however, the Rusty Grackle enters Dakota from 
the north on its migration and mixes with the other species" 7 (pp. 19S-199). 
Now if, as Dr. Coues states, the Rusty Crackle does not occur in north- 
eastern Dakota in spring, it would be interesting to know by what 
course the representatives of this species — which according to Prof. 



173 

Aughey, traverse Nebraska in large numbers every spring — get around 
Dakota on their way to Manitoba and Alaska. Colonel Goss records 
it as a winter bird iu eastern Kansas. 

The only good record received of the occurrence together of both 
species in spring is that given b} r Mr. Xehrling, who noted a few Rusty 
Grackles in March, 1881, in company with the flocks of Brewer's near 
Houston, Tex.; but that was before the Brewer's Blackbirds had com- 
menced their migration. 

In the spring of 1881 the Rusty Grackle commenced its northward 
journey about the last of February, appearing at Manhattan, Kans., 
where it usually winters, February 13, and at Saint Louis February 
26. 2sb further advance was made until after the "second winter;" 
then they moved again, reaching Des Moines, Iowa, March 22 ; Chicago, 
March 29; Lanesboro, Minn., March 30; and West Depere, Wis., 
April 16. Along latitude 39° in Central Missouri and Illinois the time 
of greatest abundance was March 21. At Saint Louis the bulk left 
March 25, and the last was seen April 5. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Rnsty Blackbird was seen at Des Moines, 
Iowa, October 23; the bulk arrived October 28; and the last left No- 
vember 8. 

In the spring of 1885 regular migration did not commence until 
March. The species appeared at Reeds, Mo., March 2 ; Paris, 111., 
March 3 (and again March 5) ; Saint Louis, Mo., March 14, and the 
same day at Des Moines, Iowa. April 6 they were noted from Lanes- 
boro, Minn. ; April 22, from Argusville, Dak. ; and April 24, from 
River Falls, Wis. The last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 14, 
and at Lanesboro, Minn., April 22. 

In the fall of 1885 they were present in large flocks at Iowa City, 
Iowa, October 24; and the last one was seen at River Falls, Wis., Oc- 
tober 23. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen October 9, and large 
flocks were going south October 27. A single bird was taken at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., in January, 1886. 

510. Scoiecophagus cyanocepkalus (Wagl.). [274.] Bi ewer's Blackbird. 

As mentioned in speaking of the preceding species, Brewer's Black- 
bird is a western bird, coming east to eastern Kansas and Minnesota 
and occasionally to Illinois. Its true home is from the eastern edge of 
the Plains westward. It winters from western Kansas southward, and 
breeds over most of its range. In western Manitoba it is an abundant 
summer resident, and a few breed at Vermillion, Dak. At Caddo, 
Ind. Ter., it was the most abundant Blackbird in the winter of 1883-'84. 
During the spring and fall there were clouds of them, and many flocks 
stayed all winter. That they breed there is shown from the fact that a 
bird was found which was too young to fly. By March 5 their winter 
numbers had scarcely increased, from which fact it is pretty safe to 
conclude that few winter directly south of Caddo, the bulk passing to 
the southwest. March 15 they were most numerous, the bulk having 



174 

come slowly for a week. They are not so abundant in the spring as in 
the fall. The bulk depart about March 21. The first arrived at Ellis, 
Kaus., April 5. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Brewer's Blackbird was seen at Pierce 
City, Mo., March 1; at Bichmond, Kaus., March 4; Laporte City, Iowa, 
March 2G; and at White Earth, Miuu., April 6. 

Mr. Lloyd states that they are a fall migrant in western Texas, occa- 
sionally wintering in Tom Green County, and that they are abundant 
in winter in the Nueces Canon. Mr. Nehrling states that they are an 
abundant winter resident in eastern Texas, and that a few stop to breed 
in Harris County. 

They are an abundant winter resident in the Lower Bio Grande Val- 
ley, arriving the first week in October and remaining till April (Merrill). 

511. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.). ['278.] Purple Grackle. 

This, the typical form of the Purple Grackle, is a bird of the Atlantic 
coast region, from southern New England to Florida. It has been re- 
cently recorded as breeding in West Baton Bouge Parish, La , by Dr. F. 
W. Langdon, who found it common there from the middle of March to 
the middle of April, 1881. lie says of it : 

A common species during our stay; apparently breeding April 1 to 15. A few 
specimens, evidently residents, shot for purposes of identification, proved to be of the 

lyiuyureus form, thus considerably extending the known area of its distribution. 
(Journ. of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 150.) 

511a. Quiscalus quiscula aglaeus. (Baird). [278a.] Florida GracUc. 

As its name implies, the true home of this Grackle is in Florida. 
Thence its range extends westward along the Gulf coast to Louisiana, 
where it was found by Dr. A. K. Fisher in the spring of 1886. 

511b. Quiscalus quiscula aerieus (Ridgw.). [278 &.] Bronzed Grackle. 

This Grackle inhabits all of the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf far 
into British America, and thence eastward to the Alleghanics, breeding 
throughout its range. It is less common on the Plains. All notes on 
Quiscalus will be treated under this head, whether they have been sent 
as pertaining to the Purple or Bronzed Grackle, Crow Blackbird, or 
Boat-tailed Grackle, as it is practically certain that this is the form that 
has really been seen. There is an interesting and as yet unexplained 
peculiarity in its winter habitat. Xear the Mississippi Biver it is resi- 
dent as far south as southern Illinois, and it is not uucotnmon in winter 
as far north as Miunesota. A fine male an as seen at Hastings, Minn., 
December 29, 1883, where it had successfully withstood a temperature 
of 30 degrees below zero; and during the whole winter of 188 L- 82 
small flocks stayed at various points in the State. In Louisiana* it was 

*Since the taking of typical Quiscalus quiscula in Louisiana by Dr. Langdon, aud 
the discovery of Quiscalus quiscula aglceus near New Orleans by Dr. Fisher, considera- 
ble doubt attaches to the Louisiana records of the present subspecies. A profitable 
field is opeu to the ambitious student of ornithology who will undertake to ascertain 
i.he exact distribution of these three forms in the Gulf States. — C. H. M, 



175 

reported to be more abundant in whiter than in summer, but there 
seems to be a gap during the winter between this State and Mexico. 
It appears to shun the whole State of Texas, passing on to Mexico. 
Mr. Xehrling did not find it in southeastern Texas, and distinctly says 
that it "arrives in the spring from its more southern winter home." 
Mr. K C. Brown did not find it at Boerne, Tex. ; Mr. Lloyd says that 
only a few stragglers are seen at San Angelo in winter ; Mr. Henry re- 
cords it as a rare winter bird at Mason, and even so far south as Eagle 
Pass Mr. Negley gives it as arriving in the spring from the south. The 
case is not without parallel, for much the same thing occurs with the 
Phoebe [Sayomis phoebe) and the Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes aura). At 
Caddo, Iud. Ter., two hundred miles south of its ordinary wintering- 
place on the Mississippi, none were seen after November 12. 

In the spring of 1884 the first warm wave brought the Crow Black- 
birds back to Saint Louis February 2, and to one or two other places; 
but winter returned and no real movement took place until after the 
warm weather came again. At Saint Louis the general thaw began 
March 10, and March 11 the real migration began. March 12 several 
flocks arrived at Alton, 111.; thousands passed over Hillsborough, 111.; 
many were seen at Carlinville, III., and the first arrived next day at 
Mount Carmel, Mo., and at Gainesville, Tex. By March 18 the species 
had advanced to a little beyond latitude 42° in southern Wisconsin and 
in Iowa, with no irregular notes beyond these points, while in the west 
tney had not been seen north of latitude 35°. During the next week 
(to March 25) great progress was made, and the van was brought fairly 
up to latitude 44° 45' in Wisconsin and Minnesota, but in the west it 
reached latitude 41° only. In Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska 
most of the movement took place March 20 and March 21 ; but in Min- 
nesota and Wisconsin the Purple Grackles helped to swell the ranks of 
the multitudes of birds that were migrating on March 23 and March 24. 
This species was reported at Minneapolis and Elk River, Minn., March 
28 and March 29, and the bulk about April 1. Thus in the Mississippi 
River region it had exteuded well up toward our northern border before 
the storms of early April set in, and since it reached Oak Point, Mani- 
toba, April 10, it may be supposed that some representatives of the 
species were north of the storm center, which was in central Dakota, 
and hence were not delayed in their northward journey. In the west 
the case was different. A single individual had reached Vermillion, 
Dak., April 1, but it was far ahead of its fellows, which had been 
caught and stopped by the snow-storms which continued from about 
March 20 to April 10. Then they moved again, and from April 16 to 
April 18 were seen as far north as Argusville, Dak. At Larimore, 
Dak., out on the prairie, they were not seen until May 4, and far west, 
at Ellis, Ivans., they did not come until April 19. 

From the early date of the appearance of this species at Oak Point, 
Manitoba, and from several other early dates— early as compared with 



176 

Dakota dates, but not particularly early when compared with the dates 
from the region close to the Mississippi — it might be inferred that, in 
many species at least, the line of migration is from central Minnesota 
north and a little westward to the valley of the Red River, but not 
across it, and that they follow this valley, reaching Manitoba in advance 
of those that have come by way of the Plains or the valley of the Mis- 
souri River. 

The bulk of Purple Grackles arrived at about latitude 40° previous 
to March 19, most of the advance occurring on the 12th and 13th. Dur- 
ing the rest of the month, before the advance was stopped by the snow, 
the species occupied two more degrees of latitude (to 42°), and by the 
secoud week in April it had reached latitude 45°. March 22 was a 
special day for the movement of bulk, which may account for the great 
number of firsts recorded March 23 and March 21, 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Bronzed Grackles left Elk River, Minn., 
November 1, and the last was seeu November 3; the bulk left Des 
Moines, Iowa, November 8, and the last was seen November 10. At 
Mount Oarmel, Mo., they were present in large flocks (100 to 200) for the 
first three days of August; they disappeared after August 15 ; re-ap- 
peared in flocks September 14; and five or six were seen December 5. 

In the winter of ISSI-'Sj a few Grackles remained north of their 
usual winter range. One was seen all winter at Hennepin, 111.; and 
at Paris, 111., a female remained through all the cold season, feeding at 
a spring near the house of Mr. Balmer. At Mount Carmel, Mo., one 
was seen February 4, which had probably wintered near there, since 
no more were seen for a mouth. In studying the notes on the migra- 
tion of this species many difficulties are encountered. Two distinct sets 
of notes were contributed from the region between latitude 38° and 
latitude 44°. As they do not harmonize any better by supposing that 
the Rusty Grackle had been confounded with the Bronzed in the east, 
or the Brewer's mistaken for it in the west, we can but give the two 
sets and let each reader draw his own inferences. The Bronzed Grackle, 
under the various names of Purple Grackle, Crow Blackbird, and a 
variety of Latin names, was reported as having been seen at Mount 
Carmel, Mo., March 2; Fayette, Mo., March 6; Glasgow, Mo., March 
10; Grinnell, Iowa, March 9 ; Knoxville, Iowa, March 10; Uuadilla, 
Nebr., March 11 ; Linwood, Nebr., March 10 ; Bouham, Tex., March 
6; Gainesville, Tex., March 14; and Emporia, Kaus., March 23. 
East of the Mississippi it was seen at Canton, Miss., February 24; 
Shawneetown, 111., March 3; Paris, 111., March 5; Aledo, 111., March 
6; Hennepin, 111., March 13; Fenrwood, 111., March 14; Clinton, Wis., 
March 27 ; Lake City, Minn., March 26 ; New Richmond and Luck, Wis., 
April 3. Then, going right over the same ground again, we have a 
second series of notes. At Saint Louis, Mo., a few scattered Grackles 
were seen March 27 ; they were the first seeu. Regular migration set 
in at 5 p. m., March 20. The same date the first was seen at Peoria, 111. 



177 

About sunset March 30, March 31, and April 1, thousands and thou- 
sands passed Saint Louis in immense flocks. Daring these same days 
they were noted for the first time at Keokuk, Richmond, Des Moines, 
Morning Sun. Coralville. Newton, and Waukon, in Iowa : Manhattan, 
Kansas; Lanesboro, and Heron Lake, Minn.; Rockford, 111.: and Mil- 
waukee, Wis. By this time the second wave had overtaken the first, 
and from stations farther north but one set of notes was received. These 
show that the first came to Eochester, Minn.. April 3; Huron, Dak,, 
April 4: Delavao, Wis., April .3: and that April 6 they reached La 
Crosse. Green Bay, and Dnrand, Wis., and Hastings and Elk River, 
Minn. Our northern border was crossed the middle of the month, and 
April 15 and 16 they appeared at Ossowo. Shell River, and Oak Point. 
Manitoba. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was reported from Ossowo, Manitoba, Oc- 
tober 21 : River Falls, Wis., October 10 ; Grinuell, Iowa, November 21 : 
Iowa City, Iowa. October 25: Des Moines, Iowa. October 14: Mount 
Carmel, Mo., November 20 ; and at Bonham, Tex., none were seen after 
August 16. The whole record from Saint Louis, Mo., is as follows : 
u September 17. too many present; October 27. a great day for migra- 
tion, large flocks go south ; October 28, another big day, an enormous 
flock seen at 9 a. m. : October 30. last flock.' 1 

512. Quiscalus macrourus. Swains. [275.] Great-tailed Graekle. 

This species is au inhabitant of eastern Mexico and southern Texas. 
In the valley of the Lower Rio Grande it is an abundant resident. It 
was noted at San Antonio. Tex., by Mr. Atwater. who found it there 
as a summer resident, arriving about the middle of March. 

513. Quiscalus major Vieill. [277.] Boat-tailed Grackle. 

A strictly southern species, confined almost exclusively to the country 
near the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts, where it breeds abundantly. 
It is common in Texas and Louisiana, near the coast. It was reported 
correctly by a few of the most southern observers, and incorrectly by a 
score or more of the northern observers. All the " Boat-tailed Graekles" 
north of latitu !e 33° are Crow Blackbirds and belong to the preceding- 
species. The habit which the male Bronzed Grackle has of carrying 
his tail u boat-shaped" during the breeding season is the common cause 
of the mis-identification. 

514. Coccothraustes vespsrtina (Cooper). [165.] Evening Grosbeak. 

The home of the Evening Grosbeak is in the northwestern part of 
the United States and British Xorth America, from the Rocky Mountains 
westward, and while some pass south in winter, even to Mexico, others 
come eastward and are found in Manitoba and all the northern States 
as far east as Michigan. They have been found several times in Iowa 
and Nebraska, but so far there is one record only for Kansas, and that 
was made in 1^77. 

73G5— Bull 2 12 



178 

The winter of 1833-'84 was marked by an unusual abundance of these 
Grosbeaks. They came early and stayed late. At Minneapolis, which 
has long been known as one of their regular winter resorts, the first 
flock was seen November 7, containing about fifty individuals, and they 
remained all winter. 

During the whole of the winter of 1883-84 they were very common 
along the Mississippi Eiver, from Minneapolis to the southern border 
of the State. They were reported from Minneapolis, Hastings, Ked 
Wing, Lake City, and Lanesboro ; in northeastern Iowa from Mitchell, 
and in central Iowa from Des Moines and Coralville. At Des Moines 
the bulk left the first week in March, and the last was seen March 23. 
They came to Lanesboro, Minn., about the middle of February, and by 
April 3 were among the most common birds in all the woods down the 
valley of the Eoot Eiver for a few miles below town. These great num- 
bers reached their height April 19, and even so late as May 13 the birds 
were still making the woods resound with their noisy notes. East of the 
Mississippi they were seen at Eiver Falls and Green Bay, Wis. At the 
latter place they have been known to stay until May 30. At Portage 
La Prairie, Manitoba, the last was seen May 1G. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Evening Grosbeak, a male, appeared at 
Elk Eiver, Minn., October 17 ; and a flock was seen at Vermillion, Dak., 
December 24. 

In the spring of 1885 they were not nearly so common as during the 
previous spring. The notes seem to indicate wandering rather than 
migration. The records are as follows: Milwaukee, Wis., one seen 
March 28 ; Lanesboro, Minn., many males and females seen for the 
first time April 4 and left again in about a week ; Heron Lake, Minn, 
seen March 12 and again the next day ; Elk Eiver, Minn., scarce during 
the winter of 1884-'85, two males -seen February 25 and one female 
March 1. At Shell Eiver, Manitoba, they were seen February 20 ? 
when the temperature was 40° below zero. In the fall of 1885 the first 
was seen at Elk Eiver, Minn., October 30. They had previously been 
seen at Lanesboro, Minn., October 18, and were still there December 1. 

515. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.). [166.] Pine Grosbeak. 

A winter visitant from the north. All through the winter and spring 
of 1S83-'S4 the newspaper press of the country contained accounts of 
the presence of these birds in the Northern States, and occasionally 
of the straying of one a little farther south. The comparative rarity 
of the species and the bright color of the old males make them favor- 
ites among collectors, and wherever they go their ranks are rapidly 
thinned. In the Mississippi Valley they have been found as far south 
as Kansas (one instance) and Illinois. At Alda, in southeastern Ne- 
braska, Mr. Powell took a female in May, 1882. The winter of 1883-84 
was not marked by special abundance at any -point ; in fact, the con- 
trary was true, for they were rather less common than usual. They 
visited Eipon, Wis., and Mitchell, Iowa, and north of these points were 



179 

seen at most of the stations. They left Elver Falls, Wis., March 15, 
and. Bed Wing, Minn., March 21. At Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, 
they were seen until April 10. 

517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). [168.] Purple Finch. 

The Purple Finch breeds in Manitoba and the Upper Mississippi Val- 
ley, and is a regular winter resident in the southern portion. The bulk 
pass the winter south of latitude 40°. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., in the win- 
ter of 1883-84, they did not arrive until the real cold weather came ; the 
first flock was seen January 10, and they were still present March 18. 
At Gainesville, Tex., an adult male was seen March 20. 

The reports show that the species does not move northward with much 
precision, but arrives at favorite places long before it is seen at neigh- 
boring stations. For this reason no exact dates of movement can be 
given, and it can only be said that the species began to move out of 
winter quarters March 20 to 25, and that during the last week of March 
and the first week of April it passed up to latitude 45°; but during 
March a few individuals were found close to the Mississippi as high as 
latitude 44° 30'. On April 21 it appeared at Portage La Prairie, Man- 
itoba. It breeds regularly from northern Minnesota and Dakota north- 
ward, but has also been found breeding in northern Illinois. Mr. Kline 
has taken one set of eggs at Polo, 111. 

To show how the composition of the flocks changes from time to time 
in the same place, we can do no better than reproduce Mr. Widrnann's 
record from Saint Louis : 

During the winter of 1883-84 flocks were found at their old stand. There were 
not so many as in the winter of 1882-83, and crimson and plain birds were almost 
equally numerous. In cold weather they keep mostly on the ground, feeding on 
seeds of ash ; in warm weather they ascend to the tree tops to feed on buds. Feb- 
ruary 23 there was a change in the flocks; they became larger, but there was a 
decrease in the number of crimson birds (that is, the old males), 75 per cent, being 
brown birds, the balance light crimson. March 17, flocks excited, mostly of brown 
birds, but singing. March 27, the bulk departed. April 19, the species still present 
in small flocks, mostly brown, but singing much. April 28, last regular migrants. 
May 5, an accidental party of eight or ten, all brown ; May 7, a single brown bird seen. 

During the winter of 1884-'85 a few Purple Finches were seen at 
Saint Louis, Mo., and at Shawneetown, 111. At Des Moines, Iowa, a 
large flock was noted February 25, but no more were observed until 
regular migration began in March. The first migrants appeared at 
Saint Louis, March 3; Des Moines, March 14; Lanesboro, Minn., March 
22; Hastings, Minn., March 31; Eockforcl, 111., April 1; Green Bay, 
Wis., April 2; and Shell Eiver, Manitoba, April 30. The whole record 
for 1885 at Saint Louis is: 

February 27, three brown individuals seen, winter visitants; March 3, first mi- 
grants, five, crimson ; March 11, slight increase, scattered; March 31, first large flock, 
many crimson, and in full song; April 6 to April 16, bulk present; April 27, last. 

In the fall of 1885 the first came to Green Bay, Wis., September 15 ; 
Lanesboro, Minn,, October 17; and Mount Oarmel, Mo., October 7, 



180 

The last was seen at Mount Carmel November 2. The first came to 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 17, and an increase was noticed October 
17. 

518. Carpodacus cassini Baird. [169.] Cassin's Purple Finch. 

The usual home of this species is in the Eocky Mountain region, but 
it occurs in Texas. In the spring of 1881, at Gainesville, Tex., Mr. 
Eagsdale saw the first March 13. 

521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brebm). [172.] American Crossbill. 

Both the Eed aud the White-winged Crossbills breed and are resi- 
dent in Minnesota, and in winter come a little farther south, occasion- 
ally as far as Kansas. Though noted by the observers in their lists, yet 
not a single record was made during the winter of 1883-'84. 

How different the record for 1885! The winter of 1884-85 was marked 
ornithologically, in the Upper Mississippi Valley, by the great abun- 
dance of Crossbills of both species. They arrived at Paris, 111., the mid- 
dle of November (1884); increased daily, and in December the flocks 
contained from thirty to fifty birds. None were seen during January 
(1885), but they were in good force again February 3. The bulk de- 
parted in April, and the last were seen during the first week in May. 
At Shawneetown, 111., the first came December 24, 1884; they were next 
seen March 25, and again April 2. No regular migratory movement 
can be traced, but they seem to have been most common in Wisconsin 
and Illinois the last week of March and the first half of April, and to 
have left early in May. In Milwaukee, thirty-nine birds were brought 
to one taxidermist March 28, and they were abundant for the next three 
weeks at Lake Mills, Wis. Several hundred were seen during the 
spring at Jefferson, Wis., ana chey were also noted at Durand, Green 
Bay, Eipon, Delavan, and Clinton, in Wisconsin, and at Eockford, 
Hennepin, and Odin, in Illinois. In Iowa they stayed all winter at 
Coralville, and were seen April 18 at Knoxville (fifty birds) and May 1 
at Grinnell. The latest records are: Hennepin, 111., May 18; Coralville, 
Iowa, May 21; and Milwaukee, Wis., May 25. Many of both species of 
Crossbills were seen at Elk Eiver, Minn., the last week in March. In 
the fall of 1885 a flock re-appeared at Milwaukee, Wis., November 7. 

521a. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgw. (172 a.) Mexican Crossbill. 

In the fall of 18S5 numbers of these southwestern Crossbills invaded 
eastern Kansas. November 5 Prof. L. L. Dyche shot several from a 
small flock at Lawrence; November 21 Prof. D. E. Lantz killed three 
out of a flock of twelve at Manhattan; and December 23 Mr. Y. L. 
Kellogg shot a pair out of a flock of twelve at Emporia (Eevised Cat. 
Bds. Kansas, Goss, 18S6, p. 40). At Lawrence Professor Dyche first 
observed the birds November 1 (1885), and he last saw them January 
26 (1886). During this period he secured forty specimens, twenty of 
each sex. (The Auk, Yol. Ill, 1886, pp. 258-259). 



181 

522. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. [173.] White-winged Crossbill. 

As noted under the Eed Crossbill, do White- winged Crossbills were 
observed in the Mississippi Yalley during the spring of 1881, but in 
the fall of that year they appeared at Elk River, Minn., and remained 
during the winter. In the spring of 1885 they were not so common as 
the Red Crossbill, but were noted at Durand, Wis., March 29; at 
Peoria, 111., March 30; at Eew Richmond, Wis., April 3, and about a 
hundred were seen at Elk River, Minn., March 4. In Kansas it is a 
rare and irregular winter visitor (Goss). 

524. Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains. [175.] Gray-crowned Leucosticte. 

Breeds chiefly in the Rocky Mountain region north of the United 
States; south in winter to Colorado. According to Professor Aughey 
it is " frequently seen in Nebraska in winter, but rarely, if ever, in 
summer." 

527 a. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues). [178a.] Hoary Redpoll. 

Another Arctic bird which visits the Mississippi Valley in fall and 
winter. Mr. Seton (now Thompson) gave it as a tolerably common fall 
visitant to the Big Plain in Western Manitoba. It has been taken in 
northern Illinois. 
528. Acanthis liiiaria (Linn.). [179]. Common Redpoll. 

A winter visitant from the far north. The winter home of the Red- 
poll in 1883-'84 seems to have been confined principally to the country 
between the parallels of 11° and 44°, though the year before it was seen 
south to southern Illinois (at latitude 37° 30'). It is usually a winter 
visitor at Elk River, Minn., but Mr. Vernon Bailey writes that he saw 
none there from December 25, 1883, to January 17, 1881, when the tem- 
perature was 35° below zero. In the latter part of February the flocks 
began to grow restless and spread a little, and the first week of March 
the southernmost birds were crowding north. By March 10 all had gone. 
The first was recorded from Frazee City, Minn,, on April 19, but proba- 
bly reached that latitude a few days before. At Elk River, Minn., the 
species was numerous and many individuals migrated on April 3, and 
on April 7 the last one was seen. In the southern part of the State, at 
Lanesboro, the bulk and the last left March 29. At Portage La Prairie, 
Manitoba, the last was seen April 21. 

In the fall of 1884 the first flock of Redpolls appeared at Elk River, 
Minn., November 1 ; the bulk arrived six days later, and they were com- 
mon all winter. 

In the spring of 1885 the Redpolls remained in the Mississippi Valley 
much later than in 1884. They were noted from Mount Carmel, Mo., 
April 1; Grinnell, Iowa, April 25; and Leeds Centre, Wis., May 9. In 
the fall of 1885 they reached Mount Carmel, Mo., November 4. 

528a. Acanthis linaria holbcellii (Brehm). [179a.] HoTboclVs Redpoll. 

Another northern species of rare or casual occurrence in the Missis- 
sippi Valley. Mr. Ridgway kindly informs me that he has examined 
specimens from northern Illinois. 



182 

528b. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). [179a.] Greater Redpoll. 

A northern species, rarely seen in the United States. The only in- 
stance of its capture within the Mississippi Valley is the record of a 
specimen taken November 2, 1878, at Chicago, 111., by Mr. H. K. Ooale. 

529. Spinus tristis (Linn.). [181.] American Goldfinch. 

The Thistle-bird or American Goldfinch is found in winter over most 
of the United States, and breeds throughout the greater part of its 
range except in the southernmost portions. In the winter of 1883-84: 
it was reported from various stations up to northern Illinois, southern 
Minnesota, and southeastern Dakota. Considering the severity of the 
winter it is not to be wondered at that it was found no farther north, 
but had it been a mild, open winter, like that of 1877-78, it would 
have remained almost at oar northern boundary. About the middle 
or latter part of March records began to appear at points within their 
usual winter range where they had not been seen during the cold 
weather, showing that at this date the birds began to spread from their 
winter quarters. But it was late before the species began to advance 
beyond its ordinary winter limits. It seems not to have made up its 
mind to migrate until the last week in April, and then it was two 
weeks in getting fairly started. In Wisconsin the first came to West 
Depere May 14; in Minnesota they appeared at Pine Bend May 21. 
May 28 the species was seen at Portage La Prairie, Manitoba; the 
next day one was seen as tar north as Oak Point, Manitoba. By far 
the larger part of the movement of this species took place in the last 
few days of April and the first days of May. The record from Saint 
Louis furnishes a full account of the movements from about the latitude 
in which tbe bulk winters. It was seen all winter in many places— not 
in flocks, but as scattered single birds.* These birds were very qniet, 
keeping on or near the ground, generally in compauy with Tree Sparrows, 
and all in plain winter dress. The first flock came February 21 ; they were 
in song. They remained in about the same numbers for more than a 
month; March 22 a flock of transients was seen going north. April 
27 a flock of males in high dress began to arrive ; the next day there 
was an increase from the arrival of the bulk of the males of the summer 
residents and transients; there were then more males than females. 
April 29 they were numerous and noisy, singing males attracting pass- 
ing males which were seen descending. Another day and they were 
at the height of the season, Goldfinches everywhere, both males and 
females. May 5 the bulk of the males left; three days later the bulk 
of the females followed, and by May 10 the summer residents were in 
pairs and quiet reigned. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Thistle-bird was seen at Mount Carinel, 
Mo., December 10; but none were noted at San Angelo, Tex., after 
September 7. Some of them remained north very late. They were 

* At Manhattan, Ivans., directly west of Saint Louis, a thousand were seen in a sin- 
gle day, January 12. 



183 

quite abundant at Lanesboro, Miuu., January 1, 1885, and were common 
at Minneapolis, Minn., during January. They left this latter place in 
February and did not return until March 29. 

In the spring of 1885 the records were very irregular, doubtless be- 
cause of the erratic movements of the birds. Few, if any, remained 
during the entire winter north of latitude 39° 5 and though they began 
to move from j>lace to place early in March, the bulk of their migration 
was performed in May. They reached Shell Eiver. Manitoba, May 21. 
The whole record from Saint Louis is as follows : 

March 3, first, five in plain dress, silent; March 4, another party of six ; March 5, 
a very large flock in the lowlands of Illinois, opposite Saiut Louis ; March 11, a few 
in much brighter colors and musical; April 10, still very scarce ; only twice met 
since March 11 ; April 20 and 21, increasing, flocks of males in high dress; April 22, 
bulk arrived of both males and females ; April 29, height of the season, large flocks ; 
May 4, the bulk of transients departs ; May 5, summer residents are scattering and 
mating. 

In the fall of 1885 the records of "lasts" were: Green Bay, Wis., 
November 2; Milwaukee, Wis., November 20; and Mount Carmel, Mo., 
December 12. At Saint Louis, Mo., the bulk was still present October 
10. At Gainesville, Tex v the first was seen August 7. 

530. Spinus psaltria (Say). [182.] Green-lacked Goldfinch ; Arkansas Goldfinch. 

The range of this western species within our district is limited to 
western Texas. It was only noted by Mr. Lloyd, who states that at 
San Angelo, Tex., it is a rare fall migrant. 

530 a. Spinus psaltria arizonae (Cones). [182a.] Arizona Goldfinch. 

An inhabitant of northern Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. 

530b. Spinus psaltria mexicanus (Sw.). [182 &.] Mexican Goldfinch. 

More than forty years ago Giraud claimed to have found this species 
in Texas. This record has been questioned, but its trustworthiness 
has been recently established by the Rev. Ira B, Henry, who re-discov- 
ered the species at Mason, Tex., where it is a rather common summer 
resident. A specimen sent to the Smithsonian Institution was pro- 
nounced to agree very closely with Giraud's type as undoubtedly mex- 
icanus. 

533. Spinus pinus (Wils.). [185.] Pine Siskin ; Pine Goldfinch. 

In Forest and Stream of December 7, 1S82, Dr. Coues made the 
following statement concerning the habitat of this species : 

They breed throughout the British Provinces, northern Maine, New Hampshire, 
Vermont, New York, Michigan, and thence to Washington Territory in all the ever- 
green forests, and also breed in the Alpine regions of Oregon, California, Utah, Ne- 
vada, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and New and Old Mexico. Some 
individuals may be found the year through in their summer abodes, while others 
spread in winter over all the United States in suitable places, unless the South At- 
lantic and Gulf States are to he excepted. 

During the winter and spring of 1SS3--84 and 1881-'85 they were 
observed at odd times at several of the stations, but their movements 



184 

were so irregular as to preclude any definite tracing or timing of their 
migration. Colonel Goss shot two from a small flock near Wallace, 
Kans., May 29, 1883 ; and others were seen at Manhattan, Kans., as 
late as May 16, 1885. 

Passer domesticus (Linn.). [ .] European House Sparrow ; English, Sparrow. 

In Texas the English Sparrow is abundant at Galveston, Houston, 
and other points about Galveston Bay. In Louisiana it is common in 
the southeastern part of the State, and extends northward along the 
Mississippi as far as Saint Joseph. In Mississippi it is confined to the 
northern half of the State, and is said not to occur so far south as 
Vicksburg or Jackson. North of this region, and east of the Missis- 
sippi River, it occupies the whole of the Mississippi Valley up to lat- 
itude 45°. West of the Mississippi River it occurs in eastern Arkansas, 
north of the Arkansas River; is abundant over most of Missouri (ex- 
cept in the Ozark Hills), and Iowa (except the northwestern corner), 
eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and southeastern Minnesota, and 
was reported from a single place in Dakota (Milltown). It generally 
appears first in cities and towns, whence it extends its incursions to 
the smaller villages and the currounding country, until finally it locates 
and breeds about farm buildings often many miles from any town. It 
is an enemy to agriculture. 

Passer montanus (Linn.). [ "| European Tree Sparrow. 

Successfully naturalized in the vicinity of Saint Lonis, Mo., where it 
is now abundant and on the increase. 

534. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). [186. J Snow Bunting ; Snowflake. 

From their breeding places within the Arctic Circle these warm- 
blooded Snowflakes come in countless thousands, beautifying and en- 
livening many a dreary winter landscape with the quick flashing of 
their wings and their cheery chatter. They commonly invade all of our 
district north of latitude 39°, and less often south to latitude 35°, 
where they are replaced by the Lapland Longspur. They are rare in 
Kansas (Goss). Most of the notes of our observers refer to their de- 
parture in the spring. At Saint Louis they have never been seen, and 
they are rare in Kansas. At White Hall, 111., in the spring of 1881, 
they stayed until March 24. A little farther north, near latitude 42° 
and latitude 43°, they were seen as late as April 17, though the bulk 
left the first week in April. At latitude 45° the bulk left about the 
same time, but it was nearly May 1 before the last one departed. At 
Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, they did not disappear until May 25, 
and on previous years have been seen as late as June 22 when the 
weather was very hot. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Snow Banting appeared at Elk River, 
Minn., October 24, and the bulk arrived there November 11. At Lake 
Mills, Wis., the first was reported December 17. At Mount Oarrael, 



185 

Mo., the first was seen December 23, and the species became common 
four days later. A few were seen at Chicago, 111., December G. 

In the spring of 1885 the last were reported from Chicago, 111., March 
14; Mount Carinel, Mo., March 24; Grinnell, Iowa, April 25, and Ar- 
gusville, Dak., April 29. 

In the fall of 1885 they returned to Elk Eiver, Minn., October 9; Ar- 
gusville, Dak., October 19, and Milwaukee, Wis., December 20. 

536. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). [187.] Lapland Longpsur. 

Like the last, a winter visitant from the far north. As has been al- 
ready stated, the Mississippi Valley below the range of the Snow Bunt- 
ing is occupied by the Longspur. In Kansas it is abundant. The limit 
of its known southern range has been carried south until we now know 
that it penetrates to Texas, where it has been found at Gainesville, 
leaving there in 1884 about March 1. Its mode of occurrence at Caddo, 
Iud. Ter., in the winter of 1883-'84 may be taken as a fair example of the 
way it comes and goes at pleasure. None were seen until a sudden cold 
snap in February covered everything with frozen rain. Horned Larks, 
Smith's Longspurs, and Chestnut-collared Buntings became abundant, 
and February 13 three Lapland Longspurs were seen. Starting out 
the next day to secure some of their skins I suddenly found myself 
surrounded by hundreds and hundreds of them. They fairly swarmed 
for a week; but on the night of February 19, taking advantage of a 
clear sky and a south wind, they disappeared, in company with all their 
long-clawed brethren, as suddenly as they had come. In Kansas they 
were very numerous about the same time, and a month later Nebraska 
became the scene of action for the evolutions of their mighty armies. 
In northern Minnesota they disappeared during the winter to give 
place to the Snow Buntings; and the first ones returned to Frazee City 
March 9. The last left Manhattan, Kans., March 22, while as late as 
April 19 thousands were seen at Chicago, but they left almost immedi- 
ately afterward. 

In the spring of 1885 the last flocks of Lapland Longspurs left Man- 
hattan, Kans., February 21 . At Newton, Iowa, large flocks moved north 
regularly every fine day from March 1 to March 12; and the last were 
seen there April 22. A large flock in spring dress was seen in Lanes- 
boro, Minn., May 2, and the last at Heron Lake, Minn., May 9. 

In the fall of 1885 a small flock was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., No- 
vember 2, and again November 20. The first was seen at Gainesville, 
Texas, November 14. In northwestern Manitoba the Lapland Longspur 
is "enormously abundant in May and September." (Seton, The Auk, 
Vol. II, 1885, p. 23.) 

537. Calcarius pictus (Swains.). [188.] Smith's Longspur. 

Smith's Longspur breeds in the far north and winters in the western 
part of the Mississippi Valley. It is common in southern Kansas, and 
its winter journeyiogs have been lately discovered to extend to Texas, 



186 

where Mr. Ragsdale lias found it at Gainesville during several winters. 
In the spring of 1884 the balk left Gainesville March 5, and one was 
seen April 1. At Caddo, Ind Ter., a little to the northeast of Gaines- 
ville, in a strictly prairie country, they were found to be an abundant 
and apparently regular winter visitor. Two flocks and many scattered 
birds were seen November 17, when there was hardly a sign of ap- 
proaching winter and the leaves had not all fallen from the trees. They 
stayed through heat and cold, ice, snow, and rain, until the bulk lelt 
February 19, and the last on the 26th. East of the Mississippi the 
species extends in winter to the prairie regions of southern Wisconsin 
and northern Illinois, but its true home is in the extensive plains of the 
west and northwest. It does not breed within our limits. At Caddo a 
fine male was shot while sitting on a tree, the only one that was ever 
seen to alight elsewhere than on the ground. 

In the spring of 1885 a specimen of Smith's Longspur was shot at 
Fayetteville, Ark., February 28, and sent to me for identification. At 
Des Moines, Iowa, about 50 were seen April 18. In the fall of 18S5 the 
known winter range of the species was slightly extended to the south- 
eastward by its appearance, November 10, at Bonham, Tex., where it 
was common November 1G. At Gainesville, Tex., the first was seen 
November 14. In Manitoba it is abundant during the migrations, par- 
ticularly in spring. 

538. Calcarius ornatus (Towns.). [189.] Chestnut-collared Longspur. 

This is one of the most abundant birds of the western Plains. It is 
resident in western Kansas and Nebraska, breeding north to high lati- 
tudes in summer, and wandering to southwestern Texas and Mexico in 
winter. In Manitoba it is a common breeder, but is somewhat local. 
It breeds commonly in Grant and Traverse Counties, in westemMinne- 
sota (Roberts & Benner). The most southeastern record probably is 
that from Warren sburgb, Mo., where it was rather common in April, 
1874. (Scott, Bull. Nutt. Ornith.Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 143.) At Caddo, 
Ind. Ter., it was seen in the middle of February, 1884, in company 
with C. pictus and C. lapponieus. A question of the use and meaning 
of ornithological terms arises in connection with this and the following 
species. Mr. N. C. Brown, in his "Reconnaissance in southwestern 
Texas" (Bull. Nutt. Oruith. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, pp. 37-38), says that 
these two species, C. ornatusaud E. mccoicnii, do not winter there be- 
cause not found until February, and that the latter species is an un- 
common migrant, taken between February 11 and 21. In our Missis- 
sippi Valley work we would call both of these species winter visitants, 
restricting the term " migrant" or " transient," which two terms are here 
used synonymously, to those birds which are found only as they pass 
through from a more southern to a more northern dwelling-place, or 
vice versa. At Gainesville, Tex., the bulk of the Chestnut-collared 
Longspurs began to leave March 12, and the last was seen April 24. 



187 

In the fall of 1884 a single Chesnut-collared Longspur appeared at 
Gainesville, Tex., November 3. 

In the spring of 1835 they were common at Gainesville, Tex., March 5, 
and some may have wintered there. At Hnron, Dak., the first were 
seen April 2; and at Menoken, Dak., April 15. A single bird was seen 
at Heron Lake, Minn., May 9. Dr. Agersborg states that it breeds 
sparingly in southeastern Dakota and abundantly 150 miles farther 
north. 

539. Rhynchophanes inccownii. (Lawr.). [190.] McCown's Longspur. 

This Longspur is more emphatically a bird of the western Plains than 
any of the preceding. There is only one record of its occurrence east of 
the Mississippi, it having been found accidentally at Champaign, 111. 
The ordinary eastern limit of its range is near the edge of the Plains, in 
Dakota, Nebraska, western Kansas, and Texas. It does not go so far 
north as the other species, the Black Hills being near its northern limit. 
It breeds abundantly in west-central Dakota (Allen). It was found 
at Caddo, Ind. Ter., January 19, 1881. At Gainesville, Tex., it was 
recorded as a winter resident, leaving March 12- a small flock was seen 
March 26, an unusually late date. In western Texas it is au abundant 
winter resident (Lloyd). At Ellis, Kans., it was found to be a winter 
visitant and abundaut in migration, but whether or not it breeds has 
not yet been determined. 

In the fall of 188 1 a flock of ten McCown's Longspurs appeared at 
•Gainesville, Tex., Xovember 5. 

In the spring of 1885 two females were shot at Gainesville, April 9, 
and were the last seen. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Gainesville October 27, and it 
was common by November 2. 

540. Poocsetes gramiiieus (Gmel.). [197.] Vesper Sparrow ; Grass Finch. 

A common breeder from eastern Manitoba to southern Illinois, and a 
common migrant throughout the Southern States. In the eastern part 
of Concho County, Tex., Mr. Lloyd states that it is a tolerably com- 
mon fall migrant. In northeastern Texas, at Gainesville, it was not 
found in winter; which fact agrees with Mr. Xehrling's statement, that 
none remain, so far as he knows, in the vicinity of Houston, Tex., dur- 
ing the winter. (Bull. Nntt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI r, 1882, p. 12.) At 
Gainesville they arrived March 4, and were seen until April 16. Just 
north of Gainesville, at Caddo, Ind. Ter., a single bird was seen Feb- 
ruary 25, but no more until the bulk came March 11. There is some 
doubt whether these Gainesville specimens are typical gramiiieus or 
the western subspecies confinis, but those from Caddo were certainly 
typical. At Pierce City, Mo., the first came March 17, and March 22 a 
pair visited Saint Louis. Then there was a pause, and the species appa- 
rently made no advance until the first week in April. April 10 it was 
seen at Lanesboro, Minn. It ranges north even to the Saskatchewan 



188 

River. It was reported as breeding at Newport, Ark a , but its normal 
breeding range does not extend much south of southern Illinois. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Grass Finch left Des Moines, Iowa, August 
12, and the first appeared at Gainesville, Tex., October 8. 

In the spring of 1885 a pronounced migration of this species took 
place about the 1st of April. It was first noticed at Saint Louis, Mo., 
March 30; at Hennepin, 111., March 31; Delavan, Wis., April 1; and 
Manhattan, Kans., April 4. The Texas records were later. They are: 
Gainesville, April 6, and San Angelo, April 14. The advance near the 
Mississippi River was quite uniform. Newton, Iowa, was reached April 
9; Leeds Centre, Wis., April 10; Lanesboro, Minn., April 16; New 
Richmond, Wis., April 14; Minneapolis, Minn., April 22; and Shell 
River, Manitoba, April 29. In the fall of 18S5 the last one was seen at 
Elk River, Minn., October 3; Lanesboro, Minn., October 29; Saint 
Louis, Mo., October 21; and at Mount Carmel, Mo., October 2S. At 
Gainesville, Tex., they were abundant November 17. 

540 a. Poocsetes gramineus confinis Baird. [197 a. ~] Western Vesper Sparroxc. 

This pale form of the Vesper Sparrow occurs on the high dry plains 
along our western border, and thence westward. Its eastern limit in 
the south is in the neighborhood of Gainesville, Tex., where specimens 
both of this subspecies and of typical gramineus have been taken by 
Mr. Ragsdale. Most of the specimens from Gainesville are intermediate 
in character, but from the one hundredth meridian westward, in Texas, 
typical confinis is the prevailing form. It breeds in western Texas 
(Lloyd). It is an abundant summer resident at Devil's Lake, Dak., and 
is the common form in central Dakota, as well as in the Traverse Lake 
region in western Minnesota, and throughout western Manitoba. 

541. Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.). [192.] IpsidcU Sparroxc. 

Breeds on Sable Island, off Nova Scotia, and occurs in winter along 
the Atlantic coast as far south as Virginia. A single straggler has 
been reported from Dallas, Tex., where, according to its label, it was 
killed December 10, 1881 (Sennett, The Auk, Vol. Ill, 1888, p. 135), but 
there is reason to suspect that the specimen really came from the coast 
of New England, the error having arisen from a transposition of labels. 

542 a. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils. ). [193a. ] Saranna Sparrow. 
This Sparrow breeds throughout the Mississippi Valley east of the 
Plains. It is said to winter from southern Illinois and southern Kan- 
sas southward, but none of the observers found it north of latitude 35°. 
It was found most abundantly about Caddo, Iud. Ter., and Gainesville, 
Tex., at which places both the typical species and the paler form, A, 
alaudinus, occur (one form remains abundant all winter, the other comes 
early in the spring). February 11, these Sparrows were very common 
at Caddo, Ind. Ter., though not more than five were found in a place. 
The morning of March 22 they were truly in the "height of the season." 
It had not been supposed that they ever appeared in such numbers. 



189 

Within a half mile from the house there were certainly not less than a 
thousand, and probably over two thousand, individuals. They could be 
seen and heard on all sides all the time. The next day the numbers 
remained the same, while the day following a walk over the same 
ground revealed two birds only. Considering the winter bird to be 
alandinus, Mr. Kagsdale did not record savanna from Gainesville until 
April 7 and the last May 14. 

Nearer the Mississippi they reached Pierce City, Mo., March 19, 
and Saint Louis March 22 • but this bird was ahead of his mates, for 
less than half a dozen were seen before April 19. Des Moines, Iowa, 
was reached April 23, and Lanesboro, Minn., on the last day of the 
month. At Manhattan, Kans., directly north of Gainesville, it arrived 
April 21. The Savanna Sparrow usually breeds from latitude 40° 
northward, but Mr. Eidgway states that it breeds throughout Illi- 
nois, and Mr. Nehrling has found it breeding at Pierce City, Mo. Dr. 
Watson thinks that in former years he found it nesting at Ellis, Kans. 

In the spring of 1885 not a note on the Savanna Sparrow came from 
any station east of the Mississippi, River. At Manhattan, Kans., the 
first was seen April 1 ; Saint Louis, Mo., April 7; Grinnell, Iowa, April 
22; Waukon, Iowa, May 4; Heron Lake, Minn.. May 9; Huron, Dak., 
May 4, and White Earth, Minn., May 16. In the fall of 18S5 the last 
was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, September 27, and the first at Emporia, 
Kans., October 10. 

542 b. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bp.). [193 &.] Western Savanna 

Sparrow. 

Common on the Great Plains and in western Manitoba. Mr. Bags- 
dale regards this form as the winter resident at Gainesville, Tex., where 
in 1884 it was most abundant February 26. By April 29 all had gone. 
In western Texas Mr. Lloyd determined it to be a common resident. 
Colonel Goss has taken it in western Kansas. 

545. Ammodramus bairdii (Aud.). [191.] Baird's Bunting, 

Baird's Bunting breeds in western Manitoba, Dakota, and western 
Minnesota. By what route it goes south is a question. Doctor Coues, 
writing ten years ago, said that it was extremely abundant in Dakota 
almost to the Bed Biver of the North, and that all left in September. 
Where did they go? The species is not known to occur in Kansas* 
and if there is a Nebraska record I have failed to find it. Nevertheless, 
we are bound to believe that it does occur in both these States. Mr. G. 
H. Bagsdale shot one at Gainesville, Tex., April 24, 1884, and if it occurs 
in central Texas and Dakota it must perforce occur in the intervening 
country. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was not found, though I shot upwards 
of fifty Savanna Sparrows in the vain hope that some one of them 
would resolve itself into the wished-for Baird's. On March 31, among 
a lot of Savannas, I heard one singing with the trill at the end which 



190 

Doctor Cones says is the note of this species, but I was not able to find 
the bird. Its range is from New Mexico to British America, and it 
breeds abundantly in Dakota, along the Eed Eiver in Minnesota, and 
in Manitoba (particularly on the Alkaline flats along the Assiniboiue 
Eiver. — Seton). 

In the spring of 1885 Baird's Bunting was not recorded from Kansas 
and Nebraska; but Mr. Lloyd found it to be a common winter resident 
at Fort Davis, Tex. It was noted in migration at Grinnell, Iowa, April 
25; Menoken, Dak., May 12, and White Earth, Minn., May 16— at 
which latter place one was caught alive and kept in confinement for 
several days. At Grinnell, Iowa, it occurs in fall as well as spriug. 

546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.V [198.] Grasshopper Sparrow ; 

Yellow-winged Sparrow. 

Unlike most of the true Sparrows this bird does not go far north, 
scarcely reaching our northern boundary, and the great bulk remain 
from Iowa and Illinois southward, though it does breed in southeastern 
Dakota and western Minnesota. It is an abundant summer resident in 
Kansas. Its winter home is in the Southern States, and it has been 
found in winter as far north as southern Illinois. Duriug the winter 
months it must be a very rare bird in Texas. Mr. Nehrling found a few 
at Houston. Mr. Brown, at Boerne, did not see one until February II. 
Mr. Lloyd, at San Angelo, Tex., has never seen it in winter, nor has 
Mr. Eagsdale, at Gainesville. It was determined to be a very rare 
and probably accidental winter bird at Caddo, Ind. Ter., where, in 
the winter of 1883-'81, it was found in company with Lincoln's Spar- 
row ; less than half a dozen individuals were seen previous to March 
15, and by April 1 it was just beginning to be common. None were 
seen at San Angelo, Tex., until April 7, nor in the latitude of Gaines- 
ville until March 31, although in former years Mr. Eagsdale had found 
them March 8 to 10. A single straggler was seen at Manhattan, Kans., 
March 22, but the bulk did not come until May 1. April 30 they were 
seen at Saint Louis, and May 2 brought them to Alda, Nebr. Farther 
north than Alda but one record was made. This was at Chicago, 111., 
where it was seen May 21. 

In the fall of 1881 the bulk of the Yellow-winged Sparrows left Mount 
Carmel, Mo., September 15, while the last was not seen until October 
12. At San Angelo, Tex., the first migrant appeared September 2S. 

In the spring of 1885 the first at San Angelo, Tex., was seen March 
21 ; at Kuoxvilie, Iowa, April 5; Des Moines, Iowa, April 13; Manhat- 
tan, Kans., April 18; Unadilla, Nebr., April 18; Newton, Iowa, April 21; 
Grinnell, Iowa, April 22; Saint Louis, Mo., April 27, and Lanesboro, 
Minn., May 2. 

In the fall of 1885 the last at Grinnell, Iowa, was seen October 17 ; 
at Des Moines, Iowa, October 21, and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 
14. At Gainesville, Tex., the first was seen November 2. 



191 

546 a. A mmodrainus savannarum perpallidus Riclgw. [198 a.] Western Grass- 
hopper Sparrow. 

leather common on the Great Plains from Dakota southward. Mr. 
Lloyd states that it is a resident in western Texas, and is tolerably com- 
mon in fall in Concho County. A single specimen was killed at Boerne, 
Tex., by Mr. Brown. (Bull. ]S T utt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, p. 127.) 
Mr. Ragsdale writes that those taken at Gainesville, Tex., are interme- 
diate in character, but nearer this subspecies than the typical form. 

547. Ammodramus henslowii (And.). [199.] Hemlow's Sparrow. 

This is one of the rarer Sparrows of the Mississippi Valley. Ridgway 
says it is a common species on weedy prairies in Illinois, where it breeds, 
and in the southern part of which State it sometimes winters. It has 
been found in Kansas and Nebraska, and from thence southward. Mr. 
Scott found it breeding in western Missouri. (Bull. Xutt, Ornith. Club, 
Vol. IV, 1879, p. 143.) The only observer who has had the good for- 
tune to meet it is Mr. Kagsdale, who recorded it as uncommon at 
Gainesville, Tex., where it was seen February 27, 1876.* 

548. Ammodramus leconteii (Aud.). [200.]. Le Conte's Sjmrroic. 

This species is common over the western prairies, but is seldom no- 
ticed because of its habit of skulking in the grass, where it manages to 
keep well out of sight. It breeds in the Assiniboiue Valley and in Da- 
kota and Minnesota, and possibly in Illinois. In winter it ranges south 
through all the States w r est of the Mississippi to Texas, and has been 
found in numbers in Illinois, South Carolina, Alabama, and even in 
Florida. In the spring of 1881 Caddo, Ind. Ter., was the only station 
at which it was seen. Here its passage, for it did not winter, was very 
rapid. February 16 over a dozen were seen] two days afterwards the 
pastures were alive with them. A 610 acre field was as full of them as 
northern fence-rows ever are with Chipping Sparrows. Many left the 
night of February 19, aud by March 1 all had departed. The nest and 
eggs of this species have been described by Ernest E. Thompson, from 
Manitoba (The Auk, Vol. V, 1885, p. 24), and by Dr. Agersborg, from 
Vermillion, Dak. [Ibid., Vol. V, p. 280), but the two accounts are so en- 
tirely at variance that the question must wait for future settlement. 

Iu the fall of 1881 the first Le Conte's Sparrow was seen at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., October 27. 

In the spring of 1885 a Le Conte's Sparrow, which had been impaled 
by a Shrike, was sent me for identification from Fayetteville, Ark., where 
it was found February 28. At Saint Louis, Mo., one was shot April 1; 
it had not previously been known from that place. At Newton, Iowa, 
one was taken April 20. f 

* Since the above was written, Mr. Lynds Jones has found Henslow's Sparrow to 
Le a tolerably common breeder at Grinuell, Iowa. — C. H. M. 

t At Storm Lake, Iowa, during the latter of September, 1SS7, Dr. A. K. Fisher 
found Le Conte's Sparrow common, and secured specimens not yet wholly out of 
" first plumage," showing that they had been hatched in the neighborhood.— C. H. M. 



192 

In the fall of 1885 the first at Emporia, Kans., was seen October 2. 
It was not noticed at Gainesville, Tex., until November 30. It is a 
common fall migrant at Manhattan, Kans. 

549. Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmel.). [201.] Sharp-tailed Sxmr row. 

An inhabitant of the salt marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 
Mr. Nehrling said of its occurrence in southeastern Texas : " Observed 
near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay. Doubtless 
breeds." (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, p. 12*) 

549 a. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Alln. [201 «.] Nelson's Sharp-tailed 

Sparrow. 

This bird is known principally from the Mississippi Valley, but is 
rare and local. It has been taken as a rare summer resident in eastern 
Kansas, and probably breeds in southern Kausas. It breeds in north- 
ern Illinois and probably winters in southern Illinois. It has been taken 
at Saint Louis, Mo.* 

550. Ammodramus maritimus ( Wils. ). [202.] Seaside Finch ; Seaside Sijarrow. 

An inhabitant of the salt marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, 
from Massachusetts to Texas. 

552. Chondestes grammacus (Say). [204.] Lark Finch. 

This Sparrow is a prairie bird, and it occurs as far east as the prairies 
extend across Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Texas (eveu to the 
neighborhood of Houston in southern Texas, where it breeds abun- 
dantly. — Nehrling). It is rare in Manitoba. Dr. Agersborg states that at 
Vermillion, Dak., three broods are often raised in a season. It winters 
quite far south, beiug found in Mexico j a few winter in southern Texas. 
In Kansas it is an abundant summer resident. Its migration is late but 
rapid. In the spring of 1881, at Gainesville, Tex., it appeared April 5. 
By April 17 it had covered southern Missouri and southern Illinois to 
latitude 39° 19'. April 24 it had reached latitude 42° in Iowa, and 
April 30 it was seen at Waukon, Iowa, and Vermillion, Dak. May 3 
and May 4 it appeared at Lanesboro, Minn., and West Depere, Wis., 
but north of these points the records were not regular enough to be of 
value. Computation based on the above data shows that the species 
migrates at an average rate of about 30 miles a day over a distance of 
nearly a thousand miles. The average of the records indicate that the 
arrival of the bulk is about six days behind that of the 'first. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of the Lark Finches left Mount Carmel, 
Mo., August 20, and the last were seen there a week later. 

In the spring of 1885 no records came from the stations east of the 
Mississippi Eiver. The average speed of migration of this species in 

* Mr. Vernon Bailey lias recently found it breeding at Fort Sisseton and Devil's Lake, 
Dak.— C. H. M. 



193 

1885 was even greater than in the previous year. It reached Gaines- 
ville, Tex., March 28; Saint Louis, Mo., April 1G; Manhattan, Kans., 
and Des Moines, Iowa, April 18. April 20 and 21 it appeared at New- 
ton, Iowa; Laporte City, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minn., and Lake City, Minn. 
Mr. Atwater says that at San Antonio, Tex., they always nest in 
trees, probably for protection against suakes. At Red Rock, lud. Ter., I 
used to find them more often on trees than on the ground, while at Man- 
hattan, Kans., Prof. Lantz says they usually nest on the ground, but 
occasionally in trees. In the fall of 1885 the last at Grinuell, Iowa, 
was seen September 27, and at Mount Carmel, Mo., October 17. The 
first arrived at Bonham, Tex., October 17, and they were common there 
October 22. 

552a. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swains.). [204a.] Western LarJc Finch. 
Mr. Lloyd states that this subspecies is an abundant summer resident 
in western Texas, where it raises two broods, nesting in bushes and on 
the ground. The most eastern record within our district is from Gaines- 
ville, Tex., where Mr. G. H. Ragsdale secured it. But the majority of 
the specimens from that locality are intermediate in character. At San 
Angelo, in 1881, it was first seen April 1, and last seen October 3. In 
1885 it reached San Angelo March 24. 

553. Zonotricliia querula (Nutt.). [20o.] Harris's Sparrow. 

The habitat of this species has lately been determiued with much more 
accuracy than formerly; indeed, the larger part of our knowledge of 
Harris's Finch has been obtained during the last twelve years. Its 
eastern limit is well known ; there is no Louisiana nor Arkansas record; 
in western Missouri it is common, and it passes eastward to about the 
middle of the State, the most eastern record being that of Mrs. Musick, 
at Mount Carmel, Mo., where both the first and the bulk arrived April 
3, 1881 ; hence it is probable that the species will yet be found in north- 
western Arkansas. In Iowa it ranges a little farther eastward, being 
common in western and middle Iowa, and a straggler has been taken at 
Mitchell, Iowa, near the Wisconsin line. It has even wandered twice 
to Illinois. The whole of Minnesota is included in its range, as there 
are records from the four corners of the State, and in the fall of 1883 it 
was taken at Trempealeau, Wis. The northern limit of its distribution 
is not yet known, but it extends far into British America. In the south 
it has not beeu found in southeastern Texas, though it is a common 
winter bird in southwestern Texas. Its ransre is thus seen to agree in 
general outline with that of the Lark Finch, were the latter moved two 
degrees to the west. The most western record that has come to notice 
is from Ellis, Kans, 

This is one of the species that did not go into winter quarters in the 

winter of 1883-'81 until the cold weather of the first week in January. 

Previous to that it had been marked as abundant at Pierce City, Mo., 

and at Manhattau, Kans., but after January 2 none were seen at Pierce 

7365— Bull 2- — 13 



194 

City aiid uot many at Manhattan. Its usual winter home is in southern 
Kansas, the whole of Indian Territory, and northern Texas, Mr. Lloyd 
states that it is a rare fall migrant in eastern Concho County, Tex. 
In the spring of 1881 the northward movement commenced about the 
1st of March, and the bulk left Gainesville, Tex., March 12. Three days 
later the transients were at their height at Caddo, Ind. Ter. Those which 
spent the winter at Caddo left March 10. The bulk arrived at Pierce 
City, Mo., March 17, and the next day at Manhattan, Kans. At Ahla, 
Nebr., they were seen March 23, and then for more than a month there 
w T as no advance. They appeared at Vermillion, Dak., May 3, and just 
two weeks later at Argusville, Dak. It had been previously recorded 
(May 10) by Miss Gertrude M. Lewis, at Frazee City, Minu. The bulk 
seldom moves more than four or five days behind the van. Some very 
late migrants were noted. One was seen at Gainesville, Tex., May 5, 
and at Manhattan, Kans., May 20. It is surprising that a species which 
migrates so late should not stop to breed on this side of the boundary 
line. It has never been found breeding in the United States, nor indeed 
anywhere, for the nest and eggs are unknown. Mr. Abbott saw a male 
at Turtle Creek, in central Dakota, iu the latter part of July, 1831, but 
saw no signs of breeding, and though Prof. Aughey says he has often 
seen young in northeastern Nebraska, it is practically certain that it 
does uot breed within that State. If it breeds anywhere iu the United 
States it probably does so in northern Minnesota. Dr. Hatch says that 
specimens have come under his notice with ovulation so far advanced 
that he has no doubt they breed in the northeastern part of that State. 
A curious circumstance conuected with its migration in the spring of 
1881 was its entire absence from the vicinity of Ellis, Kans., where it is 
usually present both spring and fall, and sometimes in great abundance. 
Dr. Watson writes that in his study of migration at that point, extend- 
ing over several years, nothing has struck him so forcibly as the great 
disparity in the numbers of the several species in different years, as if 
they visited Ellis merely from caprice; they are abundant one year, few 
or wanting the next, common iu spring, scarce in the fall, and vice versa. 
In the fall of J 881 the first Harris's Sparrow appeared at Des Moines, 
Iowa, October 18 ; the bulk arrived October 25 and departed on the 
same day, and none were seen there afterwards. The first came to 
Gainesville, Tex., November 5. A few remained all winter as far north 
as Manhattan, Kans. (latitude 39° 21'), and as for south as San Antonio, 
Tex. (latitude 29° 27'), these two parallels forming the limits of the 
winter range. 

In migration in the spring of 1885 it was seen at Mount Carmel, 
Mo., April 28; Des Moines, Iowa, April 25; Lanesboro, Minn., May 10; 
Heron Lake, Minn., May 12; and Shell River, Manitoba, May 15. 
About forty were seen at White Earth, Minn., May 16, the first having 
arrived a day or two before. At Gainesville, Tex., the last was seen 
May 5 ; at Mount Carmel, Mo., May 3; Des Moines, Iowa, May 13 ; and 
Manhattan, Kans., May 23. 



195 

In the fall of 1885 migrants appeared at Elk Eiver, Minn., Septem- 
ber 21, where they remained but one week. They came to Lanesboro, 
Minn., September 27, and Iowa City, Iowa, October 17, and were not 
seen afterwards. They reached Emporia, Kans., October 6, and Gaines- 
ville, Tex., Xovember 6. At the latter place they became common 
November 14. 

554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). [206.] White-crowned Sparrow. 

Winters in the Gulf States and southward; migrates through the Mis- 
sissippi Valley, and breeds in the Eocky Mountains and British America. 
In the spring of 1884 only fifteen observers sent reports concerning the 
movements of this species. From such limited data but little can be 
learned of its migrations. At San Augelo, Tex., it was reported as an 
abundant winter visitor. It remained abundant on April 8, and did not 
finally depart before May 19, when the last was seen. At Caddo, Iud. 
Ter., it appeared from the north November 9, was abundant until the 
weather became quite cold, and rare afterward ; two were seen February 
23, the last March 11. 

At Saint Louis it was first seen February 21, and perhaps wintered. 
March 17 a party of four adults arrived ; April 17 it was still very scarce, 
one party in a new place ; April 18 a new party arrived, singing; April 
29 the bulk arrived; April 30, height of the season; May 5, bulk con- 
tinued, but numbers smaller than in preceding years ; May 12, bulk 
departed; May 17, last. At Pierce City, Mo., they were abundant in 
fall migration : March 17 they were rare ; April 16 the bulk departed ; 
April 20 few were left. At Danville, 111., the first arrival was noticed 
April 18; at Chicago, May 3; at Polo, 111., the bulk came April 28. 
By May 7 it had appeared at West Depere, Wis. 

Farther west, at Morning Sun, Iowa, it arrived April 5; at Ked Wing, 
Minn., April 30; at Minneapolis, Minn., May 12. At Manhattan, Kans., 
about a dozen were seen April 20, and none afterward. At Vermillion, 
Dak., they arrived in numbers May 3, and by May 5 they reached Oak 
Point, Manitoba. 

In the fall of 1834 the first White-crowned Sparrow appeared at 
Mount Carmel, Mo., October 9. It became common there the next day 
and left October 12. At San Angelo, Tex., the first was seen Novem- 
ber 30, and at Gainesville, Tex., October 22. They were common all 
winter at San Antonio, Tex., and probably wintered near Emporia, 
Kans., since they were seen there February 11. 

In the spring of 1885 the van of migration reached Saint Louis, Mo., 
April 22; Peoria, 111., May 7; Hennepin, 111., May 8; Lanesboro, Minn., 
May 10; and Heron Lake, Minn., May 16. They remained at San An. 
tonio, Tex., until May 3. At Mason, Tex., they were seen for the last 
time May 4; at Gainesville, Tex, May 7; Pierce City, Mo., May 10; 
Saint Louis, Mo., May 15; and Mount Carmel, Mo., May 18. 

In the fall of 1885 the last were seen at Lanesboro, Minn., October 
7. They arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., October 6; increased there Octo- 



19G 

ber 14; were Diimerous and musical October 26, and left November 11. 
At Emporia, Kans., the first were seen October 6. 

555. Zonotrichia intermedia Ridgw. [207a.] Intermediate Span-on-. 

Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter through the Western 
States to Mexico. During migration it is not uncommon as far east as 
the eastern edge of the plains. In middle and western Kansas it is 
common. Middle Kansas is not the extreme eastern limit of the range 
of the Intermediate White-crown. A single specimen was reported 
from Iowa years ago, and in 187.1 Dr. Hoy took one near Kaciue, Wis. 
Several specimens have beeu taken, both in spring and tail, as far east 
as Minneapolis, Minn. (Ball. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, pp. 153, 
151). It is a common winter resident in Tom Green County, Tex., and 
must frequently appear at points between Texas and western Kansas. 
It seems to prefer localities along the railroads where sunflowers and 
weeds have sprung up. Let all our observers be on the lookout for it. 
It is the more liable to be overlooked as it arrives after the other, and 
without close examination is naturally mistaken for it. In the fall of 
1883 the first specimen was taken at Manhattan, Kans., by Prof. D. K. 
Lantz, October 9, at least a week after the ordinary White crowns had 
passed southward. A few days later Col. X. S. Goss found them com- 
mon at Wallace, Kans., much farther west. In the spring of 1884, at 
Manhattan, two of the same species were found, May 7. This was eleven 
days later than the migration of the White-crown. In the spring ot 
1885 several were seen at Manhattan, May 6. 

557. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall.). [208.] Golden-crowned Sparrow. 

A bird of the Pacific coast region, coming east in migration to the 
Rocky Mountains. A straggler was obtained at liaciue, Wis., by Dr. 
Hoy. 

558. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gin.). [209.] White-throated Sparrow. 

Breeds in Manitoba and the northern part of the Mississippi Valley, 
and winters in the southern part. In the spring of 1881 twenty-nine 
observers sent reports concerning the movements of the well-known 
Peabody Bird. These reports seem to show that the species is far less 
abundant here than farther east. Gainesville, Tex., is the most south- 
ern point from which it was reported. Here a single bird was seen 
February 26. At Caddo, Iud. Ter., and a little farther east, it was com- 
mon all winter, and February 23 it was as numerous as in November and 
January; March 15 a flock was seen; March 25 the last was seen. At 
Pierce City, Mo., the first was noted February 20, and the bulk departed 
April 16. At Saint Louis they were rare daring the winter; a flock 
was seen December 2S, but none were at the same place December 
29. The first migrants arrived February 24, a few only; March 17 the 
numbers had doubled from six in a party to twelve; March 23 they 
had doubled from twelve to twenty-four, a few among them being in 
high plumage, and many in song. April 1 the same numbers were in 



197 

the same places; the spring molt was progressing rapidly and the 
plumage was assuming higher colors. April 15 there was no change. 
April 17 birds in high dress arrived: April 18 they were noisy and con- 
spicuous. By April 25 the highly colored birds had departed ; flocks 
remained in plain dress and singing but little. The bulk continued 
until May 11, when great numbers of young, mostly plain females, ar- 
rived; song not often heard. May 12 the bulk departed; M^ay 17 the 
last was seen. 

The first movement northward, about February 24, did not extend 
far. Another began about March 10, when the first arrived at Fayette, 
Mo.; on the following day a stray one reached Chicago. March 15 the 
first arrived at Danville, 111., and about this time the numbers increased 
at Saint Louis. 

A third movement, though not as extensive, began March 27, when 
the first arrived at Polo, 111. April 9 the first was seen at Newton, 
Iowa. Two days later, April 11, the first arrived at Red Wing, Minn. 
April 25 the first and only ones seen in spring migration were observed 
at Manhattan, Kans. April 28 they appeared at Elk River, Minn.; 
April 30 at Yei million, Dak; and May 10 at Frazee City, Minn. At 
Green Bay, Wis., the bulk arrived May 4. At Coralville, Iowa, the 
bulk arrived April 29, and left May 7, and the last was seen May 15. 
At Waukon, Iowa, more than a hundred miles farther north, the last 
was seen May 17. At Lauesboro, Minn., the bulk arrived April 30; the 
height of the season was from April 30 to May 12 ; the bulk passed 
northward May 20 ; and the last one was seen May 25. 

Thus the last great movement of this species began about April 25, 
and was at its height during the first week of May. The bulk reached 
Minneapolis, Minn., May 1; Elk River, Minn., and Yermillion, Dak., 
May 3; and Frazee City, Minn., May 12. At Argusville, Dak., none 
were seen in the spring of 1881. 

The line of migration of this species seems to follow the two great 
rivers, the Mississippi and Missouri, and the timber belts along them. 
Observers in the prairie regions rarely see them. 

In the fall of 1881 the first White throated Sparrow was seen at Elk 
River, Minn., September 22, and the bulk arrived September 27; the 
last was seen there October 5. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first was 
seen September 27, and the last October 28. The first was seen at 
Gainesville, Tex., November 13. A party of four was found March 4, 
1885, in the lowlands of Illinois, opposite Saint Louis, Mo., where they 
had probably wintered. Other individuals, which had possibly wintered 
in the vicinity, were seen at Saint Louis March 10 and March 25, and 
at Shawneetown, 111., March IS. 

In the spring of 1885 regular migration did not begin until the last 
two days of March. The first White throated Sparrow arrived at 
Paris, 111., April 8, and at Emporia, Kans., April 18. The three days 
from April 20 to 22 were days of great movement, and the species was 



198 

noted from Hennepin, III.; Mount Carmel, Mo.; Iowa City, Iowa; Wau- 
kon, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minn.; Chicago, 111.; Leeds Centre, Wis.; and Elk 
Biver, Minn. By May G it bad reached Shell Eiver, Manitoba, ^one 
were seen at Pierce City, Mo,, after May 9 ; Mount Carinel, Mo., after 
May 10; Saint Louis, Mo., May 22; Des Moines, Iowa, May 12; Coral- 
ville, Iowa, May 10; Grinnell, Iowa, May 10; Wankon, Iowa, May 14; 
Lake City, Minn., May 15; River Falls, AYis., May 19; and Lanesboro, 
Minn., May 25. At Saint Louis, Mo., the bulk of old birds arrived April 
20; the height of the season was reached April 29 ; the bulk of old birds 
departed April 30, and the bulk of young birds May 12. 

In the fall of 1885 the record of this species was more extended than 
that of any other. It appeared at Elk Eiver, Minn., September 2; 
Lanesboro, Minn., September 18; Eiver Falls, Wis., September 18; 
Grinnell, Iowa, September 28; Iowa City, Iowa, October 3; Des Moines, 
Iowa, October 3; Saint Louis, Mo., October 5; Emporia, Ivans., Octo- 
ber 7; Mount Carmel, Mo., October 8; and Gainesville, Tex., October 
31. The last was reported from Elk Eiver, Minn., October 8; River 
Falls, Wis., October 14; Lanesboro, Minn., October 18; Iowa City, 
Iowa, October 17; Des Moines. Iowa, October 2G; Grinnell, Iowa, Oc- 
tober 27 ; and Mount Carmel, Mo., November 4. The full fall record 
from Saint Louis is as follows : 

October 5, first; October (5, numbers in high dress, singing; October 10, bulk ar- 
rived; October 12, present in great numbers; October 17, height of the season, all 
patterns of color present, song continuously .beard ; October 20, those in high dress 
gone, numbers of plain birds present ; October 27, great numbers in docks: November 
11, still numerous. 

559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.). [210.] Tree Sparrow. 

The Tree Sparrow breeds in the far north. In the Mississippi Valley 
it is one of the most abundant winter birds from latitude 43° south to 
latitude 34°. At Caddo, Ind. Ter. ? in the winter of 1883-'84, it outnum- 
bered the Junco, or Slate colored Snow-bird [Junco hyeriialis), but in 
the heavy timber was less numerous than the White-throated Sparrow. 
The first was seen October 31, and it was abundant until February 20, 
when a large number departed; the remainder disappeared March 10. 
At Saint Louis it was the most abundant winter bird next to the Junco. 
It was not so numerous in January and February as in December; 
the flocks seemed to have thinned out, but kept their stands and began 
to sing and go up into the trees during the warm period of the first 
of February. About 50 per cent, left February 24, and the bulk fol- 
lowed March 17. Just before this they had been much excited, sing- 
ing and mating. March 22, small flocks were still present, but quiet; 
the last was seen March 27. At Manhattan, Kans., it was an abundant 
winter visitor, arriving December 1 and remaining in numbers during 
the entire winter. March 8 about two hundred were. seen ; the height 
of migration was noted March 15 and the last a week later. It was 
abundant at Vermillion, Dak., where it began to sing March 24: all 



199 

had left, apparently, April 30, but a single bird was seen May 3. Dur- 
ing the winter it was found, though in smaller numbers, at Heron Lake 
and Lanesboro, Minn, February 23 and February 24 the first pro- 
nounced general movement was felt at Saint Louis and Lanesboro; but 
while it was a wave of departure at Saint Louis it was one of arrival at 
Lanesboro. This movement does not seem to have extended farther 
north than Lanesboro, and in many places probably the relative num- 
ber of birds was left undisturbed. The first arrival at Waupaca, Wis., 
was noted March 24, at which time the species was exceedingly abun- 
dant at Iowa City and Lanesboro. By March 29 it had become abun- 
dant at Minneapolis and Elk River, Minn , where it arrived in large 
numbers on that and the preceding day. April 1 it arrived at West 
De Pere and Green Bay, Wis., and April 2 it reached Frazee City, Minn. 
It was noted at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 15. At Milwaukee 
it did not appear in large numbers before April 26, ten days after the 
bulk had left Des Moines, Iowa. At West De Pere, Wis., it remained 
abundant until May 6. 

In winter the center of abundance is along latitude 39°, south of which 
it reaches to latitude 34°, being found but rarely in the Gulf States 
east of Texas. Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 34° IP), is about as far south as 
the species winters in any numbers. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Tree Sparrow appeared at Elk River, 
Minn., October 9; while the first was not reported from Hastings, Minn., 
until November 30. At Elk River the bulk arrived October 13 and left 
November 1. The first was reported from Des Moines, Iowa, Novem- 
ber 15, and from Mount Carmel, Mo., November 13. The bulk arrived at 
Mount Carmel November 11. There can be no doubt about the cold- 
enduring powers of this bird. At White Earth, Minn. (lat. 47° OP), on 
New Year's Day, 1885, a dock came around the house seemingly in ex- 
cellent health and spirits, though the mercury indicated thirty -five 
degrees below zero. There was no other record of its wintering north 
of latitude 44°. Many were seen at Lauesboro, Minn., February 6. 

In the spring of 1885 the bulk of migration took place in the ten days 
from March 30 to April 3, but the records were too irregular to admit of 
tracing the movements of the van. The first was seen at Elk River, 
Minn., April 2, and at Shell River, Manitoba, April 10. At Saint Louis, 
Mo., the last was seen April 2; at Grinnell, Iowa, April 5; Waukon, 
Iowa, April 9; Manhattan, Kans., April 12; New Richmond, Wis., April 
18; Huron, Dak., April 18; Lanesboro, Minn., April 24; and Elk River, 
Minn., May 11. The Tree Sparrow is not known to breed south of our 
northern boundary. In the fall of 1855 the first returned to River Falls, 
Wis., October 17; Lanesboro, Minn., October 18; Grinnell, Iowa, Octo- 
ber 27; Des Moines, Iowa, October 29; and Saint Louis, Mo., Novem- 
ber 12. 

559a. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewst. [210, part.] Western Tree Sparrow. 

The Western Tree Sparrow breeds in Alaska and migrates over west- 



200 

ern North America, coming as far east as Dakota, western Kansas, and 
middle Texas. It has been taken at Gainesville, Tex., by Mr. Kagsdale. 
In Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., it was common in small flocks 
in the winter of 1884-'rf5 (Lloyd). 

560. Spizella socialis (Wils.). [211.] Chipping Sparrow. 

Rare in western Manitoba, but a common summer resident in the 
Mississippi Valley. The winter home of this Sparrow is in the South- 
ern States and Mexico, but Mexico receives the larger number. Mr. 
liidgway queries its occurrence in Illinois in winter, and at Caddo, Iud. 
Ter., in the winter of 18S3-'84, it was a very rare winter bird ; less than 
half a dozen were observed during the entire cold season. On the north- 
ward journey it reached latitude 37° at Pierce City, Mo., March 19; the 
next day it was seen at Fayette, Mo., and two days later at Saint Louis. 
It seems probable that the normal advance, after being delayed by the 
snow-storms of the early part of April, reached latitude 42° about Apiil 
15; West De Pere, Wis., April 18; and Hastings and Elk Lake, Minn., 
on the 2 1st. It was also noted from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. 
There were many irregular records. Considerable uncertainty attaches 
to the records of this species, because it is often confounded with the 
Tree Sparrow and the Field Sparrow. The bulk travels about two 
weeks in the rear of the advauce guard. 

lu the fall of 1884 the bulk and the last left Des Moines, Iowa, Octo- 
ber 9. 

In the spring of 1885 about one-half of the records contributed on the 
migration of the Chipping Sparrow seem to be mistakes, and most of 
the rest are too irregular to be of much value. The following are prob- 
ably correct: At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen March 30; at 
Shawneetown, 111., April 1; Manhattan, Kans., Aprd 4; Lauesboro, 
Minn., April 14; and Minneapolis, Minn., April 24. The whole record 
from Saint Louis is as follows: " March 30, first, silent, on ground; March 
31, four males in song; April 1, still increasing; April 2, bulk of males 
present, and first females; April 5, bulk of females arrived; Chippies 
numerous and noisy ; April 17, height of the season ; April 23, Chippies 
in pairs." 

In the fall of 1885 none were seen at River Falls, Wis., after October 
6 j nor at Iowa City, Iowa, after October 17. At Saint Louis, Mo., 
migration was in full progress October 7. The last flock was seen Octo- 
ber 21, and the last individual October 31. The first arrived at Bonham, 
Tex., October 14, where they were common by October 19. 

560 a. Spizella socialis arizonae Coues. [211 «.] Western Chipping Sparrow. 

This Western sparrow was first taken in Texas by Mr. N. C. Brown, 
who found it at Boerne. It comes as far east as Gainesville, Tex., 
where Mr. Ragsdale shot one April 24, 1884, which was molting. The 
last was seen there May 15. Mr. Lloyd states that this Sparrow is a 
resident of Tom Green County. Tex., where it is "tolerably common 



201 

in winter; rare in summer." In the fall of 1884, at Gainesville, Mr. 
Kagsdale found the first November 3. 

In the spring of 1885 the first returned to Gainesville May 12; but 
Mr. Lloyd, at San Angelo, had already (May 8) found a nest with four 
well incubated eggs. 

561. Spizella pallida (Swains.)- [212.] Clay- colored- Sparrow. 

Breeds from northern Nebraska, central Iowa, and northern Illinois 
northward, and is very abundant in western Manitoba. Its winter 
home seems to be south of central Texas, where Mr. Lloyd states that 
it is an abundant spring and fall migrant. Nehrliug recorded it as 
abundant in winter in eastern Texas, near Houston, and Merrill as an 
abundant winter resident in the Lower Eio Grande Valley. In the 
spring it journeys north to British America and east to Missouri, Iowa, 
Illinois, and Wisconsin, being most abundant on the plains, and thence 
west to the Rocky Mountains. In western Kansas it is a common 
migrant. All the reliable records in 1884 came from the West, but 
they are so irregular as to preclude any timing of the migration. They 
show, however, either that the migration was very late, or that Dr. 
Coues put the time too early when he said, in his "Birds of the North- 
west," that they arrive in northern Dakota the latter part of April. 
In the spring of 1884 the record was as follows : At Gainesville, Tex., 
the first and only one was seen May 13 ; at Ellis, Kaus., it was abun- 
dant May 13; at Manhattan, Kans., the first was noted April 30, the 
height of the season May 14, the last May 15. At Alda, Nebr., the 
first was seen May 3; at Vermillion, Dak., the bulk arrived May 8; at 
Des Moines, Iowa, a male was shot May 10. At Minneapolis, Minn., 
one was shot May 12, and May 24 about one hundred and fifty were 
seen. 

In the fall of 1884 the Clay-colored Sparrows reached Gainesville, 
Tex., November 3. 

In the spring of 1885 a flock was seen at San Angelo, Tex., March 
2G; at Manhattan, Kans., May 4; Heron Lake, Minn., May 9; New 
Richmond, Wis., May 11; and more than a hundred and fifty weie seen 
at White Earth, Minn., May 16. They reached Shell River, Manitoba, 
May 18. - The record for 1885 thus bears out that of the previous year 
in determining that May, and not April, is the month for the arrival 
of this species in the Upper Mississippi Valley. At White Earth, 
Minn., they breed in great abundauce. At San Angelo, Tex., the last 
was seen May 1 ; and at Manhattan, Kans., May 10. In the fall of 1885 
the first returned to San Angelo, Tex., October 1. 

562. Spizella breweri Cass. [213.] Brewer's Sparrow. 

The Clay-colored Sparrow is represented in the western part of the 
United States by a near relative, Brewer's Sparrow. Mr. Brown took 
a single specimen at Boerne, Tex., March 5, 1S80. Mr. Lloyd states 
that it is tolerably common iu fall in Tom Green County, Tex., and 



202 

winters abundantly in Pecos County. Mr. Ragsdale took a single spec- 
imen at Gainesville, Tex., during the spring of 1884. 
563. Spizella pusilla (Wilson). [214.] Field Sparrow. 

The Field Sparrow breeds from Indian Territory and southern Illi- 
nois northward nearly to the boundary, and occurs rarely in Manitoba. 
It has been taken in summer in central Mississippi, and may yet be 
found to breed far south. In eastern Kansas it is a common summer 
resident (Goss). It may be called one of the "half-hardy" Sparrows. 
It easily endures the winters as far north as southern Illinois, and is 
common from Illinois southward, but does not undertake to expose it- 
self to the rigors of a real northern winter. In the winter of 1883- ? 84, 
at Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was one of the common winter residents, in com- 
pany with Tree and White-throated Sparrows, and the first of the tran- 
sients came February 20 to February 23. At Gainesville, Tex , it was 
marked as abundant February 20. In C( ncho County, Tex., it is 
tolerably common in fall and rare in winter (Lloyd); and in eastern 
Texas, near Houston, it is not uncommon in winter (Nehrling). 

In the spring of 1884 a single male was seen at Saint Louis February 
19, but no more for a month. Real migration seems to have begun 
about the middle of March, and March 17 it was seen at Saint Louis, 
Mo., and Griggsville, 111. It was recorded from southern Iowa April 1, 
and reached the northern part April 5. The most northern record was 
from Lanesboro, Minn., April 14. On the plains the migration was 
later. Manhattan, Kans., and Vermillion, Dak., reported it April 21 
and April 22, but Professor Lantz says it was not common at Manhattan 
until May 1. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Field Sparrows left .Mount Carmel, 
Mo., October 7, and the last was seen October 22. 

In the spring of 1885 a very early bird was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., 
March 2; the first came to Fierce City, Mo., March 8; and the second 
appeared at Saint Louis, March 10. At Manhattan, Kans., the first 
was seen March 20. The bulk came to Saint Louis, March ^0 and 
March 31. April 4 and April 5 it was recorded from Mount Carmel, 
Mo. ; Griunell, Iowa; Newton, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa; and Xew Cassel, 
Wis. As in 1884, so in 1885, its most northern record was Lanesboro, 
Minn., where it was seen April 18. It has been known, however, to 
range in Wisconsin to latitude 44° 30'. 

In the fall of 1885 the last at Griunell, Iowa, was seen September 28; 
at Iowa City, Iowa, October 15; aud at Mount Carmel, Mo., November 
2. At Saint Louis, Mo., many were seen in flocks October 5 ; they had 
decreased October 20 ; the bulk left In ovember 11, aud the last was seen 
November 12. At Bonham, Tex., the first was seen October 16, and by 
October 19 they had become common. 

563 a. Spizella arenacea (Chadbourne). [ ] Western Field Sparrow. 

This new Sparrow was described by Mr. Arthur P. Chadbourne from 



203 

specimens collected at Laredo, Tex., during the fall and winter of 1885- 
'86 (The Auk, Vol. Ill, 1886, p. 248). More recently Mr. Lloyd has 
found it in winter in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., where it 
is rare (Ibid., Vol. IV, 1887, p. 292). 

It occurs north, at least to northwestern Dakota, where it breeds. 

565. Spizella atrigularis (Cab.). [215. J Black-chinned Sparrow. 

A Mexican species, coming north to the valley of the Upper Eio 
Grande, in Texas. 

566. Junco aikeni Ririgw. [216.] White-winged Junco. 

This large Junco breeds in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and 
Wyoming, and in the Black Hills of western Dakota. In winter it 
sometimes straggles east as far as middle Kansas and Indian Territory. 
In the winter of 1883-'84 it was found again by Dr. Watson at Ellis, 
Kans., so that it may be considered a regular visitant to the plains in 
Kansas. 

567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.). [217.] Junco; Slate- colored Snowbird. 

Breeds from northern Minnesota northward, and winters throughout 
the middle belt of the Mississippi Valley. A most abundant and well- 
known bird, concerning which so many records were received that its 
movements can be traced with some degree of accuracy. In the spring 
of 1884 but four notes of its wintering were received from the region north 
of latitude 41°. They are as follows: From Morning Sun, Iowa, "seen 
last winter;" from Coralville, Iowa, "was here last winter;" from 
Waukon, Iowa, "arrived October 15, a few remained all winter; " and 
from Heron Lake, Minn., " a very few were seen all winter." In fact, 
it was not common at any place north of latitude 41°, and was not 
abundant north of latitude 40°. This must be accounted for by the 
unusual severity of the winter, as the ordinary winter limit of the spe- 
cies is from latitude 42° to latitude 43°, and one hardy individual has 
been known to pass the winter in northern Minnesota at latitude 47°. 
Latitude 39° is just within the true winter home of the Junco. The 
great bulk of the species in the winter of 1883-'84 remained between 
latitude 39° and latitude 36°, being in that section the most numerous 
winter resident. They were hardly noticed by any of the Southern ob- 
servers. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., they were most conspicuous by their ab- 
sence; not a dozen a day were seen in town, and less than thirty in the 
timber. 

Of their spring movements there were but few irregular notes, from 
which it may be inferred that the migration was quite regular and that 
the species is an easily noticed bird. The record from Iowa and Minne- 
sota is as follows: March 14 the first one was seen at Ferry, Iowa; 
March 16 at Laporte City, Iowa; March 22 at Mitchell, Iowa; March 
24 at Lanesboro, Pine Bend, and Elk Biver, Minn. At Minneapolis 
the first was noted March 27, but as the arrival of the bulk was recorded 



204 

the next day, it is evident that the first came some days sooner, proba- 
ably March 24. East of the Mississippi, arrivals were noted March 24 
at Lake Mills, Wis., and at West De Pere, Wis., so that this must have 
been a great day for the migration of Juncos as it was for many other 
species. Additional records from the region east of the Mississippi 
show that it reached Chicago March 20 and Milwaukee March 22. In 
Dakota, arrivals were reported at Argusville and Larimore March 27 ; 
and at Two Rivers, Manitoba, April 15. 

The bulk was not very far behind the van, traversing Iowa about 
March 25, and arriving in Minnesota up to latitude 45° on the 27th and 
28th, while April 20 the main flocks reached Portage la Prairie, Mani- 
toba, latitude 50°. In northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, 
they were most numerous April 10. On the same day they were marked 
"innumerable" at Waukon, and at Lanesboro "numerous beyond all 
reckoning." The record of the departure of the bulk was more regular 
and extended than that of its arrival. It is as follows: Texas, latitude 
33° 36', March 13; Indian Territory, latitude 34° ll 7 , March 10; Indian 
Territory, latitude 35° 37', March 20; Missouri, latitude 38° 40', March 
27 ; Missouri, latitude 38° 45', March 31 ; Kansas, latitude 30° 12', April 
1; Iowa, latitude 42° 18', April 10; Iowa, latitude 43° 15', April 17; 
Dakota, latitude 42© 5(3', April 21 ; Minnesota, latitude 43° 43', April 
2 1 ; Minnesota, latitude 43° 48', April 20; Minnesota, latitude 45° 25', 
April 28. The records from latitude 42° 56', in Dakota, and 43° 48', 
in Minnesota, were a little later than the others from the same latitude 
because these statious are farther west. All the irregular notes were 
made April 1G, and came from latitude 3G° 5G', in Missouri, and latitude 
41° 3G' and 42° OP, in Iowa. The records of the "last one seen" are 
also quite regular, and will be given in full. The last Juuco seen at 
latitude 33° 3G', in Texas, was April 23; at latitude 38- 40' and 36° 45', 
in Missouri, April 24; at latitude 30° 19', in Illinois, April 23; at lat- 
itude 40° 50', in Iowa, April 25; latitude 41? 51', in Illinois, April 30: 
latitude 42° 18', in Iowa, April 24; latitude 43° 15', in Iowa, April 30; 
latitude 43° 43', iu Minnesota, April 30; latitude 44° 32', in Minnesota, 
May 1 ; latitude 44° 45', in Wisconsin, May 4. The irregular dates of 
departure are: Latitude 34° IP, iu Indian Territory, March 26; latitude 
39° 12', in Kansas, April 13; latitude 42° 56', in Dakota, May 3; and 
latitude 42° 16', iu Illinois, April 12. The total uittnber of notes sent in 
on this species was ninety-eight. The average time given from the arri- 
val of the first to the arrival of the bulk was seveu days, and from the 
departure of the bulk to the date of the last one seen, seventeen days. 
Mr. J. A. Baimer sent the following notes from Danville, 111. (latitude 
40° 08') : 

Many large flocks wintered here, but the balk left by the 1st of May. On June 1 I 
noticed a male bird ; June 7, both male aud female ; aud again, on June 21, I saw a 
male bird, always near the same spot. This led me to think the pair might be nest- 
ing here. I have searched pretty thoroughly for their nest, but without success. 



205 

In the fall of 1884 the first Junco appeared at Elk River, Minn., Sep- 
tember 24, and the bulk arrived October 1. The bulk departed Novem- 
ber 1, and the last four days later. None were reported from Hastings, 
Minn., until November 25. At Des Moines, Iowa, the first was re- 
ported October 18, the bulk arriving October 22. At Mount Carmel, 
Mo., the first appeared October 13, and the bulk arrived November 1. 
The first came to Gainesville, Tex., October 22. Mr. Lloyd states that 
it is common in winter in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., and 
Mr. Nehrling recorded it as an abundant winter resident in south- 
eastern Texas. 

In the spring of 1885, instead of ninety-eight notes (the number con- 
tributed in 1884) but thirty-six were received. The most northern sta- 
tions which recorded Juncos during the winter of 1884-85, were 
Leeds Centre, Wis., and Lanesboro, Minn. They appeared at Laporte 
City, Iowa, and Waukon, Iowa, the middle of March. The last four 
days of March and the first three days of April they were reported 
from Chicago, 111.; Clinton, Wis.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Durand, Wis.; 
New Richmond, Wis.; Hastings, Minn.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Elk 
River, Minn.; Argusville, Dak. ; and Oak Point, Manitoba. An im- 
mense movement must have occurred during these seven days. Other 
stations in Manitoba recorded their arrival April 7 and April 8. The 
whole record from Saint Louis is as follows: "During the coldest 
weather our Slate colored Snowbirds scatter over the farmyards, but as 
soon as the weather moderates they flock together and then their num- 
bers can be judged. It was difficult to say whether or not the total 
number was much smaller than usual in the winter of 1884~'85. At 
several stands not 50 per cent, were to be found during the last days 
of February, while at others they seemed as numerous as ever. April 
1, there were great numbers present, excited old birds singing and 
chasing one another ; April 2, a decrease; April 6, bulk departed; 
April 7, several small flocks present, very light colored birds; April 17, 
small flocks ; April 19, last." From other stations the records of "lasts" 
were somewhat irregular. At Pierce City, Mo., the last was seen May 
3 (the position of this station, near the Ozark Mountains, probably ex- 
plains the lateness of the date of departure) ; at Mount Carmel, ft' o., 
the last one was seen April 11; Manhattan, Kans., April 5; Chicago, 
111., April 21 ; Des Moines, Iowa, April 21 ; Waukon, Iowa, April 24 ; 
Leeds Centre, Wis., April 21 ; Durand, Wis., April 23 ; New Rich- 
mond, Wis., April 29; Lanesboro, Minn,, April 30; Lake City, Minn., 
April 27; and Elk River, Minn., May 6. 

In the fall of 1885 the arrival of the first at Elk River, Minn., was 
recorded September 23; New Richmond, Wis., September 25; Lanes- 
boro, Minn., September 27 ; Milwaukee, Wis., October 3; Grinnell, Iowa, 
October 4; Iowa City, Iowa, October 3; Des Moines, Iowa, October 3; 
Saint Louis, Mo., October 10; Mount Carmel, Mo., October 16; and 
Bonham, Tex., October 30. At Gainesville, Tex., they were seen for 



206 

the second time November?; a straggler had previously been seen 
early in October. At Elk River, Minn., and Milwaukee. Wis., none 
were seen after November 12. The bulk arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., 
October 21, and were still numerous there November 11. 

567 a. Junco hyemalis oregouus (Towns.)- [318.] Oregon Junco. 

All the notes on this species came from the West. The regular home 
of this Junco is northwest of our district, but in migration a few come 
east far enough to encounter our observers. It occurs in western Mani- 
toba, and from Kansas southward it is a winter resident. It was found 
at San Angelo, Tex., in company with the White-crowned Sparrow. 
At Gainesville, Tex., in 1884, it was seen March 5, but left soon after. 
At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it came January 1, and remained through February ; 
while at Manhattan, Kans., it came October 27, 1883, with Junco hye- 
malis, and remained a few days later than that species, the latter 
leaving April 22. 

The Oregon Junco was common at Manhattan, Kans., throughout 
the winter of 1884-'85, and the last departed March 14, 1885. It has 
been found accidentally at Chicago and in Michigan. 

569. Junco caniceps (Woodh.). [220.] Gray-headed Junco. 

The home, of this Junco is in the Rocky Mountain region. It has 
been recorded from Texas (Woodhouse); the Black Hills (Cones); and 
Michigan (Atkins). 

570 a. Junco cinereus dorsalis Henry. [221.] Bed-lacked Junco. 

Mr, Lloyd has brought this southwestern Junco within our district by 
finding it a winter resident at Fort Davis, Tex., at an altitude of nearly 
5,000 feet. 
573. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.). [224.] Black-throated Sparrow. 

An inhabitant of the Southwestern States and northern Mexico, reach- 
ing its eastern limit in the valley of the Lower Eio Grande, in Texas, 
where it is common (Merrill ; Sennett). It was found as a rare winter 
resident at Masou, Tex., and as a common resident at San Angelo, Tex., 
where four nests were found during the last week of May in the skirts 
of dense chaparral along the edges of ravines. The finding of a nest 
with fresh eggs July 13 indicates that the bird raises two broods. Mr. 
Lloyd states that "this species has extended east within the last six 
years to the Colorado Elver." 

574a. Amphispiza belli nevadensis (Ridgw.). [225«.] Sage Sparrow. 

Another Western Sparrow. On the eastern slopes of the mountains 
in western Texas, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet, is the Government 
post, Fort Davis. Here are found the Eed naped Woodpecker, the Com- 
mon Phoebe, the Townsend's Solitaire, the Swamp Sparrow, the Arizona 
Stephens Vireo, and Marsh Wrens, which agree exactly with the Pa- 
cific coast form; and here, during the winter of 18S5-'86 3 Mr. Lloyd 
found the Sage Sparrow. 



207 

575 a. Peucaea aestivalis bachmanii (And.). [226a.] Bachman's Sparrow. 

Bachmau's Sparrow is a bird of the Southeastern States, reaching its 
western limit in Texas. Although it is rather a common species along 
the southern course of the Mississippi, up to southern Indiana and 
southern Illinois, it was noted by but few of the observers. It was 
found at Pierce City, Mo., as a not common breeder ; and at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., as a very rare species. At Gainesville, in 1876, the first 
came April 10; but in 1884 the first was not noted, and only two speci- 
mens were shot. Mr. Lloyd gives it as a breeder iu eastern Concho 
Couuty, Tex. 

577. Peucaea mexicana (Lawr.). [ ] Mexican Sparrow. 

Breeds in the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, and thence 
southward and westward. Dr. J. C.Merrill, U. S. Army, found it "in 
some abundance on a salt prairie about 9 miles from Fort Brown, 
Tex.," where he took a nest containing four fresh eggs, June 16, 1877.* 

578. Peucaea cassini (Woodh.). [228.] Cassia's Sparrow. 

In our district this species ranges as a summer resident from south- 
eastern Texas to middle and western Kansas. In eastern Texas, near 
Houston, Mr. Nehriing recorded it as "a common summer resident on 
the open grassy prairies." Along the Lower Eio Grande, in the extreme 
southeastern corner of the State, both Dr. Merrill and Mr. Sennett 
found it breeding. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a common summer resi- 
dent in Tom Green County, Tex., and is tolerably common in Concho 
County in fall. It was observed at Gainesville, Tex., where the first 
arrived May 13, and where it was marked rare. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Cassin's Sparrow arrived at San An- 
tonio, Tex,, May 11. 

580a. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi (Scl.). [230.] BoucanVs Sparrow. 

Occurs from central western Texas westward and southward. Mr. 
Biclgway has kindly shown me a specimen, in the collection of the U. S. 
National Museum, which was killed about the middle of May, 1878, 
at Colorado, Mitchell Count} 7 , Tex., where it was doubtless breeding. 
580 b. Peucaea ruficeps eremoeca Brown. [ .] Iioclc Sparrow. 

Mr. Nathan Clifford Brown described this subspecies from speci- 
mens taken by him at Boerne, Tex., in the winter of 1879-'80 (Bulk 
Nutt, Oruith. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, pp, 38, 39). A male and female 
had been previously killed in Gillespie County, Tex. (April 24, 1878), by 
Mr. Kagsdale. They were regarded as P. ruficeps (Ibid., Vol. Ill, 1878, 
pp. 1S8, 189). 

581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). [231.] Song Sparrow. 

The Song Sparrow breeds in Manitoba and throughout most of the 
northern hal f of the Mississippi Valley, and was reported as a winter 

*Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I 7 lh?8, p. 127. It was recorded under the name of 
Peuccea arizonw, which Mr. Ridgway now regards as not separable from P. mexicana. 
(Manual of North American Birds, 1887, p. 594.) 



208 

resident from various points in Illinois, Missouri, eastern Kansas, In- 
dian Territory, and Texas. 

Many observers are so situated that their field-work does not take 
them into favorable localities for this species. Its favorite haunts in 
winter are the dense weeds and grass along our streams ; hence it is 
not strange that it is so often overlooked. Our reports, therefore, are 
so incomplete that it is impossible to fix the bounds of its winter resi- 
dence, or the extent of its breeding range. Only twenty-five observers 
recorded its movements in 1884. 

At Caddo, Iud. T< r., it was first seen November 6, 1883. Man}' must 
have wintered south of that point, for the bulk was reported as arriving 
March 11, 1884. The last lingered until April 4. At Pierce City, Mo., 
after January 2, only single birds were seen. The bulk arrived from 
the south March 29. At Saint Louis, Mo., Mr. Widmanu reported see- 
ing one December 29, at Florisant. February 15 the same small num- 
bers as last year were at old stands. March 13 an increase was ob- 
served and the first song was heard. March 17 the bulk arrived, and 
small parties of highly-colored birds in lull song were conspicuous. 
Ten days later, March 27, the, bulk departed. A single bird in company 
with M. gcorgiana was seen April 14, and again April 17. 

At Manhattan, Kans., the species is a rather common winter resi- 
dent; it arrived from the north October 13; was seen at intervals 
during the entire winter in favorable localities; the bulk arrived March 
15, and the last was seen April 5. Manhattan is almost directly north 
ot Caddo, and 350 miles distant. The bulk reached Manhattan from 
the south four days later than it was noted at Caddo, while in the fall 
migration the first was seen at the former station twenty-three days 
earlier than at the latter. 

Apparently the bulk of Song Sparrows moves from winter quarters 
all at once. This movement began about March 10, reaching Caddo the 
following day. March 13 there was an increase at Saint Louis, and by 
March 15 the bulk reached Manhattan. At Saint Louis the bulk arrived 
by March 17. March 19 the wave of migration reached Polo, 111., and 
Milwaukee, Wis. March 20 the first arrived at New Cassel, Wis. 
March 24 it reached Lake Mills, West De Pere, and Green Bay, Wis. 
The bulk seemed to arrive simultaneously with the first, or but a few 
hours later. 

March 28 the first reached Elk Eiver, Minn., but it was not seen at 
Minneapolis until April 5, when it was also seen at Hastings, Minn. 
On the plains, out of the line of the river woodlands, it seemed to travel 
more slowly. 

The bulk arrived at Minneapolis April 11. On the same day the first 
reached Oak Point, Manitoba. April 12 the first reached Larimore, 
Dak. At this time the last had not departed from Saint Louis. 

Of the breeding habits of this species, or of the localities in which it 
breeds, little was reported. It was noted as breeding at Newton, Iowa, 



200 

where it arrived April 9. Perhaps the most surprising note received 
was that from Dr. Watson, at Ellis, Kans., who reported it as a com- 
mon summer resident. It does not remain to breed at Manhattan, which 
is much farther east. Col. N. S. Goss enters it on his " Catalogue of 
Kansas Birds" as " resident in eastern Kansas; rare in summer; 
common during the winter in thickets and sheltered lowlands." 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Song Sparrows left Elk Eiver, Minn., 
October 8, and the last November 11. At Mount Carmel, Mo., they 
were first seen October 22. 

The most northern record of its wintering during the cold season of 
1881-85 came from Manhattan, Kans., where a few remained. 

In migration in the spring of 1885 it arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., 
March 5, the bulk followiug March 14. The first came to Fernwood, 
111., March 27, and the next day to Chicago, 111. By April 1 they had 
appeared at Stoughton, Wis. ; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Lake Mills, Wis. ; 
Leeds Centre, Wis.; and Wankon, Iowa. April 3 and 4 they were re- 
ported from Lanesboro, Minn.; Minneapolis, Minn. ; Green Bay, Wis.; 
and Luck, Wis. They reached Elk River, Minn., April 8, and Oak 
Point, Manitoba, April 13. The bulk left Saint Louis, Mo., April 6, and 
the last was seen there April 12. u Lasts " were reported from Pierce 
City, Mo., April 1 ; Hon ma, La., April 20 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 8 ; 
Manhattan, Kans., March 25; and Des Moines, Iowa, May 2. At Fern- 
wood, 111., a nest with five eggs was taken June 1. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Saint Louis, Mo., October 6 ; 
Mount Carmel, Mo., October 8; and to Bonham, Tex., October 17. 
At Elk River, Minn., the last was seen October 16 ; at Lanesboro, 
Minn., November 8; and at Grinnell, Iowa, November 24. At Saint 
Louis they were numerous October 26, in great numbers in flocks Oc- 
tober 27, and the bulk left October 11. 

581b. Melospiza fasciata montana Hensh. [231 a, part.] Mountain Song Sparrow. 
The known habitat of this Western race is in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, 
and northward. Some Song Sparrows taken during the fall of 1885, by 
Mr. Lloyd, at Fort Davis, Tex., have been identified by Mr. Ridg- 
way as this subspecies. 

583. Melospiza lincolni (And.)- [234.] Lincoln's Sparrow. 

Breeds but sparingly in the United States. For a long time Racine, 
Wis., was the southernmost point at which it was known to nest; but 
recently nests have been found in northern Illinois. 

From southern Illinois southward Lincoln's Sparrow may be found in 
winter; but the great bulk of the species winters south of latitude 36°. 
In Kansas it is a common migrant. In eastern Texas it is common in 
winter (Xehrling), as it is in the valley of the Lower Rio Grande (Mer- 
rill). At Caddo, Ind. Ter., a few were found during cold weather, and 
probably they were more common than they seemed ; since, owing to 
their shyness, they are not easily observed. The advance movement 
7365— Bull 2 11 



21© 

at Caddo in 1884 began the second week in March, and by March 15 
they were in force. April 4 they were still present in about one-third 
of their highest numbers. Latitude 39° 12', iu Kansas, was reached 
April 24; latitude 38° 40', in Missouri, April 29; latitude 41° 3G', in 
Iowa, and 41° 51', in Illinois, May 9 ; and West De Pere, Wis. (lat- 
44° 26'), May 17< The last one left Gainesville, Tex. (lat. 33° 36'), May 
14, and Saint Louis (lat. 38° 40') May 20. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of migrants reached Des Moines, Iowa, 
October 25. They left there the same day, aud none were seen after- 
ward. The first reached Gainesville, Tex., October 27. 

But few records were received of its movements in the spring of 1885. 
The first was seen at Gainesville, Tex., March 29; at Bonham, Tex., 
April 3; Manhattan, Kans., April 18; Saint Louis, Mo., April 22; Des 
Moines, Iowa, April 25; Newton, Iowa, April 24. The last was noted 
at Manhattan, Kans., April 29; Saint Louis, Mo., May 13; and Des 
Moines, Iowa, May 12. One was seen at Bonham, Tex., as late as 
May 20. 

In the fall of 1885 they returned to Lanesboro, Minn., September 18, 
where many were present October 2; and they left October G. 

At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was seen October 10. The first came 
to Saint Louis, Mo., October 7 ; the bulk arrived there October 11, and 
the last was seen October 27. The bulk appeared at Gainesville, Tex., 
October 31. 

584. Melospiza georgiana (Latli.). [233.] Swamp Sparrow. 

This Sparrow is found thioughout Manitoba and the whole of the 
Mississippi Valley. It breeds from northern Illinois far into British 
America, and winters from Kansas and southern Illinois southward. It 
is common near the Mississippi River, but rather rare on the Western 
plains. The most western records received from our observers were 
from San Angelo, Tex., where it was common in the spring of 18S4, and 
at Ellis, Kans., where it was a rare transient. Mr. Xehrling gave it as 
a rare winter resident at Pierce City, Mo., but says it is more abundant 
in the valleys a little distance away. A single bird or two are usually 
found during the winter at Saint Louis, but none were seen there in 
1884 until February 19. Iu the latter part of March the numbers at 
Saint Louis began to increase, but no migratory advance was made by 
the Swamp Sparrow until April 1. On April 3 many came to Burling- 
ton, Iowa, and the species reached the center of the State about the 
middle of the month. April 26 and April 27 it was reported from Wau- 
kon, Iowa, and Lanesboro, Minn. The most northern record was from 
Oak Point, Manitoba. Here the first was noted April 24, but, though 
the species goes as far north as this, there must be some mistake about 
the date, for the ice did not leave the lakes till five weeks afterward. 
The bulk arrived at Lanesboro, Minn., April 27 ; and the same day it 
left Saint Louis, where the last was seen May 10. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Swamp Sparrow arrived at Elk River, 






211 

Mino., September 7, and the bulk five days later. The bulk did uot 
leave uutil October 3, aud the last was seen October 12. At Mount 
Garmel, Mo., the first and last were reported together October 7. 

In the spring of 1885 the first came to Saiut Louis, Mo., March 14; 
Fayette, Mo., March 1(3 : Newton, Iowa, March 28 ; and Heron Lake, 
Minn., March 29. All of these records are those of a very few birds 
that scattered over Missouri and Iowa in March. The bulk of the 
species did not follow for nearly a month. April 17 was the height of 
the season at Saint Louis, and the bulk left there April 20. On this 
same day they became common at Newton, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa; 
Lauesboro, Minn.; and the first arrived at Elk River, Minn. None were 
seen at Mount Oarmel, Mo., after May 2, but as late as May 11 one was 
seen at Saint Louis, Mo. 

In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., Septem- 
ber 27, but no more were seen until October 6. At Saint Louis, Mo., 
they appeared October 5, and at Emporia, Kans., October 2. " Lasts'' 
were reported from Elk River, Minn., October 15; Lauesboro, Minn., 
October 7; and from Des Moines, Iowa, October 29, at which date about 
fifty were seen. Great numbers were present at Saint Louis, October 
27, and the bulk departed November 11. 

585. Passerella iliaca (Merrein.). [235.] Fox Sparrow. 

Breeds north of our northern boundary and winters in the Southern 
States, usually as far north as eastern Kansas. Few birds migrate more 
rapidly than the Fox Sparrow, and it is not uncommon for the first, the 
bulk, and the last to be noted during the same week. In the spring of 
1881 migration was much more prolonged than usual. The cold wave 
of January 1 sent the species into more than ordinarily southern winter 
quarters. At Manhattan, Kans., it is usually a common winter resi- 
dent. In the winter of 1883-81 it was abundant until New Year's, 
but disappeared then until March. Only one bird was seen at Saint 
Louis during the winter; and at Pierce City, Mo., though many 
had remained the winter before, none were seen after December. South 
of latitude 37° it was an abundant winter resident. The first slight 
movement took place in the latter part of February, briugiug a few 
more individuals to Caddo, Ind. Ter., the bulk to Saint Louis, and 
the first to Carlinville, 111., but no real migration occurred until 
about the middle of March. Leaving out of account irregular notes, 
the regular movements appear to have been as follows : March 

15 the species arrived at Manhattan, Kans., and Danville, 111. ; March 

16 at Osceola, 111. ; and March 19 at Iowa City, Iowa. Then no move- 
ment was reported until March 27 and March 28, when it appeared over 
the rest of Iowa aud over Minnesota up to Elk River. In Wisconsin 
it appeared along the forty-fifth parallel about April 1, and at Portage 
la Prairie, Manitoba, April 22. The bulk came to Gainesville, Tex., 
Caddo, Ind. Ter., aud Pierce City, Mo., March 17; Mount Carmel, Mo., 
March 19; Iowa City, Iowa, March 20; and Lauesboro, Minn., March 



212 

29. The bulk left Mount Carmel and Saint Louis, Mo., March 26, and 
Lanesboro, Minn., April 21. The last left Gainesville, Tex., and Caddo, 
lud. Ter., about April 1. From Manhattan, Kans., and Saint Louis, Mo., 
they departed April 4 and 6, though at Saint Louis a stray one was 
seen April 17 in company with Hermit Thrushes. At Des Moines and 
Waukon, Iowa, the last was marked April 20 ; at Milwaukee, Wis., the 
day before ; at Lanesboro, Minn., April 26, and at Elk River, April 28. 

In the fall of 1884 the first and last Fox Sparrow was seen at Elk 
River, Minn., October 6. The first came to Des Moiues, Iowa, October 
9, the bulk October 25, and the last was seen tbere October 27. At 
Mount Carmel, Mo., the first was seen November 3, and the last No- 
vember 8. 

During the winter of 1SS4-'S5 no Fox Sparrows remained at either 
Manhattan, Kans., or Saint Louis, Mo. 

In the spring of 1885 one flock was found in the lowlands of Illinois, 
opposite Saint Louis, March 5. March 14 the first was seen on the Mis- 
souri side of the river, and the same day the first one returned to Man- 
hattan. At Fayette, Mo., about twenty were seen March 15 ; and a pair 
were observed March 24 at Paris, 111. During the first six days of 
April they were noted from Des Moines, Iowa; Coral ville, Iowa; Griu- 
nell, Iowa; Newton, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa; Hennepin, 111. ; Rockford, 
111.; Leeds Centre, Wis. ; Dura ml, Wis.; Lanesboro, Minn.; and Elk 
River, Minn. 

The records of "lasts" were irregular, and ranged between April 12 
for Saint Louis and Mount Carmel, and April 23 for Durand and Elk 
River. 

The fall notes on the Fox Sparrow, in 18S5, were more irregular than 
those relating to any other species. Fox Sparrows were noted at about 
the same time (the first week in October) at various stations from lati- 
tude 45° 25', in Minnesota, to Central Missouri. At Elk River, Minn., 
the last was seen October 18, and at Grinnell, Iowa, October 27, at 
which latter date they were very numerous in flocks at Saint Louis. 
The bulk left Saint Louis November 11. The last was seen at Mount 
Carmel November 14, and the first reached Gainesville, Tex., Novem- 
ber 15. Mr. Ernest E. Thompson has recorded this species as breeding 
abundantly at Duck Mountain, Manitoba. 

585c. Passerella iiiaca schistacea (Baird). [235c] Slate-colored Spairow. 

The Rocky Mountain representative of the foregoing. In migra- 
tion it comes east to the plains, and has been taken in Kansas. 

586. Embernagra rufivirgata Lawr. ['2o6.] Texas Sparrow. 

The home of this Sparrow is in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, in 
Texas, where it is common (Merrill and Bennett). 

587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus(Linn.). [237.] Chacinl : Towhee. 

Breeds in the middle and northern portions of the Mississippi Valley 
and Manitoba; winters in the Southern States; a few breed in south- 
eastern Texas (Nelirling). In eastern Kansas it is a common resident. 



213 

Eeports upon its movements in 1881 were received from but forty 
observers. None of these came from the region of the Lower Missis- 
sippi. Indeed, but three of them were from stations south of the thirty- 
seventh parallel; the result is that little has been added to our knowl- 
edge of the winter habits of this well-known bird. 

In Texas the Chewink seems to range farther west than in Kansas 
and Nebraska. At San Angelo, Tex., it was seen several times dur- 
ing the winter, and two were shot in January, 1881. At Gainesville, 
Tex., it was a common winter resident, remaining until April 21, 
when the last was heard. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was abundant as 
early as November 29, 1883, and most of the birds were in pairs. On 
March 8 they began to spread out from winter quarters. In southern 
Kansas and Missouri they frequently remained during the winter. At 
Pierce City, Mo., none were seen in 1881 later than the last of Decem- 
ber, although the preceding winter they were abundant. At Saint Louis, 
Mr. Widmaim reported two pairs as remaining all winter in compauy 
with Cardinals. At Manhattan, Kans., none were seen later in the 
fall than the latter part of November; but the preceding year they 
remained until the extreme cold of the middle of January drove them 
out. In 1881 the first arrival in migration was reported at Saint Louis, 
February 21 ; but the movement did not appear to be general. The 
arrivals consisted of a few males and females. March 11 a stray mi- 
grant appeared at Chicago, 111., and on the following day the regular 
advance came to Hillsboro and Carlinville, in the same State. March 
15 they were reported at Danville, 111., and Manhattan, Kans. ; March 
22 at Burlington, Iowa; March 23 at Iowa City, Iowa; March 27 and 
March 28 at Laporte City, Iowa, at Polo, 111., and Des Moines, Iowa. 
Along Lake Michigan they seem to have been a little earlier, arriving 
at New Cassel and Milwaukee March 21 and March 2G. In this species, 
migration along the Mississippi River seems to have been more retarded 
than along the eastern border of the district or along the border of the 
plains in Kansas, which is contrary to the rule among most species. 
How far the food supply and the condition of the weather influenced 
these movements can only be determined by the most careful observa- 
tion. April 1 the first was seen at Lake Mills, Wis. ; April 10 at Wau- 
kon, Iowa; April 18 atLanesboro, Minn.; April 21 at Lake City, Minn. ; 
April 26 at Waupaca, Wis. ; April 27 at Green Bay, Wis. ; April 30 at 
Elk River, Minn. ; and May 17 at Frazee City, Minn. At Manhattan, 
Kans., the bulk arrived March 19; at Hillsboro, 111., April S; at Polo, 
111., April 15; at Iowa City, Iowa, April 19; at Lake Mills, Wis., April 
28 ; at Milwaukee May 3 ; at West De Pere, Wis., May 16 ; at Frazee 
City, Minn., May 20; at Vermillion, Dak., May 8; at the latter 
place the species was most abundaut June 12. 

From Mr. Widmaun, at Saint Louis, the following full repojt was re- 
ceived: 

February 24. first arrival; March 13, first song-birds still scarce; March 17, arrival 



214 

of bulk; March. 23, many, noisy, conspicuous; March 31, transients in parties of six 
to eight; April 1, summer residents carrying building material; April 4, last tran- 
sient; April 17 to 19, singing, righting, love making; May 24, first young out of nest. 

At Manhattan, Kaus., two broods are reared in a season; the first 
young are hatched early in May; the nests are almost invariably built 
upon the ground; the second brood is hatched in June, and the nests 
are almost uniformly built in bushes from 2 to 7 feet from the ground. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Ohewink was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, 
August 29; the bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., October 20, and the last 
October 27; at San Angelo, Tex., the first came September 20, and by 
October 9 they were common. 

In the spring of 1885 there was. almost a double set of notes for this 
species. The second record, in at least half the cases, was a week or 
more later thau the first, instead of a day or two later, as is the rule 
with most birds. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first came March 10, and 
the bulk of males on the 14th; and on this latter date the first one was 
seen at Shawneetown, 111. Two days before this the second was seen 
at Odin, III., the first having come long before. The first reached 
Paris, 111., March 27, the day before it was noted at Manhattan, Kaus. 
Then there was a double movement. The first wave (from April 1 to 
April 6) brought large numbers of Chewinks to southern Iowa, and a 
sprinkling to various points in northern Illinois. The second occurred 
after an interval of two weeks, and brought a second set of " firsts" to 
Iowa and Illinois on April 20, April 21, and April 22, and passed on to 
latitude 45°, in Wisconsin and Minnesota. After another pause, Elk 
Kiver, Minn., was reached May 6; Menoken, Dak., May 12; White 
Earth, Minn., Mav 10 (many were seen), and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 
18. The last left Bonham, Tex., April 14, and Gainesville, Tex., May 12. 

In the Mi of 1885 the last Chewiuk was reported from Elk Eiver, 
Miun., September 29; from Lauesboro, Minn., November 8; Grinnell, 
Iowa, October 17 ; Iowa City, Iowa, October 17; and Des Moines, Iowa, 
October 7. At Saint Louis, Mo., Chewinks were common in large flocks 
September 23; the bulk arrived October 5; they were most numerous 
from October 6 to October 12; the bulk departed October 20, and the 
last transient was seen November 11. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the last 
was seen December 16. The first migrant reached Bonham, Tex., No- 
vember 11, and they became common November 16. 

588. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swains.). [238.] Arctic Towhee. 

In our district this Towhee occurs in Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, 
Nebraska, and Dakota. In winter it is found from western Kansas 
southward. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a tolerably common winter resi 
dent in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex. At Eilis, Kaus., in 1884, 
the first was seen April 27. At Manhattan it was probably heard March 
15; the first was seen March 19; the balk came April 26; the species 
was still abundant May 3 ; the bulk left May 10; and the last was seen 
May 12. 



215 

In the spring of 1835 the first Arctic Towhee was seen at Manhattan, 
Kans., February 25; the second March 7, and was common April 26. 

In migration, at Manhattan, Kans., the Arctic Towhee is much more 
abundant than the eastern species. In the autumn they linger until 
late in the winter, sometimes remaining with erythrophthalmus during 
the entire winter. In the spring they arrive in large numbers after 
erythrophthalmus, and remain about two weeks. 

590. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns. ). [239.] Green-tailed Towhee. 

The home of this species is in the interior plateau region of the United 
States, from the western border of the plains to the Sierra Nevada, 
from about latitude 40° south into Mexico. Several years ago it was 
taken in southwestern Texas, and February 25, 1885, Mr. Harry Att- 
water took a specimen at San Antonio, Tex. Mr. Lloyd has recently 
published the following in regard to its occurrence in Texas: 

The bird must be spreading east, as I see it as far east as the head draws of the 
Middle Concho. Common on the east side of Pecos Eiver. Probably breeds. 

591. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird). [240.] Canon Towhee. 

This Towhee occurs as far north as Colorado, but enters our district 
in Texas only, where Mr. Lloyd found it a tolerably common resident in 
Tom Green County. 

593. Cardiualis cardinalis (Linn.). [242.] Cardinal. 

The Cardinal inhabits all of the Mississippi Valley east of the plains 
and south of southern Nebraska and southern Iowa, audhas been found 
occasionally in Minnesota. South of latitude 41° it is stationary, 
while north of this parallel some remain in the wiuter, but most go 
south. Dr. Watson gave it as rare at Ellis, Kans., but Mr. Lloyd found 
it common at San Augelo, Tex. Mr. Widmann said of its winter habits 
at Saint Louis: "It is here one of the most numerous of the winter 
birds, occurring in pairs, family groups, and flocks, and remaining at or 
near the breeding grounds all winter. In hard times corn is the chief 
attraction." At Caddo, Ind. Ter., its habits were somewhat different. 
During the fall, Cardinals were found among the thick, tall weed 
patches around the cotton fields; they were silent and so shy that they 
were seldom seen, sheltering themselves in the almost impenetrable 
mass of foliage. During the latter part of November, when most of the 
leaves had fallen, they retreated to the thickets along the stream. Here 
they staid in great numbers until real winter, when they began to flock 
into town, and as long as snow lasted they could be found everywhere 
around the houses where not one had been seen for several months. A 
warm period would find them back iu the thickets, only to return with 
the next cold snap. The most northern record received was from Iowa 
City, Iowa, where one was seen April 17, but it may have been an es- 
caped cage-bird. 

In the spring of 1S85 two Cardinals were seen in January at Morning 
Sun, Iowa, but they were not recorded during the winter of 1884-'85 



21G 

from any other place in Iowa. ' They returned to Ferry, Iowa, March 
29, and to Denmark, Iowa, April 19. A set of six eggs was taken at 
Peoria, 111., May 7. 

In the fall of 1885 a Cardinal was taken at Iowa City, Iowa, October 
29, being the first one captured in that county that was certainly a wild 
bird. At Saint Louis, Mo., large flocks of these birds were present 
September 23. They were most numerous October G, and decreased 
(Jctober 20. 

594. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. [243.] Texas Cardinal. 

The Texas Cardinal is a southern species resident wherever found. 
Iu 1881 it was noted at San Antonio and Eagle Pass, Tex., and its range 
extends thence south and west. It is especially abundant from Eagle 
Pass southward. At Boerne, Tex., Mr. Brown secured a pair in 1883 — 
the female February 2, and the male April 5. 

In the spring of 1885 a male was taken at San Angelo, Tex., April 2G. 
This I believe to be its most northern record. 

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami Ridgw. [ — .] Arizona Pyrrhuloxia. 

The type of this newly described subspecies was taken at El Paso, 
Tex., by Lieut. J. G. Parks, U. S. A. (Auk, Vol. IV, No. 4, October, 
1887, p. 347). It has been found also in southern Arizona and New 
Mexico. 

595. Habia ludoviciana (Linn.). [244.] Bose-brcasted Grosbeak. 

Breeds from about latitude 37° northward; tolerably common in 
Manitoba. The spring migration of this species is evidently carried on 
iu a northeasterly direction. It is found in Mexico and Central America 
during the winter; but during the summer it is entirely a bird of the 
eastern province, rarely breeding as far west as eastern Kansas (where 
it is common during migration). Mr. Ragsdale has never seen it at 
Gainesville, in north-central Texas, and Professor Nehrliug does not 
mention it in his Birds of Southeastern Texas. 

The southernmost station reporting the Kose-breasted Grosbeak in 
1884 was Saint Louis, Mo., where the first male was noted April 2G, 
followed two days later by the bulk of the males. April 29 and 30 they 
appeared iu Illinois up to latitude 39° 43', with an accidental one at 
Waukon, Iowa (lat. 43° 15') ; aud the first two days of May found 
them in Illinois north to latitude 40° 08', and to latitude 41° 40', in 
Iowa. The advance was quite regular over northern Illinois, Wiscon- 
sin, and Minnesota, bringing the van of males to latitude 44° 22', in 
Wisconsin, and 44° 32', in Minnesota, May 8. By May 10 they had 
reached Elk Eiver, Minn. (lat. 45° 25'), and May 28 they were noted 
at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (lat. 50°), which is nearly as far north 
as the species occurs. The average of the data received from seven 
stations indicates that the arrival of the first female was about five 
days later than that of the first male, while the arrival of the general 
bulk of the species was about one day later. In the south the differ. 



217 

enee in the times of arrival of in ales, females, and bulk was greater 
than in the north, the indications being that in approaching the north- 
ern limits of its range the females traveled with the bulk, and were only 
two or three days behind the van. 

In the fall of 1884, at Des Moines, Iowa, the last Kose-breasted Gros- 
beak was reported August 29. 

In the spring of 1885, as usual, the record of the first at Saint Louis 
was considerably earlier than from corresponding stations farther east 
or west. It was seen there April 20; at Mount Garmel, Mo., April 25, 
and at Paris, 111., April 30. This last date is probably a little late, 
since on the two preceding days it had been noticed at Peoria, Griggs- 
ville, and Aledo, 111., and also at Des Moines and Keokuk, Iowa. A 
second wave passed over this same part of Iowa May 1. A few scat- 
tering individuals were noted May 6 and May 7 at Lanesboro, Minn., 
Elk Eiver, Minn., and La Crosse, Wis. These were followed, May 11 
and May 12, by a heavier advance, which reached Heron Lake, Roches- 
ter, Lake City, Hastings, and Elk Eiver (-" common"), in Minnesota, 
and Eipon and Durand, iu Wisconsin. The first in Manitoba was 
noted at Shell Eiver, May 16. In Kansas and Nebraska, where this 
bird is rarely found, the movement was much delayed, and at Manhat- 
tan, Kans., and Unadilla, Nebr., the first was not recorded until May 16. 

In the fall of 1885 the only regular notes on this species came from 
Saint Louis, where it was common September 16, very numerous Sep- 
tember 22, bulk present September 25, and bulk departed September 
29. At the regular stands the last was seen October 6, and none were 
seen after October 11. The notes from other stations were very irreg- 
ular, The last was reported from Elk Eiver, Minn., September 9, and 
from Grinnell, Iowa, August 9. 
596. Habia melanocephala (Swains.). [245.] Black-headed Grosbeak. 

The summer range of this Grosbeak extends from the plains west- 
ward; it winters in Mexico. During the spring migration it enters 
Arizona and New Mexico in April. The majority pass north in the 
Eocky Mountain region, but some move northeastward over the plains 
and are found in the valley of the Eio Grande, in western Kansas, in 
Nebraska, and in Dakota. In western Kansas it is not uncommon in 
summer. Professor Lantz and Dr. Blackly have shot it at Manhattan, 
Kans., and July 11, 1881, Colonel Goss saw a male as far east as Topeka, 
Kans. Mr. Powell has taken it at Alda, in southeastern Nebraska, and 
Dr. Agersborg in southeastern Dakota. It has occurred accidentally 
in Michigan. The most eastern record in Texas was from Mason, where 
a single male was secured by the Eev. I. B. Henry. It was reported 
also from Colorado City, near the one hundredth meridian, and from 
San Saba County (long. 98°), where Mr. Eagsdale took one in 1879. 
Mr. Lloyd states that it is a rare summer visitor in Concho County, Tex. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Black-headed Grosbeak was seen at 
Mason, Tex., May 4, and at Emporia, Kans., May 10. 



218 

597 Guiraca cserulea (Linn.). [246.] Blue Grosbeak. 

The Blue Grosbeak is a southern species. Both it and the Black- 
headed winter in Mexico, but while in spring the bulk of the latter 
migrate north to Colorado and Utah, the present species moves a short 
distance north and a long distance east, sometimes even to New Eng- 
land. In middle and western Kansas it is a common summer resident. 
In its migration it reaches southern Illinois and southern Nebraska. In 
the spring of 1884 it arrived at Gainesville, Tex., April 25; at Pierce 
City, Mo., May 9, and was very common. At Manhattan, Kans., the 
first was seen May 10, but it was not common until the last of the 
month. It was seen at Ellis, Kans., May 13 ; at Lawrence, Kans., July 
5,1884. Col. N. S. Goss saw a pair of Blue Grosbeaks followed by 
three fledged young. 

In the spring of 188") the records of the migration of the Blue Gros- 
beak were unaccountably irregular. They are as follows : The first was 
seen at San Autonio, Tex., May 0; at Mason, Tex., April 20; at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., April 18; at Pierce City, Mo., May 9; at Emporia, Kans., 
May 12; and at Manhattan, Kans., May 2. At Manhattan they had 
become common by May 12. In Texas it is a " tolerably common mi- 
grant in fall from the Pecos River to the Colorado River ; breeds abun- 
dantly farther west" (Lloyd). In southeastern Texas it is a u regularly 
distributed summer resident, but nowhere abundant" (Nehrling). 

598. Passerina cyanea (Linn.). [248.] Indigo Bunting ; Indigo Bird. 

The Indigo Bird is found all over the Mississippi Valley, east of the 
plains. Elk River, Minn., is very near the northern limit of its range ; 
north of this it only occurs locally (in three years' residence at latitude 
47°, in Minnesota, it was not seen). It usually leaves the United States 
in winter Mr. Bibbins says he has seen it as an occasional winter visi- 
tant at Mermen ton, La. In the spring of 1884 it had advanced up the 
valley to Pierce City and Saint Louis, Mo., by April 29. May 3 it was 
seen at Carliuville, III., and two days later at Glasgow, Mo., while on 
the same day it was noted at Manhattan, Kans. Its presence is thus 
very accurately fixed at this date, but for the next two weeks the records 
were so at variance that it is probably the nearest approximation to say 
that on May 10 the normal van was in northern Illinois and northern 
Iowa. May 15 it was reported in Minnesota from Lake City and Pine 
Bend; May 23 from Minneapolis, but not until June 2 from Elk River. 
It may not be out of place here to give Mr. Widmann's full record from 
Saint Louis, as showing how many changes take place in the individ- 
uals present at different times. His record reads: 

April 28, first, a male in song ; April 29, an increase, a small flock of males; April 
30, males in song in a few places; May 5, the bulk of the males and the first female 
arrived ; May 6, males everywhere in noisy flocks and many transients. These two 
days (May 5 and 6) were the height of the season for males. May 9, the bulk of 
young males and the bulk of females arrived; birds mating; May 21, uest building ; 
May 31, they were one of our most industrious songsters. 



219 

Id the fall of 1884 the bulk of Indigo Buntings left Willianistown, 
Iowa, August 19, and the last August 28. At Mount Oarinel, Mo., the 
last was noted August 29. Mr. Lloyd says that it is a rare fall migrant 
in Tom Green County, Tex.; and Mr. NeLrling states that in south- 
eastern Texas it was u observed only during the migrations." 

In the spring of 1885 it was recorded from San Antonio, Tex., April 
16. It reached Gainesville, Tex., April 20; Pierce City, Mo., April 21, 
and Saint Louis, Mo., April 23. The notes from stations east of the 
Mississippi River were too irregular to be satisfactorily worked up, but 
those west of the Mississippi indicate that the species reached latitude 
42° May 10 and May 11 ; latitude 43° May 14 ; latitude 44° May 19, and 
latitude 45° May 21. The most northern record was from Elk River, 
Minn, (lat, 45° 25'), May 27. 

In the fail of 1885 the last Indigo Bunting was reported from Elk 
River, Minn., September 7; from Grinuell, Iowa, September 28; Iowa 
City, Iowa, August 29 ; Fayette, Mo., October 1, and from Mount Car- 
mel. Mo., August 9. At Saint Louis, Mo., they were numerous Sep- 
tember 9; they were very common September 22; the bulk was present 
September 25; they had decreased by October 6 ; they were seen in 
several places October 11 ; the last one at their regular stands was seen 
October 14, and none were seen after October 17. 

599. Passerina amcena (Say). [249.] Lazuli Finch; Lazuli Bunting. 

West of our district the Indigo Bunting is replaced by the present 
species, which seldom enters the Mississippi Valley. Its true home is 
from the plains westward. It is common on the Missouri, in central 
Dakota,, and thence westward (Allen). The only records from the ob- 
servers came from Dr. Agersborg, who finds a few every summer at 
Vermillion, Dak., and from Dr. Watson, who found it a rare summer 
resident at Ellis, Kans. 

600. Passerina versicolor (Bonap.). [250.] Varied Bunting. 

The home of this remarkably colored bird is in eastern Mexico and 
the Lower Bio Grande Valley in Texas, where it is tolerably common 
(Sennett; Merrill). A straggler (or an escaped cage bird" has been 
taken in Michigan (Dr. H. A. Atkins). 

601. Passerina ciris (Linn.). [251.] Painted Bunting; Nonpareil. 

A southern species whose northern limit barely reaches southern 
Kansas and southern Illinois. In the spring of 1884 it crossed our. 
southern border after summer was fully here, and did not go far north 
It arrived at Mason, Tex., April 25; at Bodney, Miss., the next day, 
and two days later at Gainesville, Tex. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was an 
abundant breeder. Mr. Lloyd writes that at San Angelo, Tex., the 
male of this species is the first summer bird to depart, the female re- 
maining six weeks or so later. It breeds from May 2 to July 14, rais- 
ing two broods. There is one record in Illinois of its occurrence near 
Mount Carmei. In May, 1885, Col. N. S. Goss found it breeding plenti- 



220 

fully in Comanche County, southern Kansas (The Auk. Vol. II, 1885, 
p. 27G). 

In the fall of 1884 the last male Nonpareil was seen at San Angelo, 
Tex., July 29, while a female and young were seen September 6. In 
1883 they were seen as late as September 14. 

In the spring of 1885 the first came to Hourna, La., April 1 ; San An- 
gelo, Tex., April 9; Bonham, Tex., April 17 5 and Gainesville, Tex., 
April 19. The following account of the breeding habits of the Nonpa- 
reil, from the pen of Mr. H. F. Peters, of Bonham ? Tex., will be interest- 
ing to Northern readers who are unacquainted with the bird: 

The Nonpareil is one of my pets, and as I have five or six pairs breeding in my yard 
every year I have a good opportunity to watch them. They arrive here at Bonham 
from the 10th to the 20th of April, the males coming some ten days or more before the 
females. The males spend their time playing and frolicking until the arrival of the 
females, when the playing turns to courting and fighting. It is both interesting and 
amusing to watch the male trying to attract the attention of the female. He will hop 
down on the ground, spread his wings and tail, strut around and cut all sorts of 
capers. The first time I saw it done I thought he was wounded, and started towards 
him to pick him up, but soon learned my mistake. They are not very quarrelsome 
birds, and soon commence to pair. At this period the male is very attentive, but 
after nest building has commenced he is quite auother bird. He helps to find the 
place to build, and appears to be very particular about it, but as soou as it is decided 
upon he retires from business. He never workc ; he is a little dude, too finely 
dressed to do any labor. I have frequently seen him sitting a few feet above the 
nest, singing unconcernedly, while his mate would be struggling with a yard or 
two of twine, or a piece of old rag to weave into the nest. I have never seen the 
male help in nest building, or in feeding the young while in the nest, but have 
seen him feed the young after they were fledged. A cat caught a female when the 
young were unfledged, and I watched her mate to see if he would raise the young. 
He never fed them once. He let them die, and went off and found another mate who 
raised a family of young not more than C feet from the other nest. While the female 
is very gentle and tame, frequently coming to the door in search of material for the 
nest, and food for the young, the male is shy and keeps at a distance. When the 
young are full grown he troubles himself no more about them. The middle of August 
he leaves wife and family and goes south to his winter home. The female and young 
remain until the second week in October. 

602. Sporophila morelleti (Bonap.j. [252.] Morellet's Seed-cater. 

A tropical American bird, coming north to the Lower Rio Grande 
Valley in Texas, where it is not uncommon (Merrill; Seunett). 

604. Spiza americana (Grael.). [254.] DicJccissel; Black-throated Bunting. 

A rather southerly species, passing north to latitude 45° in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley, and wintering entirely south of the United States. Mr. 
J. A. Allen found a few in western Dakota, near latitude 47°, in the 
summer of 1873. It breeds abundantly in southeastern and western 
Minnesota and eastern and middle Kansas. J. O. Hvoslef writes June 
18, 1887, from Lanesboro, Minn., " Spiza americana is now one of our 
most common birds." In eastern Texas it breeds abundantly in all 
the prairie districts (Nehrling). In the spring of 1884 the first noted 
was seen at Gainesville, Tex,, April 15. No more was heard of the 



221 

species until April 26, when a single breeder and two transients came 
to Saint Louis, On the next clay the hulk arrived at Newport, Ark., 
and was two days in passing from there to Saint Louis. The same day 
the first reached Manhattan, Kans., and the last clay of the month they 
were noted from latitude 40° 47' in Nebraska, and from Chicago, 111. 
May o they were noted from latitude 41° 36', in Iowa, and latitude 41° 
58', in Illinois, while tk^y reached latitude 42° 01', in Iowa, May 7. They 
were now nearing the northern limit of their range and the movement 
was slower. .Not until May 24 were they seen at latitude 44° 45' in 
Wisconsin 5 the bulk was recorded from latitude 43° 43' in Minnesota, 
June 4, and from Pine Bend, Minn, (lat, 44° 47'), June 26. The full 
report from Saint Louis is subjoined: "April 26, the first breeder 
and two transients; April 28, still scarce; April 29, bulk of males ar- 
rived, many at stands and often seen on the wing going east ; April 30, 
males noisy at stands; May 5, bulk of females arrived. This was the 
height of the mating season. Several parties were seen on the wing go- 
ing east in the morning. May 9, young males arrived ; May 20, young 
birds were still coming, and the species was usually seen in pairs." It 
breeds abundantly in southeastern Dakota. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Black-throated Bunting left Des Moines, 
Iowa, August 29. The bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., September 6, and 
the last September 20. At Unadilla, Nebr., none were seen after August 
23. At San Angelo, Tex., where it is an abundant migrant, the first ap- 
peared November 6, and the last was seen November 23. 

In the spring of 1885 the movements of this species differed radically 
from the record of them for 1884. In the spring of 1884 the first was 
seen at Gainesville, Tex., eleven clays before any were seen at Saint 
Louis, Mo. In 1885 the first was reported at Saint Louis April 20, the 
same day that the first was seen at San Antonio, Tex., and three days 
before the first appeared at Gainesville. The other records of 'firsts' 
were: Mount Carmel, Mo., April 24, and Manhattan, Kans., April 
29. Irregular and early birds were seen at Newton, Iowa, April 25, and 
at Hennepin, 111., April 26. The van of the regular migration reached 
this section during the first five days of May, and was recorded from 
Odin, 111. ; Peoria, 111.; Tampico, 111.; Des Moines, Iowa; Grinnell^ 
Iowa, and Unadilla, Nebr. May 11 the first was recorded from Hast- 
ings, Minn.; May 16, from Heron Lake, Minn., and during the summer 
from Huron, Dak., which is near the northwestern limit of its range. 
The whole record from Saint Louis is as follows : 

"April 20, first one in air going east ; April 23, second ; April 28, many going east 
and north ; May 4 and May 5, bulk of males arrived ; May 9, males numerous, females 
scarce ; May 13, bulk of females arrived ; May 14, height of the season, young birds 
arrived." 

In the fall of 1885 none were seen at Huron, Dak., after July 7; 
Iowa City, Iowa, August 29; Mount Carmel, Mo., September 20, and 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 26. 



222 

605. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. ['256.] Lark Bunting. 

This is a bird of the plains, wintering abundantly in central and 
southern Texas, even as far east as the prairies about Houston (Xehr- 
ling), and thence southward into Mexico. The most southeastern 
records are the following: Mr. Nehrling found it abundant in winter 
about Houston, Tex. In the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, in 
Texas, it is a rather common winter resident (Merrill). In the winter 
of 1883-84 it occurred in immense flocks at San Angelo, Tex., remain- 
ing until May 17. At Mason, Tex., a few were found in summer. Mr. 
Kagsdale says that it is "irregular" at Gainesville, Tex., where it was 
seen February 21, 1876. Passing north to middle and western Kansas, 
where it is an abundant summer resident, the first arrival was noted 
May 10. May 11 Dr. Hvoslef saw one on the high prairie 9 miles 
east of Lanesboro, Minn. Since Dr. Hvoslef saw a male near the same 
place June 10, 1883, the species probably is a semi-regular visitant to 
southern Minnesota. It has been found breeding abundantly in cen- 
tral and southeastern Dakota, and also in western Minnesota, along 
Traverse Lake and the Red River of the North. 

In the fall of 1884, at San Angelo, Tex., the first migrant, a male, 
was seen October 23. 

In the spring of 1885 the first returning flocks appeared at San 
Angelo, Tex., March 26. Birds, probably of this species, came to 
Bonham, Tex., April 29; they were common there May 11, and left 
May 24. They had previously left San Angelo, May 8, and San Antonio, 
Tex., May 9. At Huron, Dak., the first were seen May 13. 

606. Euphonia elegantissima (BoEap.). [100.] Blue-headed Euphonia. 

This species inhabits Central America and eastern Mexico, coming 
north to Texas (Giraud). 

607. Piraiiga ludoviciana (Wils.). [162.] Louisiana Tanager. 

This beautiful Tanager may be found in suitable localities from the 
Great Plains to the Pacific. In the spring of 1886 a specimen was shot 
on the South Concho in Texas (Lloyd). It breeds in Black Hills of 
Dakota. 

608. Piraiiga erythromelas Vieill. [161.] Scarlet Tanager. 

A common summer resident in most parts of the Mississippi Valley 
east of the plains, and north of latitude 37° (doubtless breeds still 
farther south in some places) ; rare as far north as Manitoba. 

Few birds are better known than the gorgeous male of this species, 
and its record is coriespondingly full. It has been taken once as far 
west as El Paso, Tex. In southeastern Texas, near Houston, it is a 
moderately common migrant (Nehrling). 

In the spring of 1884 it was reported as arriving at Eagle Pass, 
Tex., February 29. No more records were given until April 27, when 
it appeared at Keokuk, Iowa, and Danville, 111. This was several 
days earlier than the dates from neighboring stations: but with so 
striking and well-known a bird there is small chance for a mistake. 



223 

The first week in May seems to have marked its general advance to 
latitude 42°. A few were seen along latitude 45° May 10 and 12, but 
the van did not reach that latitude until May 24. One was seen May 
20 at Oak Point, Manitoba, latitude 50° 30'. The only record in the 
West came from close to the western limit of its range: It reached 
Manhattan, Kans., April 30, and the bulk was present May 10. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk and last of the Scarlet Tauagers left Wiil- 
iainstowu, Iowa, August 4. At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was seen 
August 1 ; and at Mount Carmel, Mo., September 11. 

In the spring of 18S5 the first note came from St. Louis, Mo., April 
22. Farther west, in the same latitude, the first was seen at Mount 
Carmel, Mo., April 26, and at Manhattan, Kans., May 1. Latitude 41°, 
in western Illinois, was reached April 24, and the rest of northern Illi- 
nois, the southern adge of Wisconsin, and central Iowa on May 5 and 
May 6. There was no more advance until May 14 and May 15, during 
which days they passed to Green Bay, Wis., and Elk River, Minn. 

In the fall of 1885 the last left Elk Eiver, Minn., August 6. The last 
was reported at Fayette, Mo., September 1, and at Saint Louis, Mo., 
September 17. 

610. Piranga rubra (Lmu.), [.164.] Summer Eedbird. 

Breeds from the middle portion of the Mississippi Valley southward. 
A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. Were the movements 
of all species as regular as those of the Kedbird seem to be, the study 
of migration would be simple enough. Eecords were received from two 
lines of ^migration, and there is not an irregular record among them. 
From its winter home it was rather late in entering the United States, 
reaching Mason, Tex., April 12, and Gainesville, Tex., April 15. It was 
reported from Darlington, Ind. Ter., May 3; Pierce City, Mo., May 17; 
and May 3L it was found near its ordinary northern limit at Manhattan, 
Kans. Along a line of migration east of the Mississippi, it came to 
Kodney, Miss., April 11; Waverly, Miss., April 20; Saint Louis, Mo., 
April 29; and Carlinville, 111., the next day. Such a regular record 
has never before been contributed, and a duplicate will seldom be found. 
The most western station from which it was reported is San Angelo, 
Tex., where it is a tolerably common breeder. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Summer Redbird left San Angelo, Tex., 
September 19. 

In the spring of 1885 no such regularity appeared in the record as 
was noted in 1884. The first was seen at San Angelo, Tex., April 6 ; 
Corinth, Miss., April 7; Gainesville, Tex., April 10; Sbawneetown, 111., 
April 19 ; Saint Louis, Mo., April 27 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 1, and 
Hennepin, 111., May 12. The first females and young birds came to San 
Angelo, April 16. 

611. Progne subis (Linn.). [152.] Purple Martin. 

Breeds locally throughout Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley to the 
Gulf of Mexico. There is some doubt whether this bird ever spends 



224 

the winter in the United States. Mr. Edwards says that he does not 
think it occurs in southern Louisiana in winter proper, unless perhaps 
during protracted periods of warm weather, which sometimes occur in 
December. Most other writers say decidedly that all leave the United 
States in cold weather. Certain it is that none remained in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley in the winter of 18S3-'84. They crossed our border the 
last week in February, but seem to have been few and scattered. The 
first was noted at Water Valley, Miss., March 1, and March 5 a few 
were seen at Gainesville, Tex., and Caddo, Ind. Ter., but no more fol- 
lowed for some days, and on this date they were marked at Abbeville, 
La., as still remaining in the same numbers as when they arrived ten days 
before. March 9 the first male appeared at Koduey, Miss., and was 
followed ten days later by the first female. By March 11, they returned 
to Caddo, Ind. Ter. ; were seen at Newport, Ark., and also at Waverly, 
Miss. Still, all these were merely scouts, and it was not until March 
13 and March 14 that the species become common in the Gulf States. 
On these days they were marked as numerous at Eagle Pass, Tex., and 
as arriving more plentifully at Abbeville, La,, and beginning to sing a 
little. March 21 this regular advance moved to southern Missouri, at 
latitude 30° 5C and latitude 37° 08', and March 21 to Saint Louis. The 
next day it was noticed at Griggsville, 111., and Manhattan, Kaus. 
March 2G, more came to Manhattan, and on the same date it was 
reported from latitude 39°09 / and latitude 39° 14', in Missouri, and 
an irregular scout moved to Tampico, 111. (lat. 41° 36'). March 30 
and April 1 a small company invaded southeastern Iowa, appearing 
at four stations, and April 3 some of them even reached latitude 41° 42', 
in Iowa, and latitude 43° 43', in Minnesota, but this was their last effort 
before the April storms drove them southward. We find no records from 
April 3 to April 10. On this latter date they began moving northward, 
being seen at places in the rear of the position of the van of April 1. 
About April 14 the advance was fairly under way and had proceeded 
northward through the rest of Iowa to latitude 43° 43' in southern Min- 
nesota, and through northern Illinois to latitude 43° 06' in Wisconsin, 
with a scout north in Wisconsin to latitude 41° 30'. April 16 marked 
an advance to latitude 44° 2G', in Minnesota; April 17 to latitude 44° 
32' and latitude 45°; and April 18 to latitude 45° 25'. Then came a 
long pause, and it was not until after May 1 that any more movements 
were recorded. May 3 the species appeared at latitude 46° 33' in Min- 
nesota, and latitude 47° 52' in Dakota, though it is probable that the 
former of these dates is later than the normal. May 19 they were seen 
at Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, and May 23 at Oak Point, Manitoba. 
Mr. Small, the observer at Oak Point, says that they were the first he 
ever saw there. It is probable that in the line of migration from New 
Orleans to Lake Winnepeg almost the entire migration took place dur- 
ing the following twelve nights: March 10, 20, 25, 27; April 11, 12, 13, 17; 
May 3, 9, 17, and 19. The distance is 1,440 miles, hence the average 



225 

speed mast have been 120 miles a night for every night of movement. 
To show how much can be learned from the study of the movements of 
a single species in a single locality, the full record from Saint Louis is 
given. Mr. Widmann had a number of Martin houses set up in his 
back yard, and kept a full and accurate account of all the movements 
which took place there. His record reads : 

March 24, at 5.45 p. m. ; the first birds were seen, being three scouts; March 25, at 
4.45 p. m., the first of our Martins, one male; March 28, second male arrived ; March 
29, first transient seen passing; March 30, first female arrived and several tran- 
sients went north; March 31, an increase, ten per cent, were now present; April 3 
to 13 there was no increase in our colony; April 13 it increased to ten birds, the 
next day to sixteen, and April 16 it numbered eighteen (ten males and eight 
females). April 17 added one male and one female ; April 18 there were nine pairs 
and three odd males in the boxes ; April 23 about a dozen refugees from the north 
crowded into the boxes at night, and among them was the first male of last year in a 
half-starved condition ; April 25 all the transient visitors were off again ; our colony 
now numbered twenty-three birds ; April 26, twenty-seven birds; April 27, twenty- 
eight birds ; April 30, thirty birds. The bulk of the species arrived during these last 
five days. During the first week of May the numbers gradually increased to thirty- 
four birds. May 10 the last increase of old birds occurred, and now there were 
eighteen pairs that had taken quarters. May 11 the bulk of last year's birds were 
present, but did not take possession of nor sleep in the boxes. May 13 all old Mar- 
tins were building earnestly, and some have been sitting on eggs since about May 9 ; 
May 20 the first pair of young birds took possession of a box and began to build ; 
May 18 first eggs hatched; May 24 the second pail of young took a box, and June 
5 the third pair did likewise. 

In the fall of 1884: the last Purple Martin at Wiliiamstown, Iowa, was 
seen August 19, and at Unadilla, Nebr., August 13. The bulk left Des 
Moines, Iowa, September 1, and the last seen was September 11. None 
were seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., after August 18. 

In the spring of 1885 the Purple Martin did not remain long in its 
winter home, but returned to the United States early in February. It 
was seen at Houma, La., February 8, and at San Antonio, Tex., Feb- 
ruary 23. Those seen at Houma were probably irregular migrants, for 
no more were reported from the other stations in Louisiana until the 
last of the month. Those at San Antonio must have been part of the 
regular advance, since only two weeks later (March 6 and 7) Martins 
were reported from Bonham and Gainesville, Tex. During the month 
of March the Martins passed from latitude 30° to latitude 38°. The 
exact date of their movements can not be told, for in the year 1885 there 
was not a single observer in the country along the Mississippi Eiver 
from JSTew Orleans to Saint Louis. Here lies a vast area, 200,000 square 
miles in extent — larger than the whole United Kingdom of Great Brit- 
ain — and yet the most thorough and painstaking search failed to dis- 
cover one person sufficiently interested in the study of ornithology to 
make a record of the movements of birds ! 

The Purple Martins were reported from Emporia, Kans., March 2G; 
Corinth, Miss., March 28, and a straggler was seen the same day at 
Fayette, Mo. The grand wave of migration, the largest of the whole 
7305— Bull. 2 15 



226 

season, passed up the Mississippi Valley during the last two days of 
March, and the first day of April. During these three days the arrival 
of Martins was noted at Pierce City, Mo. ; Reeds, Mo.; St. Louis, 
Mo.; Glasgow, Mo. ; Richmond, Kans. ; Manhattan, Kans. ; Shawnee- 
town, 111. (two observers) ; Paris, 111. ; Peoria, 111. ; Tampico, 111. ; Chi- 
cago, 111. ; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Knoxville, Iowa ; Iowa City, Iowa, and 
Unadilla, Nebr. A slight pause followed (on April 2 and 3), but the on- 
ward move began again April 4, and by April 5 Martins were reported 
from Morning Sun, Iowa; Ferry, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; New- 
ton, Iowa; Laporte City, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa; Rochester, 
Minn.; Lake City, Minn.; Hastings, Minn.; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Lake 
Mills, Wis. ; and New Richmond, Wis. The boundaries of this move- 
ment are pretty clearly defined by the records. It was most pronounced 
close to the Mississippi River, where it reached the farthest north. The 
northern boundary of the area affected by this wave runs northwest- 
ward from latitude 43° on Lake Michigan, to latitude 45° on the Mis- 
sissippi River, and then southwestward to latitude 41° on the Missouri 
River. New Cassel and Green Bay, in central Wisconsin, were reached 
April 9, but there was no record of a corresponding advance in the 
Missouri Valley until April 20, when Huron, Dak., was reached. At 
this time the Martins had passed up the Mississippi River to Minneap- 
olis and Elk River, Minn., and on this day (April 20) three pairs ap- 
peared at Detroit, Minn. No further advance was recorded for nearly 
a month. Not until May 13 v, ere any seen at Argusville, Dak. They 
reached Oak Point, Manitoba, May 17. No material was received from 
which the movements of the bulk could be learned. The full record 
from Saint Louis, Mo., is as follows : 

Marcli 30 the first, a male, arrived at 7.40 a. m.; at 8.14 a. m. two males passed 
north ; 9.25 a. m. another followed, and 5.30 p. m. a party of ten passed, going north. 
March 31, an increase of summer sojourners; nine were seen at one time in the air; 
the first female arrived, and two males selected the boxes which were to be their sam- 
mer homes ; April 1 three pairs and one male took boxes ; April 2, further increase ; 
twelve Martins took boxes ; April 7 the above number was increased to fourteen ; 
April 14 twenty took boxes ; April 15 twenty-four took boxes ; April 20 thirty took 
boxes; April 30 thirty-seven took boxes and nest-building began; May 13, young 
pairs (birds one year old) began nest-building; May 15, young pairs were still in- 
creasing. 

In the fall of 1885 great numbers of Martins were present at Saint Louis, Mo., Au- 
gust 9 in the evening ; they were also numerous August 12 and 13 ; August 14 their 
numbers had decreased only to be re-inforced August 17. The bulk had gone August 
26, and but few went to roost. The last great wave of the migration passed during 
September 8 and 9, and none were seen after September 11. 

The remainder of the fall notes record the departure of the last from 
Fern wood, 111., August 29; Fayette, Mo., August 25; Mount Carmel, 
Mo., August 9; Shawneetown, III., August 13: and from Bonham, 
Tex., August 20. It is probable that these early dates of leaving apply 
to the summer residents, and that the observers were so situated that 
they did not happen to note the last passing migrants. 



227 

612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). [153?] Cliff Swallow. 

An abundant breeder over the whole of the Mississippi Valley and 
Manitoba. Mr. Lloyd states that it breeds plentifully in Tom Green 
and Concho Counties, Tex. ; and Dr. Merrill states that it is an abun- 
dant summer resident in the Lower Rio Grande Yalley, in Texas, where 
it is the only Swallow that remains to breed. To see these Swallows in 
their glory, one should visit some of the great rivers of the western 
plains. Professor Aughey tells us that he counted in one place 2,100 
nests. Leaving the United States in winter, it does not re-appear as 
soon as the White-bellied Swallow or the Purple Martin. In the spring 
of 1884 it began to return about the middle of March, and was very 
plentiful at Eagle Pass, Tex., March 27, whence it advanced rapidly to 
about latitude 40°, and then came to a halt. One was seen at Saint 
Louis April 15, and the species had already been noted from Burlington, 
Iowa, April 10. There is something singular about these records from 
Burlington and Saint Louis. On three species of Swallows the record 
at Burlington, though 150 miles farther north, was some days ahead of 
that at Saint Louis. The White-bellied was seen at Burlington March 
10, at Saint Louis March 24 ; the Barn Swallow at Burlington April 
10, at Saint Louis April 16 5 the Cliff Swallow at Burlington April 10, 
at Saint Louis April 15. After reaching Saint Louis and Burlington 
there was a pause in the movements of the Cliff Swallow until April 25, 
when it again started northward. By May 1 these Swallows were over 
all the country south of latitude 45° j May 17 they reached Portage la 
Prairie, Manitoba^ and May 22 Oak Point, Manitoba. April 27 seems 
to have been a special day of migration in the West. On this day the 
species appeared over most of western Missouri and eastern Kansas. 
At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was abundant in fall migration, the last leaving 
October 9, but none had returned by April 7, though at that time the 
Purple Martin had been there about a month. The Cliff Swallow rarely 
breeds south of the parallel of 38°, hence the following note from 
Waverly, Miss. (lat. 33° 34'), is particularly interesting. April 10 a 
pair of these Swallows appeared and soon commenced house-building. 
Two broods were raised, and the nest, which was a great curiosity in 
that country, is still preserved. They were also found nesting in May 
at San Angelo, Tex. Had one seen the thousands and thousands of 
these birds which, one evening in the latter part of July, were resting 
on a marsh near Bed Rock, Ind. Ter., he would have been tempted to 
believe that Professor Aughey's two thousand nests had poured out 
their entire contents on this particular place. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Cliff Swallow was reported from Williams, 
town, Iowa, August 28, and from Unadilla, Nebr., September 5. The 
bulk left Williamstown July 17. 

In the spring of 1885 a comparison of the records of the Cliff and 
White-bellied Swallows shows that these two species have been con- 
founded by several of the observers east of the Mississippi River. The 



228 

earliest record which really belorfgs to the Cliff Swallow is that of its 
arrival, April 12, at Paris, 111. A single bird was seen at Tampico? 
111., April 18; and April 19 a few were noticed at a colony near Saint 
Louis, Mo. April 20 and 21 they reached Aledo, 111.; Bichinond, Iowa; 
Manhattan, Kans.; Clinton, Wis.; Lake Mills, Wis.; and New Cassel, 
Wis. They reached Lanesboro, Minn., April 23, and Lake City, Minn., 
April 26. North of these places migration was greatly delayed, appar- 
ently by the storms of the early part of May. Not until May 10 were 
Cliff Swallows noted from Minneapolis, Minn., and they were not re- 
ported from Kiver Falls, Wis., until May 17. At Shell Biver, Mani- 
toba, they arrived May 23. 

In the fall of 1885 there was a great migration of Cliff Swallows past 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 8 and 9, and they were still present in 
numbers September 11. None were seen at Saint Louis after Septem- 
ber 14, but one was observed at Grinnell, Iowa, September 16. 

613. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.). [154.] Barn Swallow. 

A common summer resident throughout the Mississippi Valley, which 
it enters from the south very early in the spring; tolerably common in 
Manitoba. Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green and Concho counties, 
Tex., it raises two broods. March 6, 1884, it was found building at 
Eagle Pass, Tex. Farther east, and a little north (at Abbeville. La.), 
it was not seen until March 27 ; at Gainesville, Tex., the first one came 
April 1, and at Eodney, Miss., one was seen April 4. On the same day 
one appeared at Eeeds, Mo. April 10 they were recorded at Fayette, 
Mo., and Burlington, Iowa, but the birds seen must have been strag- 
glers, for none were reported from the neighboring stations till some 
time later. 

Seven reports were received from Iowa in addition to that from Bur- 
lington, and all but one put the date of arrival later than May 1 — most 
of them in the first week of May — while the records from northern Illi- 
nois and southern Wisconsin were all in April, from the 21st to the 
27th. At Pine Bend, Minn., the first came May 2, and at Menoken, 
Dak., May 12. It must be confessed that this record looks rather mixed , 
and yet it is hardly to be wondered at when we consider the remark- 
able power of flight of the Swallow. Distance is nothing to it, and 
favorable atmospheric conditions for a few hours only might bring cer- 
tain individuals north far beyond their fellows. At Saint Louis, Mo., 
Mr. Widmann found old pairs at their breeding places April 28, but 
the new pairs came and selected breeding places in May, even as late 
as May 22. 

In the fall of 1 884 the bulk of Barn Swallows left Williamstown, Iowa, 
August 28, and the last was seen September 9. The bulk left Mount 
Carmel, Mo., August 26, and the last was seen there September 6. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of this species extended from March 
1, when it reached Eagle Pass, Tex., to May 30, when it was reported 
from Ossowo, Manitoba. Hence it was ninety one days in traversing 



229 

1,500 miles. At intermediate points it was noted at Emporia, Kans., 
April 11; Eichmond, Kans., April 15; Unadilla, Nebr., April 28, and 
Menoken, Dak., May 13. Nearer the Mississippi Eiver it was seen at 
Abbeville, La., March 15; Pierce City, Mo., April 9; Saint Louis, Mo., 
April 11; Paris, 111., April 12; Hennepin, 111., April 17; the southern 
edge of Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and the southern edge of Iowa, 
April 19; central Iowa April 22 and 23; central Wisconsin April 29; 
but no part of Minnesota was reached until after the cold wave had left, 
about the middle of May. In the fall of 1885, at Milwaukee, Wis., the 
last Barn Swallow was seen August 31. Great numbers passed Saint 
Louis, Mo., September 8 and 9, and the last disappeared September 14. 
The note which I put into the Ornithologist and Oologist for April, 
1884, page 37, concerning the commonness of this species during the 
winter in southern Louisiana, was not correct. Mr. Edwards, of Abbe- 
ville, La., informs me that it is seldom found there in winter, unless per- 
haps when a long period of warm weather occurs, which happens some- 
times in December. But, however that may be, it enters the United 
States very early. 

614. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). [155. J White-lellied Swallow. 

Breeds abundantly in Manitoba and most parts of the Mississippi 
Valley. This is the only swallow which winters regularly and abun- 
dantly in the United States. From its winter quarters in the Southern 
States it spreads north the earliest of its tribe. Indeed, so early is its 
migration that it is often overtaken by snow-storms, before which 
it usually retreats, though sometimes it remains to brave the elements. 
At Gainesville, Tex., in the spring of 1884 it did not arrive until April 
30, though in former years it has been known to come by March 3. 
Xearer the Mississippi Eiver, migration must have started early in 
March, probably when the warm wave set in, March 8 and March 9. A 
single bird was seen at Burlington, Iowa, March 10, but the regular 
advance occurred about two weeks later. If records of first arrivals 
are to be relied upon they show that the migration of this swallow took 
place much earlier east of the Mississippi than west of it. In Illinois 
and Wisconsin the records of "firsts" were : At Tampico and Chicago, 
111., March 24 and 26; at Lake Mills, Wis., April!; and at West 
DePere and Green Bay, Wis., April 6. West of the Mississippi the 
first was reported from Coralville, Iowa, April 19, and Lanesboro, Minn., 
April 27. Two days later the first came in hundreds to Heron Lake, 
Minn., when the sun shone in the afternoon after a cold rainy forenoon. 
The first reached Pine Bend, Minn., May 2, and Frazee City, Minn., 
May 2G. Still farther west migration was earlier than along the central 
line. At Argusville, Dak., it was seen May 5; and at Oak Point, 
Manitoba, May 3. 

In the spring of 1885 the same warm wave which brought the Mar- 
tins to the Upper Mississippi Valley induced many White-bellied Swal- 
lows to visit Missouri and Illinois. During the last two days of March 



230 

and the 1st day of April they appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., Paris, 111., 
and Fern wood, 111. April 4 they were seen at Milwaukee, Wis.; April 
5 at Green Bay, Wis.; April 7 at Lanesboro, Minn.; April 11 at Minne- 
apolis, Minn., and April 28 at Oak Point, Manitoba. At Saint Louis, 
Mo., the last one was seen April 29; at Mount Carinel, Mo., May 2 ; and 
at Des Moines, Iowa, May 8. Some very late birds were recorded at 
Bonharn, Tex., May 6, and at Gainesville, Tex., May 12. 

In the fall of 1885, at Saint Louis, Mo., the first returned September 
8; many passed October 5; they were most numerous October 9; and 
left October 26. They had left Grinnell, Iowa, September 16. Referring 
to these Swallows, Dr. Ooues says: "They breed independently of lati- 
tude, some on the highlands of Mexico, and anywhere in the West; but 
in the East their usual breeding range is said to be north of the paral- 
lel of 38Q" (Birds of the Colorado Valley, 1878, p. 415). 

615. Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.). [156.] Violet-green Swallow. 

The Violet-green Swallow can hardly claim a place among Mississippi 
Valley birds. It breeds, however, in western Nebraska, and Dr. Agers- 
borg writes that he has taken it as an accidental visitant in southeast- 
ern Dakota. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a fall migrant in Concho County 
Tex. Dr. Hatch includes it in his list of Minnesota birds. It winters 
beyond our borders, and passes northward to British America. 

616. Clivicola riparia (Linn.). [157.] Bank Swallow. 

An abundant summer resident throughout the district, from Mani- 
toba southward. A few spend the winter along our southern border, 
but the great bulk pass further south — some even to Brazil. In Con- 
cho County, Tex., they are a rare fall migrant. They re-enter the United 
States quite early, but in 1884 none were reported until March 11, 
on which day they appeared at latitude 31° 52' and latitude 33° 34', 
in Mississippi. The records of the advance were not very regular, as 
the birds would rarely be seen unless their colonies were visited. About 
all that can be said from the notes is that during the last week of April 
they spread over the country from latitude 39° to latitude 44° 30'. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of the Bank Swallow were even 
more irregular than in 1884. The earliest report was from Corinth, 
Miss., March 31; the latest from Shell Eivcr, Manitoba, April 30. 

In the fall of 1885 the last left Milwaukee, Wis., August 14. Many 
were migrating at Saint Louis, Mo.. August 12 and August 20. August 
24 was a day of great migration at Saint Louis, and the last was seen 
there September 9. 

617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.). [158.] lion gli- winged Swallow. 

This swallow breeds over most of the Mississippi Valley, even north 
to Minnesota, but is most abundant in the Southern States. Few ob- 
servers, however, are able to distinguish it from the Bank Swallow ; 
hence notes on it are few, and are confined to the notice of its arrival 



231 

on the same day, April 15, at Saint Louis, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans.; 
and its appearance the next week at Des Moines, Iowa, and Lanesboro, 
Minn. At Saint Louis it was sitting on eggs May 10. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Eough-winged Swallow was seen at Des 
Moines, Iowa, August 19. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Manhattan, Kans., April 
11, and the next April 22. It arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., April 14; 
but at Des Moines, Iowa, none were seen till April 24. It reached 
Lanesboro, Minn., April 21; and Lake City, Minn., April 25. A nest 
was found at Manhattan, Kans., May 13. 

In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., September 30. 

618. Ampelis garrulus Linn. [150.] Bohemian Waxwing ; Northern Waxwing. 

We must look to the northern observers for notes on this species. 
From its summer home in British America it wanders south in winter 
over Manitoba and the Northern States. Any regular study of its mi- 
gration is difficult because of the regularity of its movements, which 
seem to depend in part on the food supply. The most southern locality 
at which it was seen in the winter of 1883-'84 was Ames, Iowa, where 
it was noted during November and. December. It has been known in 
previous years to reach Kansas and Illinois, and in the Eocky Mount- 
ains has occurred south to latitude 35°. It was seen at Yermillion, 
Dak., February 26, 1884; at Waukon, Iowa, in January; at Milwau- 
kee, Wis., all through the winter to March 26; at West De Pere, Wis., 
April 8; and at Eed Wing, Minn., the last had not left April 1. 

In the spring of 1885 a few records were contributed of the presence 
of this wanderer in the northern Mississippi Yalley. They are as fol- 
lows: Laporte City, Iowa, January 29; Yermillion, Dak., hundreds of 
them March 7; Minneapolis, Minn., March 4 and 9; and Elk Eiver, 
Minn., February 24. 

619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). [151.] Cedar Bird; Cedar Waxwing. 

The Cedar Bird is an abundant summer resident in Manitoba and 
over much of the Mississippi Yalley. It is another irregular wanderer 
whose migratory movements can not yet be traced with accuracy. At 
any particular place in the Mississippi Yalley it may or may not 
winter. Some idea of the irregularity of its movements can be obtained 
from the records of its appearance in 1884 at different points between 
the parallels of latitude 40° and 42°. It was first seen at Fayette, 
Mo., February 2 ; at Danville, 111., June 3 ; at Eockford, 111., April 
18 ; at Chicago, 111., March 31. The bulk arrived at Burlington, Iowa, 
April 20; and the last left Iowa City, Iowa, April 24. Dr. Agers- 
borg saw a flock at Yermillion, Dak., during January, and Mr. Lloyd 
tells us that the Nueces Canon in southwestern Texas is the winter 
home of countless myriads ; these two wintering places are over a thou- 
sand miles apart. Towards the northern portion of its range the spe- 



232 

cies is not so common, but it goes far north, even to latitude 54° At 
Oak Point, Manitoba (lat* 50° 30' K) it was first seen May 5. One 
of the most peculiar characteristics of the species is the late date at 
which it begins nest building. As if enjoying its Bohemian life, and 
disinclined to settle down in one place, it loiters around and puts off its 
house-keeping affairs until the last moment. It does not even mate, but 
lives in flocks, a happy, careless wanderer, until the hot days of the first 
half of June warn it that there are other duties to which it must give 
its attention. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Cedar Birds left Williainstown, Iowa, 
September 15, and the last was seen there September 30. At Des 
Moines, Iowa, the bulk and last were seen October 25. 

In the spring of 1885, after learning that this bird had been common 
at Elk River, Minn., since January 15, it was discouraging to find its 
arrival noted a thousand miles farther south in May. 

620. Fhainopepla nitens (Swains.). [26.] Phainojpepla. 

An inhabitant of the arid region of Mexico, and contiguous portions 
of the United States, from western Texas to southern California. It 
has been taken at Eagle Pass, Tex. 

621. Lanius borealis Vieill. [148.] Great Northern Shrike. 

A winter visitant from the north : in Manitoba a spring and fall mi- 
grant. 

This bird was reported present as usual during the winter of 1883-'84 
over all of the northern half of the Mississippi Valley, down to latitude 
39°. The last one at Manhattan, Kans., was seen at the rather late date 
of March 29. At Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, it was said not to have 
been seen until spring, and the first was recorded April 11, but was 
heard of two weeks before. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Great Northern Shrikes were reported 
from Des Moines, Iowa, and Emporia, Kans., November 8. 

In the spring of 1885 the notes received indicate no regularity in its 
movements. At Manhattan, Kans., the first and last were reported 
February 21, and at Grinneli, Iowa, March 31. At Chicago, 111., the 
first was seen February 8, and the next, March 13. It arrived at Shell 
River, Manitoba, March 14. 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrant was reported from Milwaukee, 
Wis., October 31, and from Grinneli, Iowa, October 20. 

622. Lanius ludoviciamis Linn. [149.] Loggerhead Shrike. 

The true home of this species is in the southern Atlantic States, from 
which it pushes west and northwest to a greater or less degree. It is 
common and resident, according to Mr. Lloyd, at San Augelo, Tex, 
In the spring of 1884 I shot a true Loggerherd at Caddo, Ind. Ter,, 
where the White-rumpcd is the common form ; and at Saint Louis, Mo., 



233 

Mr. Widmann gives it as the prevailing form, the White-rump rarely 
occurring. The full record at Saint Louis is as follows : 

First seen January 31, and again February 2 ; the bulk did not arrive until March 
22, and the next day they began mating. Three nests were found April 11, and on May 
31 young birds were flying around, led by their parents, which seemed to have under- 
gone a bleaching process, looking much lighter than two months before." 

622a. Laniusludovicianusexcubitorides (Swains.). [149a.] Whiie-rumped Shrike. 

This is the common Shrike of the Mississippi Valley. It breeds abun- 
dantly in western Manitoba, and is resident in the southern part of its 
range, but retires in winter from the northern portion. At Caddo, Ind. 
Ter., it is a common summer resident, and many remain through the 
winter. In western Texas it is an abundant resident, No special migra- 
tory movement was observed south of the middle districts. It was 
recorded as reaching central Iowa March 24, and the vicinity of Minne- 
apolis, Minn., March 31. Mr. S. W. Willard did not find it at West De 
Pere, Wis., until April 4. The limit of its northern range is in the neigh- 
borhood of latitude 54°. 

In the spring of 1885 the White-rumped Shrike was seen at Chicago, 
111., March 3; and the same species came to Clinton, Wis., April 4; 
Grinnell, Iowa, April 5 ; Lake City, Minn., April 4, and New Eichmond, 
Wis., April 11. Mr. Lloyd says of its habits in western Texas : 

It lives on grasshoppers when it can procure them, and in winter, when tb e 
weather is severe, takes to carrion. I found one in January, 1884, so gorged from 
feeding on a dead sheep that it could not fly. In the Davis Mountains ifc lives in 
winter on large coleoptera. In spring it occasionally kills birds. I have seen Spiz- 
ella socialis arizonce, Vireo belli, Poliojptila cwrulea, and others amongst its victims, 
and in summer it has a fancy for nestlings. It is usually very tame. (The Auk ? 
Vol. IV, 1887, p. 295.) 

624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). [135.] Bed-eyed Vireo. 

Breeds throughout Manitoba and the Mississippi Yalley, after win- 
tering below our southern border, which, in 1884, it crossed late in 
March, appearing at Gainesville, Tex., April 5. It was recorded from 
Saint Louis April 26 ; from latitude 39° 12', in Kansas, April 30 ; and 
latitude 40° 8', in Illinois, May 1. A week later, May 8, it was noted 
from latitude 40° 50', in Iowa. It reached W^aukon, Iowa, (lat. 43° 15') 
May 18, and the next night several were killed by the electric light at 
La Crosse, Wis. (lat, 43° 45'). The bulk was noted from latitude 43° 43', 
in Minnesota, May 25, after the first had come to latitude 44° 26', in 
Wisconsin, May 21. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Bed-eyed Vireos left Williamstown, 
Iowa, August 28, and none were seen afterward. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at San Angelo, Tex., April 
9; at Gainesville, Tex., April 17, and at Manhattan, Kans., April 29. 
Eastward it came to Saint Louis and Mount Carmel, Mo., April 21, and 
the next was seen at each of these places April 24. At Paris, 111., it was 
reported April 28; Newton, Iowa, May 1; Waukon, Iowa, May 13; 
Lanesboro, Minn., May 14, and New Eichmond, Wis., May 23. 



234 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, September 9. 
Many were present at Saint Louis, Mo., September 21, and the last was 
seen there October 10. Mr. Lloyd says it is an abundant summer resi- 
dent in Tom Green County, Tex. 

625. Vireo flavoviridis (Cass.). [136.] Yellow- green Vireo. 

A bird of Mexico and Central America, coming north to the Lower 
Kio Grande Yalley in Texas, where a single specimen was taken by 
Dr. Merrill, August 23, 1877. 

626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). [138.] Philadelphia Vireo. 

This is not a common species in the Mississippi Yalley, though ap- 
parently more common here than in the Eastern States. Little is known 
of its breeding range. A nest was found near Duck Mountain, Mani- 
toba, June 9, 1884, by Mr. Ernest E. Thompson (Auk, Yol. II, 1885, 
pp. 305, 306). In 1884 it was noted by two observers only — one at 
Chicago, May 21, the other at Lanesboro, Minn., May 20. It has not 
yet been taken in Kansas. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Philadelphia Yireo reached Saint Louis 
May 8. The first record from Des Moines, Iowa, was May 14, and the 
last was seen there May 20. At Lanesboro, Minn., the first was seen 
May 18. 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrant returned to Saint Louis Septem- 
ber 21, and the last was seen there September 27. 

627. Vireo gilvus. (Vieill.). [139]. Waroling Vireo. 

Common in Manitoba and throughout the Mississippi Yalley; breeds 
throughout its range, and winters beyond our southern border. In the 
spring of 1884 it arrived at Saint Louis April 19, and the bulk came 
April 29. At this latter date the first came to Manhattan, Kans., fol- 
lowed the next day by the bulk. This day (April 30) also brought the 
first to Coralville, Iowa, though few were seen until May 3. At Wau- 
kon, Iowa, the first was recorded May 10, and the bulk May 18. The 
first was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., May 18. They had previously been 
noted (May 3) from Danville, 111., and (May 11) West De Pere, Wis. 
At San Angelo, Tex., May 5, 1884, Mr. Lloyd took two males, which 
pertain to the form then known as V. swainsoni, but which is now con- 
sidered to be not distinct from the eastern I 7 , gilvus. 

Iu the fall of 1884 the bulk of Warbling Yireos left Williamstown, 
Iowa, August 8, and none were seen after that date. 

In the spring of 1885, at Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen April 
22, and the bulk of males arrived next day. Their migration north of 
Saint Louis was not quite so rapid. The first came to Manhattan, 
Kans., April 27; to Paris, 111., April 28; Hennepin, 111., May 1; Waukou, 
Iowa, May 13; Lanesboro, Minn., May 15, aud Heron Lake, Minn., 
May 19. 

In the fall of 1S85 none were seen at Saint Louis, Mo., after Septem- 
ber 22. 



235 

628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. [140.] Yellow-throated Vireo. 

In summer this Vireo is dispersed throughout the Mississippi Valley, 
but it is rare in Manitoba. In winter it is not found north of Florida. 
In 1884 it must have crossed our border very early, as it appeared at 
Gainesville, Tex., March 6. Saint Louis was reached April 17. At 
Manhattan, Kans., where it is rare, it was seen May 3; at La Porte 
City and Waukon, in Iowa, May 5; and Lanesboro, Minn., May 10. It 
was first seen at West Depere, Wis., May 7. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Yellow-throated Vireos left Williams- 
towu, Iowa, August 11, and none were seen there after that date. At 
Mount Carmel, Mo., the last was seen September 21. 

In the spring of 1885 the first came to Gainesville, Tex., April 6, and 
they were commom there April 17. At Saint Louis, Mo., they appeared 
April 20. They were seen at Chicago, 111., April 21; at Manhattan, 
Kans., April 22; Mount Carmel, Mo., April 23; Eockford, 111., May 9; 
Iowa City, Iowa, May 10; Waukon, Iowa, May 10; and Durand, Wis., 
May 15. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, September 10; 
at Mount Carmel, Mo., September 20; and at Saint Louis, where they 
were numerous September 26, the last was seen October 12. 

629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). [141.] Blue-headed Vireo. 

This Vireo winters below our southern border, and breeds principally 
in Manitoba and the Northern States, occasionally as far south as the 
40th parallel, and in a few rare instances still farther south. 

In 1884 it was reported from Saint Louis April 29 ; and from no other 
station x>revious to May 10, but on that day it appeared simultaneously 
at Burlington and Des Moines, Iowa, and at Minneapolis and Elk Elver, 
Minn. This same day the last one was seen at Saint Louis, making its 
stay there only eleven days ; so that not only did the van move rapidly, 
but the species as a whole must be one of the most rapid migrants in 
the Mississippi Valley. 

In 1883, when calculating the average speed of migration for more than 
a hundred species, it was found that the Solitary Vireo had the highest 
rate. It seemed to advance all at once, and its rate of speed was esti- 
mated at more than 80 miles a day. In 1884 its rate seemed to have 
been much the same. 

In the spring of 1885 the record of the migration of the Solitary Vireo 
was so irregular that, while its character as a rapid migrant was main- 
tained, no average rate of speed can be calculated from it. The whole 
record received is as follows : At Mount Carmel, Mo., and La Porte 
City, Iowa, the first were noted April 26; Paris, 111., April 28; Saint 
Louis, Mo., April 30; Waukon, Iowa, May 3; Delaware, Wis., May 7, 
and Lanesboro, Minn., May 7. 

The record of "lasts " was still more irregular. It is as follows: La 
Porte City, Iowa, April 27 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 3 ; Des Moines, 
Iowa, May 8 ; Saint Louis, Mo., May 13 ; Waukon, Iowa, May 15. 



236 

In the fall of 1885 the first came to Emporia, Kans., September 17, 
and to Saint Louis, Mo., September 25. None were seen at Des Moines, 
Iowa, after September 16, nor at Saint Louis, Mo., after October 3. 

630. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. [142.] Black- capped Vireo. 

When Coues's Birds of the Colorado Valley was published, in 1878, 
but four specimens of this Vireo were known, and its easternmost record 
was western Texas. Mr. Ragsdale has extended its range and brought 
it fairly within our district by procuring specimens in Bandera County, 
Tex., where it arrived March 19 ; and, later, by finding it near the 
northern boundary of Texas, in Cook County, where he has determined 
it to be a rare summer visitant. In 1884 he shot but one specimen. At 
Boerne, Tex., Mr. Brown took it March 27, 1880. At San Augelo, Tex., 
Mr. Llpyd was more fortunate, securing four of the eight or ten birds 
which he saw. There, also, it is a summer resident, occurring along the 
borders of the densest thickets in an unfrequented part of the county. 
Mr. Lloyd afterwards took several of its nests in Tom Green County. 
Eecently, Colonel Goss has found it breeding plentifully in Comanche 
County, Kans. 

In the fall of 1884 the last male Black- capped Vireo was reported 
from San Angelo, Tex., September 25; while the last female was seen 
there September 6. 

In the spring of 1885 a pair was seen at San Angelo April 6, and they 
had become common there by April 9. At Gainesville, Tex., the first 
was seen April 17. 

In the fall of 1885 they were leaving San Angelo September 16. 

631. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). [143.] White-eyed Vireo. 

Breeds throughout most of the Mississippi Valley, south of Minne- 
sota, occasionally reaching westward to the eastern foot-hills of the 
Rocky Mountains. 

In Kansas it is a common summer resident. In the valley of the 
Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, it is a permanent resident (Merrill). The 
winter home of this species extends from the Southern States southward. 
In the spring of 1884 its northward migration began the latter part of 
March, and it arrived at Gainesville, Tex., just beyond its winter home, 
March 24. The next day three were shot and two were heard at Cad- 
do, Ind. Ter. It was reported at Saint Louis, April 17 ; at Danville, 
(11., April 27 ; at Iowa City, Iowa, April 30; and on May 26, probably 
many days after it had arrived in that latitude, it was seen at Heron 
Lake, Minn., which is near its northern limit. 

In the spring of 1885 the first White-eyed Vireo appeared at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., March 23 ; at Corinth, Miss., April 7 ; and at Saint Louis, 
Mo., and Grinnell, Iowa, April 20. At Paris, 111., the first was not 
seen until April 28, and at Pierce City, Mo., not until May 8. It be- 
came common at Gainesville, March 31 ; at Corinth, April 15 ; and at 
Saint Louis, April 23. 



237 

Mr. Lloyd says it is a fall migrant in western Texas. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Griuuell, Iowa, September 28 
At Saint Lonis the bulk was present September 25 ; the bulk departed 
September 29, and the last was seen October 14. 

632a. Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewst. [ .] Stephen's Vireo. 

The known habitat of this western subspecies is in Arizona, western 
Mexico, and Lower California. Its presence in our district has been 
ascertained by Mr. Lloyd, who took half a dozen specimens at Fort 
Davis, Tex., where it was rare in the winter of 1885 -'86. The specimens 
were identified by Mr. Bidgway. 

633. Vireo belli; Aud. [145.] Bell's Vireo. 

Though a bird of the western United States, Bell's Yireo comes east- 
ward far enough to invade much of the Mississippi Yalley. It has been 
found breeding in Illinois, and extends north to Minnesota and Dakota. 
From Kansas to southeastern Texas it is an abundant summer resident. 
Its winter home appears to be in the Southwest, and the birds which 
spend the summer in the region along the Mississippi probably reach it 
by a northeast and eastward migration. It was found in central and 
northern Texas during the middle of April, and was reported as very 
common at San Augelo, Tex. The last of April and the 1st of May it 
was reported from southern and east- central Missouri, and the middle 
of May from central Iowa. By May 11 it had arrived at Saint Louis in 
full numbers and was at its breeding places. At the same time the 
bulk arrived at Manhattan, Kans., where the first was seen April 27. 
At this point it is very abundant, being the characteristic summer 
Vireo, and many nests are taken annually. At San Angelo, Tex., the 
species breeds from May 1 to July 3, and Mr. Lloyd has taken clutches 
of five, six, seven, and two of eight eggs each. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Bell's Yireo was seen at Mount Oarmel, 
Mo., August 27. 

In the spring of 1885 Bell's Yireo was one of the few species the rec- 
ord of whose migration in Texas was regular. It was seen at San An- 
tonio, April 7 $ San Angelo, April 16; and Gainesville, April 23. It 
reached Manhattan, Kans., and Paris, 111., April 28, and Saint Louis, 
Mo., April 29. At Hennepin, 111., one was seen May 3; and at Grin- 
nell, Iowa, May 11. The bulk arrived at Saint Louis May 3. 

In the fall of 1885 the dates of departure of this species from Grin- 
nell, Iowa, Mount Carmel, Mo., and Saint Louis, Mo., fell within the 
five days from August 27 to September 1. 

634. Vireo vicinior Coues. [147.] Gray Vireo. 

The home of this Yireo is in western Texas, and thence westward to 
southern California. 

636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). [74.] Black and White Creeper. 

With this species we take up a group of strictly migratory birds, the 
greater number of which migrate so late that their tiuy forms can hardly 



238 

be seen amid the thick foliage. Moreover, the number of different spe- 
cies is so great, and the variations of plumage so endless, that the young 
student of ornithology is bewildered, and for the first year i« compelled 
to leave the subject with the single note, " great numbers oi Warblers 
came last night, and to-day the woods are full of them." The Black 
and White Creeper is one of the best known of these Warblers, and one 
of the few which breed throughout the whole Mississippi Valley and 
Manitoba. 

Forsaking this district in winter, it returns late in February or early 
in March. In the spring of 1884 they arrived at both Manhattan, Kaus., 
and Saint Louis, Mo., April 17 — a thing which seldom happens, as West- 
ern birds are usually later than Eastern. After a pause of a few days, 
they advanced rapidly on April 27 and April 28 to latitude 42°. May 
1 found them at latitude 44°, and May 10 at latitude 47° 30'. The 
bulk followed some ten or twelve days in the rear. This species has 
not yet been traced west to the Rocky Mountains, but it has been found 
in Texas as far west as San Angelo, and it was seen April 9 at Gaines- 
ville, Tex. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Black and White Creepers left Will- 
iamstown, Iowa, August 22, and the last September 5. The bulk left 
Mount Carmel, Mo., August 25, and the last September 11. At San 
Angelo, Tex., the last was seen September 23. 

In the spring of 1885 the notes on the Black and White Creeper in- 
dicate that it moved earlier in the western part of the district than in 
he eastern, or else that it was confounded with some other bird. The 
first was recorded at Gainesville, Tex., March 31, and the remark was 
made that this date was ten days later than the earliest record of pre- 
vious years. It was reported from Corinth, Miss., April 7. The next 
note came from Manhattan, Kans., where it was reported April 15. At 
Mount Carmel, Mo., it was seen April 18. During the three days from 
April 21 to April 23 it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo.; Paris, 111.; Chi- 
cago, 111.; Fernwood," 111.; Des Moines, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa, and 
Lanesboro, Minn. At Chicago they were marked common April 21. 
After a long pause they advanced to Ripon, Wis., May 5, and were 
noted from New Richmond, Wis., May 10. One was seen at White 
Earth, Minn., May 16. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., September 
25. It disappeared from River Falls, Wis., September 15. The first 
appeared at San Angelo, Tex., September 3. 

637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). [75.] Prothonotary Warbler. 

Winters beyond our southern border, and advances in spring regu- 
larly to southern Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, and occasion- 
ally a little farther, breeding throughout its United States range. 

August 10, 1874, Dr. Hvoslef shot a Prothonotary Warbler in west- 
ern Wisconsin, opposite the mouth of the Root River. The most north- 
ern record of its occurrence is that of F. L. Grundtvig, who procured a 






239 

handsome male at Shiocton, Outagamie County, Wis., May 4, 1882.* In 
eastern Kansas it is a common summer resident (Goss). 

Its earliest record in the spring of 1884 came from Bodney, Miss., 
where it was first seen April 13. Five days later it was reported from 
Saint Louis. Hence it is probable that it really reached Rodney sev- 
eral days previous to the 13th. It was seen at Burlington, Iowa, May 
3; north of that no dates of arrival were recorded. At Manhattan, 
Kans., near the limit of its western range, it was much later in its 
movement, not being seen until May 14. Nor was it reported from 
Gainesville, Tex., until May 12, though of course it arrived much 
earlier. 

The Prothonotary Warbler was found as an abundant summer resi- 
dent at Eed Bock, Ind. Ter., in 1884. 

In the spring of 1885, Gainesville, Tex., was the first station to re- 
port its presence. It arrived there April 17. Three days later it ap- 
peared at Saint Louis, Mo., and April 21 it was seen at Paris, 111. The 
bulk reached Saint Louis April 29. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Bonham, Tex., August 10. 

638. Helinaia swainsonii Aud. [76.] Sivainson's Warbler. 

A Southern species, until recently one of the rarest of North Ameri- 
can birds. It has been taken in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
Louisiana, and Texas, and winters in Cuba and Jamaica. In the spring 
of 1886 " about three dozen" Swainson's Warblers were shot near Lake 
Pontchartrain, Louisiana, by Mr. Charles S. Galbraith (Lawrence, The 
Auk, Vol. IY, 1887, p. 37). In the spring of 1887 nine additional speci- 
mens were secured in the same locality [Ibid., p. 63). Mr. C. W. Beck- 
ham considers the bird a common summer resident at Bayou Sara, La. 
(Ibid., pp. 304, 305). The only Texas record is that of a specimen 
killed in Navarro County, in the east-central part of the State, by Mr. J. 
Douglas Ogilby, and recorded by Mr. Ridgway (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
Club, Vol. VI, 1881, pp. 54, 55). 

639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gruel.). [77.] Worm eating Warbler. 
Winters south of our district and breeds throughout its United States 

range, which extends in summer to Illinois and Nebraska. Bare in 
Kansas (Goss) and in southeastern Texas (Nehrling). 

The only note on this species contributed in the spring of 1884 is to 
the effect that the first was seen at Saint Louis April, 29. 

In the spring of 1885 the Worm-eating Warbler first appeared at 
Pierce City, Mo., May 9, and at Saint Louis, May 4. At Mount Carmel, 
Mo., the first was reported May 20, and at Paris, 111., May 3. At Mount 
Carmel the last was seen May 24. 

640. Helminthophila bachrnani (And.). [78.] Bachman's Warbler. 

This rare and much- sought- after Warbler occurs in the South At- 
lantic and Gulf States from South Carolina to Louisiana. In winter it : 



* Bull. Nutt. Oniitk. Club, vol. viii, April, 1883, p. 68. 



240 

lias been found in western Cuba. Until very recently (the spring of 
1886) more than half a century had elapsed since the publication of 
any positive record of its capture in the United States. In the spring 
of 1886 a single specimen was shot at Lake Pontchar train, Louisiana, by 
Charles S. Galbraith, a collector of birds for millinery purposes. For- 
tunately it was given to the veteran ornithologist Mr. George X. Law- 
rence, who promptly recorded the fact in the Auk (Auk, Yol. IV, 1887, 
pp. 35-37.) This w T as followed by a notice of a specimen which killed 
itself against the light-house at Sombrero Key, Florida, March 21, 1887 
(Merriam, Ibid., p. 262), and by a second article by Mr, Lawrence, re- 
cording the capture of six additional specimens at Lake Pontchartrain 
by Mr. Galbraith. All were killed in the spring of 1887, but the only 
exact date given is March 29, when one of the males was shot (Ibid., 
pp. 262-263.) In March, 1888, Mr. Galbraith collected thirty-two speci- 
mens on the borders of Lake Pontchartain, La. He considers them mi- 
grants and not summer residents, as no specimens were seen after the 
latter part of March, although they were diligently sought for up 
to the middle of April (Ibid., Vol. V, p. 323.) 

641. Helminthophila pinus (Linn.). [79-] Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. 

A tolerably common summer resident over most of the Mississippi 
Valley except the extreme northern portion. When this beautiful 
Warbler entered the United States in 1884 and 1885, or how fast it 
journeyed northward, the record does not tell. All the notes came from 
the middle district where it is nearly at the limit of its northward range. 
It is not yet known from northern Illinois, and the most northern rec- 
ord in that state in 1884 was from Carlinville, where it arrived April 
30. West of the Mississippi, its northward extension is greater. The 
first reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 24; the bulk April 30 ; and migra- 
ting individuals were still passing May 5. It reached latitude 42° May 
3. North of this there was no record in 1884, but the species is not 
uncommon in southern Minnesota. The most western record came 
from Ellis, Kans. 

In the fall of 1884 the Blue- winged Yellow Warbler was last seen 
at Des Moines, Iowa, August 29. 

In the spring of 1885 no records were received of its movements until 
it reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 21. Two days later it was seen at 
Mount Carmel, Mo. It arrived at Emporia, Kans., April 28, and at 
Peoria, 111., April 29. It was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, May 4 ; at 
Iowa City, Iowa, May 8. Two records were received of its appearance 
May 7 at points near the extreme northern limit of its range. Dr. 
Hvoslef secured it for the first time at Lanesboro,Minn., and a few miles 
farther east, at La Crosse, Wis., Mr. C. H. Stoddard obtained a speci- 
men. This is the first Wisconsin record from any of the observers. 

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). [81.] Golden-winged Warbler. 

This handsome Warbler breeds in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michi- 
gan. The record of its northward migration in 1884 began at latitude 



241 

37° April 2o 3 and ended at latitude 45° May 14. Dr. Ooues says it 
breeds throughout its United States range, but Mr. Eidgway says it 
does not breed in southern Illinois, and Mr. Widinann noted the last 
at Saint Louis, May 11. In southeastern Texas it is common during 
the migrations (Nehrling.) Its dispersion in the west is limited. It 
has been found a few times in Nebraska, but it is "not yet authentic as 
a bird of Kansas/ 7 

In the fall of 1884 the Golden-winged Warbler was last seen at Mount 
Carinel, Mo., August 24. 

In the spring of 1885 the record at Saint Louis was as follows: First, 
April 28; bulk arrived May 4; bulk departed May 14; and last, May 
22. At Iowa City, Iowa, the first was reported May 17; at Fernwood, 
111., May 18; at Chicago, 111., May 9; and Durand, Wis., May 17. Dr. 
P. E. Hoy has taken two nests at Eacine, Wis. 

645. Helminthophtta ruficapilla (Wils.). [85.] Nashville Warller. 

Although more properly a bird of the east, this Warbler is found in 
migration throughout the Mississippi Valley. It breeds from northern 
Illinois and Nebraska northward, but is rare in Manitoba. In winter 
it is not found within our borders. The earliest record in the spring of 
1884 came from Gainesville, Tex., where the first arrival was noted 
March 19. This was followed by a long interval without a record, and 
the next note came from Saint Louis, the first male arriving there 
April 29. The rest of the Saint Louis record is that the bulk arrived 
from April 30 to May 3; bulk left May 12, and the last was seen May 
17. Before this, on May 8, it had advanced to latitude 43° 15' in Iowa; 
and May 10 to latitude 44° 26' in Wisconsin. Many were seen at Lanes- 
boro, Minn., May 13. 

In the spring of 1885, as in 1884, the earliest record of the migration 
of the Nashville Warbler came from Gainesville, Tex., where the first 
was seen April 18. This is almost a month later than its arrival at the 
same place in 1884. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen April 20, 
and the bulk arrived there April 30. On May 6 and 7, Nashville War- 
blers were seen at Lanesboro, Minn., Durand, Wis., and Eiver Falls, 
Wis. The bulk left Saint Louis May 14, and the last May 22. None 
were noted at Waukon, Iowa, after May 19. 

In the fall of 1885 the Nashville Warbler was one of several species 
of Warblers which appeared very early at San Angelo, Tex. Both this 
and the Canadian Flycatching Warbler were seen there before they ap- 
peared at Saint Louis, Mo., more than five hundred miles to the north- 
eastward. Unless these instances are purely accidental, they would 
indicate a breeding range in the Eocky Mountains much farther south 
than its breeding range near the Mississippi Eiver. The first was shot 
at San Angelo, Tex., September 13, but it was not seen at Saint Louis 
till September 17. Many birds in high plumage were present at Saint 
Louis, September 22, and the species continued in great numbers until 
October 10, when it suddenly disappeared. The last was seen October 
7365— Bull 2 16 



242 

12. At Emporia, Kans., the first was noticed October 6, and at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., October 11. 

645 a. Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Ridgw. [85, part.] Calaveras 
Warbler. 

The western United States, from the Kocky Mountains to the Pa- 
cific, is the habitat assigned to this sub-species by the A. O. U. Check 
List. Its known range has been extended lately by Mr. William Lloyd, 
who took it in Concho County, Tex., where it is an abundant fall mi- 
grant. The specimens were identified by Mr. Eidgway. 

646. Helminthophila celata. (Say). [8C] Orange-crowned Warbler. 

The Orange-crowned Warbler breeds north of the United States and 
winters in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and in eastern Mexico. 
It is not a very noticeable Warbler, but seems to occur abundantly at 
several points in our district. It has been found occasionally in large 
numbers in northwestern Minnesota and Manitoba. Eecently Mr. 
Lloyd has reported it as an abundant fall migrant in western Texas, 
and Colonel Goss says it is a common migrant in Kansas. Mr. Brown 
found it the most abundant Warbler in spring migration at Boerne, 
Tex. In the valley of the lower Bio Grande in Texas it is rather com- 
mon during the colder months (Merrill). In the spring of 1884 it ar- 
rived at latitude 37° April 19, and was still present May 1. All the 
dates given for the country between latitude 39° and latitude 44° were 
in the few days from May 8 to 12. It would seem then that the spe- 
cies, after pausing or proceeding slowly, accelerated its pace on those 
four days, which were great days for movements among Warblers all 
over the Mississippi Valley. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of the migration of the Orange- 
crowned Warbler were very regular. It first appeared at San Angelo, 
Tex., April 2 ; at Gainesville, Tex., April 17 ; Saint Louis, Mo., April 22; 
Emporia, Kans., April 25; Paris, III., May 3; Des Moines, Iowa, May 
2; Lanesboro, Minn., May 4; New Bichmond, Wis., May 13. None 
were seen at Des Moines, Iowa, after May 12, nor at Lanesboro, Minn., 
later than May 25. 

The breeding range of the Orange crowned Warbler extends much 
farther south in the West than in the Mississippi Valley. Hence it is 
not surprising that in fall migration it appears at San Angelo, Tex., 
nearly three weeks before it reaches Saint Louis. 

In the fall of 1885 the arrival of the first at San Angelo, Tex., was 
noted September 4; while at Saint Louis, Mo., the first came Septem- 
ber 21. The species was abundant at Saint Louis, October 10, and the 
bulk was still present October 17. At Lanesboro, Minn., the last was 
seen October 2. 

At Warrensburg, in western Missouri, it is an abundant spring mi- 
grant, being common from the latter part of April till the middle of 
May (Scott, Bull. Nutt, Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 141). 



243 

647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). [87.] Tennessee Warbler. 

From its winter home beyond our borders, the Tennessee Warbler 
enters the United States early in April. It breeds from Minnesota 
northward. In Kansas it is a common migrant (Goss). In the spring 
of 1884 it had reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 29, and other notes, though 
few, indicate pretty regular progress northward. Burlington, Iowa, 
was reached May 11 ; Lanesboro and Heron Lake, Minn., May 13 and 
May 16; and West Depere, Wis., May 21. At Saint Louis the bulk 
came May 5, and left May 13, just as the first reached Lanesboro, Minn. 
May 18 it was the most common bird of the day at Lanesboro, and three 
days later the last one left Saint Louis, so that on May 21 the whole of 
the species, according to the record, was included between latitude 38° 
40' and latitude 44° 26'. 

In the spring of 1885 no record was received of its movements until 
the first reached Saint Louis April 28. The bulk arrived there April 
30. At Paris, III, the first was seen May 3; at Chicago, May 9; at 
Delavan, Wis., May 2; at Lanesboro, Minn., May 7, and at White Earth, 
Minn., May 16. The bulk left Saint Louis, Mo., May 16, and the last 
was seen there May 22. At Lanesboro the last was noted May 26. 

In the fall of 1885 the only station contributing a record of the Ten- 
nessee Warbler was Saint Louis, Mo., where the first arrived Septem- 
ber 21. It was numerous by September 26, and increased in abundance 
till October 6, when it was heard and seen everywhere. These great 
numbers continued until October 12. The bulk left October 17, and the 
last followed October 20. Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green County, 
Tex., it is an early fall migrant, and is tolerably common ; and Mr. 
Nehrling says it is not uncommon during migration in southeastern 
Texas. 

648. Compsothlypis americana (Linn.)- [88. J Blue Yellow lacked Warbler; Pa- 

nda Warbltr. 

The large majority of Parula Warblers go to the Northern States and 
British America to breed, but a few have been detected rearing their 
young in various parts of Nebraska and Illinois, and Mr. Nehrling has 
found them in the breeding season as far south as Pierce City, Mo., and 
also in southeastern Texas, near Houston. Colonel Goss thinks they 
breed in eastern Kansas, where they are a common migrant, and 
they have been seen during the whole of the summer in northern Mis- 
sissippi. Dr. Fieher found them quite common in the vicinity of Lake 
Pontchartrain, La., in the summer of 1885. They winter just beyond 
the southern border of the United States. In the spring of 1884 they 
started northward early in March, reaching Caddo, Ind. Ter., March 25. 
They were recorded at Saint Louis, Mo., April 14, aud at West Depere, 
Wis., May 10. The bulk followed closely, not more than three or four 
days later than the van, so that from the dates of first arrival the move- 
ments of the bulk may be predicted. 



244 

In the spring of 1885 the first Blue Yellow-backed Warblers wefG 
noted as follows; Houma, La., March 28 \ Gainesville, Tex., April 17; 
Saint Louis, Mo., April 17; Chicago, 111., May 9, and Milwaukee, Wis;, 
May 5. It became common at Houma April 7, and at Saint Louis 
April 21. 

In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Saint Louis October G. 

649. Compsothlypis nigrilora (Coues). [89a.] SenneWs Warbler. 

This warbler is known only from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in 
Texas, where it is a common summer resident (Sennett; Merrill). In 
the vicinity of Fort Brown it arrives about the third week in March 
(Merrill). 

650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). [90.] Cape May Warbler. 

The Cape May Warbler winters south of our border and crosses the 
United States in its migrations to its northern breeding grounds. A 
few years ago the region east of the Mississippi was regarded as its 
home, and any record west of it w T as considered as accidental; but since 
more than two-thirds of the notes for 1884 came from the western side, 
the question arises whether the species may not be moving westward. 
Throughout most of the east it is rather rare, but in east-central Wis- 
consin it has been found in great numbers, " hundreds seen in a day"; * 
in Minnesota it is stated to be very common in migration, and in west- 
ern Manitoba it is not rare. The most southwestern of the records is 
that from Pierce City, Mo., where it was found April 27, 1884. It reached 
latitude 42° 06' May 5; was taken at West Depere, Wis., May 11, and 
by May 23 had arrived at Elk River, Minn. A female was taken at 
Lanesboro, Minn., May 21. It was also taken in Iowa, but the most 
interesting record is of its occurrence in Nebraska. Mr. Powell writes 
that at Alda, Nebr., May 12, 1883, he took an old male in good plumage, 
and a few days later three birds, probably of this species, were seen. 

In the spring of 1885 the few notes received on the movements of the 
Cape May Warbler indicate that, its migration was very regular 
"Firsts" were reported as follows : Saint Louis, Mo., May 12 ; Delavan, 
Wis., May 14; Lanesboro, Minn., May 18; and Elk Eiver, Minn., May 
20. A sudden cold snap stopped their migration and they took refuge, 
May 18, in the heavy timber near Lanesboro, Minn. Throughout 
the day they were exceedingly numerous. The next day not one was 
found. In the fall of 1885 they first appeared at Saint Louis, Septem- 
ber 9. 

651. Dendroica olivacea (Giraud). [92.] Olive Wai-bler. 

Inhabits the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, coming north to 
Texas (Giraud) and Arizona. 

652. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.). [93.] Yellow Warbler. 

After wintering below our southern border this species passes in sum- 
mer over the whole of the United States and Manitoba, breeding through- 
* Gruntvig, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VIII, 18«3, pp. 67, 70. 






245 

out its range. Mr. William Lloyd says that in Tom Green and Concho 
Counties, Tex., it is more abundant in spring and fall than all the other 
warblers together. In the spring of 1884 it crossed our border late in 
March, or early in April, appearing at San Angelo, Tex., April 10. As 
usual, the migration eastward was considerably in advance of that in 
the west, and the species was seen at Saint Louis April 19; but at latitude 
39° 12' in Kansas not until April 25. East of Saint Louis the time of 
arrival was fully as early as at Saint Louis, since Mr. Balmer found the 
first at Danville, 111., April 21. May 5 to May 8 seems to have been the 
period of greatest activity with this species, notes comiug these days 
from northern Illinois, Wisconsin up to latitude 44° 26' and latitude 44° 
30', the whole of Iowa, the southern edge of Minnesota at 43° 43', and 
north to latitude 42° 56' in Dakota. Its migration certainly did not be- 
come slower in the north, for the first was seen May 10 at latitude 45° 
25' in Minnesota, May 11 at latitude 46° 33' in Minnesota, May 13 at 
latitude 44° 2r in Dakota, and May 18 at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba 
(latitude 50°). 

The bulk moved about six or seven days behind the van. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Golden Warblers left Williamstown, 
Iowa, August 1, and the last August 10. At Des Moines, Iowa, the 
last was reported August 29, and at Mount Carmel, Mo., August 7. 
The following note was received from Mr. Wm. Lloyd, of San Angelo, 
Tex.: 

A peculiar flight of Golden Warblers should be mentioned, which occurred here Au- 
gust 15. After being few and far between since May, on the above date they ap- 
peared by hundreds all over the country, ranging as far as four miles from water, to 
the outer limits of the range of the Cation Finch. I noted in their company on the river 
the Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler, and the Black and White Creeping Warbler, 
A similar occurrence took place last year (1883), though about a week earlier. I find re- 
corded in my notes the sudden abundance of the Golden Warbler, about August 10, 
at a place some sixty miles from here. Already (September 3) they are far less 
abundant. I hardly know whether to consider that these are early migrants resting 
on their way south, or just a chance visitation caused by the food supply failing in 
some other neighborhood.* 

It is strange how persistently the Yellow Warbler is confounded with 
the American Goldfinch by our observers. Fully 10 per cent, of the 
notes sent in under the name " Yellow Warbler," " Summer Yellow 
Bird," etc., were found by comparison of dates to belong to the other 
species. This bird crossed our southern border early in April, appear- 
ing at Bouma, La., and Bonham, Tex., April 9. At each of these 
places the species was next seen April 11. At Saint Louis, Mo., the 
first was seen April 18, after a very unfavorable night for migration. 
Four days later (April 22) an increase was observed, and April 24 the 
bulk of males came. The same day they were noted from Mount Car- 
mel, Mo„ and Paris, 111. The southern edge of Iowa was reached 
April 25, and latitude 41° iu Iowa and Illinois April 29. They arrived 
"[Beyond a doubt they were regular migrants— C. H, M.} 



246 

at Chicago, 111., May 9, three days after they had reached points on the 
Mississippi River, a hundred miles farther north. The last part of the 
migration seems to have been more rapid than the first. The birds 
were so delayed by the cold of the early part of May that on May 11 
there had been no record of arrival at any point north of latitude 44°, 
yet by May 16 they had been seen over the rest of Wisconsin, all of 
Minnesota, central Dakota, and at two stations in Manitoba, up to lati- 
tude 50° 30'. More than two hundred were seen at White Earth, Minn., 
May 1G. 

In the fall of 1885 the last left Saint Louis, Mo., August 13, and Bon- 
ham, Tex., September 3; and the first migrant reached San Angelo, 
Tex., August 28. 

654. Dendroica caerulescens (Grael.). [04.] Black-throated Blue Warbler. 

The movements of this species may be summed up in a few words: 
It winters from Florida southward, extends west to Texas, Indian Ter- 
ritory, Kansas, and Nebraska, and breeds principally in British America, 
though a few doubtless nest in northern Minnesota. It reached latitude 
40° May 1, latitude 42° May C, latitude 44° May 10, and was seen at 
Elk River, Minn., May 23, but probably arrived there a few days earlier. 
Tbis is one of the birds that is unaccountably rare at Saint Louis, while 
it is abundant in the surrounding country. At Pierce City, Mo., May 
2, it was, next to the Yellow-rump, the most common Warbler. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Black- throated Blue Warbler was seen 
at Saint Louis April 30; at Paris, 111., May 1; at Milwaukee, Wis., 
May 5; at Waukon, Iowa, May 14; and at Hastings, Minn., May 19. 

In tbe fall of 1885 it was first seen at Lanesboro, Minn., September 
30. At Fern wood, 111., the first was seen September G; the bulk left 
October 11, and the last October 14. An albino was taken at Fern- 
wood during fall migration. 

655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). [95.] Yellow-rumped Warbler. 

Breeds from northern Minnesota northward, and winters from the 
middle portion of the Mississippi Valley southward. Dr. J. O. Merrill 
states that in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas the Yellow-rump 
"is perhaps the most common of the winter residents, and is found in 
the greatest abundance from the latter part of October to A pril. About 
the latter part of March there is an arrival of males from the south in 
nearly full breeding plumage." The species winters over an immense 
area. While it is abundant in southern Texas, and great numbers pass 
on through Mexico to Central America, as far, even, as Panama, still 
it is the hardiest of our Warblers, and unnumbered thousauds regu- 
larly pass the winter in the lower half of the Mississippi Valley. It 
has been known to endure a temperature of 20° below zero with no 
apparent inconvenience. With plenty of poison ivy berries to eat, it 
seems not to care how the mercury stands. Along latitude 39° it gen- 
erally winters almost everywhere, but the unusually severe weather of 



247 

the first week in January, in 1884, drove it southward from all but the 
most favorable localities. About twenty birds remained through Jan- 
uary at Saint Louis, and not quite so many at Manhattan, Kans. It 
was not until the middle of March that the northward movement com- 
menced. This was marked at Caddo, Ind. Ter., by the return of the 
birds from the bottom lands, whither they had been driven by the cold, 
to the edges of the prairie. There was scarcely any increase in numbers 
until April 1. At more northern localities the first wave was marked 
by the arrival of more birds. This wave reached latitude 39° the 
last week of March, but was stopped by the heavy snow-storms of the 
first week in April and made no further advance until the middle of 
the month. Out of the nineteen records of arrival at stations between 
latitude 39° and latitude 45° but two mentioned any Yellow-rumps 
before April 16. But on that and the two following days they appeared 
in large numbers over the whole of these 200,000 square miles. What 
an incredible number of Yellow-rumps must have been moving on those 
three days! The same wave brought the bulk to the region south of 
latitude 39°, and another two weeks carried it up to latitude 45°, mak- 
ing the species, for the time being, one of the most numerous birds of 
the Upper Mississippi Valley. Having now passed over the land of 
spring-time and reached a country still ruled by winter, they checked 
the hurriedness of their flight and did not reach Portage La Prairie 
Manitoba, until the first week in May. A few breed in northern Min- 
nesota, but the bulk pass on to breed in British America. A curious 
incident occurred in the migration of this species at Heron Lake, in 
southwestern Minnesota. On March 18 there arrived an immense flight 
of Ducks, all coming from the west as if from the Missouri Valley. 
Together with them, or at least on the same day, came great flocks of 
Blackbirds and u a large flight of Yellow-rumps in fine feather and 
song." Where they came from is a mystery. A competent observer 
on the Missouri Eiver southwest of Heron Lake did not find the species 
common until nearly two months later, and no station south or south- 
east reported them at all until three weeks later, nor at Heron Lake 
was the arrival of the bulk noted until thirty-three days afterwards. 
It would seem to be a case of a flock caught up by some upper- air cur- 
rent and carried farther than they intended. While most of the birds 
left central Illinois the first week in May, some very late migrants were 
seen at Whitehall May 21. 

In the fall of 1884 the first note of the Yellow-rumped Warbler came 
from the edge of its breeding-grounds at Elk River, Minn., where the 
bulk arrived September 9 ; the bulk left October 8, and the last Novem- 
ber 5. The first was noted from Des Moines, Iowa, October 18 5 the 
bulk October 21, and the last October 25. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the 
first was reported September 27 ; departure of bulk October 22, and 
last seen November 3. During the winter of 1884-85 no reports were 
received of irregular wintering of the Yellow-rumps, except from Man- 



248 

hattaii, Kaus., where four birds were seen January 24. No more were 
seen there for three months. 

In the spring of 1885 the first migrant was noted at San Antonio, 
Tex., February 27 j at Gainesville, Tex., March 23, and at Saint Louis, 
Mo., April 8. The remaining notes are too irregular to be systema- 
tized. April 1G the bulk reached Saint Louis; April 18 the first came 
in large numbers to Newton, Iowa, and Lanesboro, Minn. April 3 they 
appeared at Minneapolis, Minn., and Elk Eiver, Minn., while they did 
not reach Shell Eiver, Manitoba, till the last day of the month. At 
Bonham, Tex., the last was seen ^pril 15; at Houma, La., April 20; 
Pierce City, Mo., May 6 j Saint Louis, Mo., May 12 ; Manhattan, Kans., 
May 16. Except a single record from Waukon, Iowa, May 19, none 
were reported from Iowa, Minnesota, or Wisconsin after May 1G, and 
most of the Yellow rumps left these States May 11. 

In the fall of 1885 the Yellow-ruinped Warbler re-appeared at Elk 
River, Minn., September 20; at River Falls, Wis., September 20; 
Lanesboro, Minn., September 20; Iowa City, Iowa, October 1; Fern- 
wood, 111., October 5 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., October!; Saint Louis, Mo., 
October 5, and Gainesville, Tex., November 13. Thus its record west 
of the Mississippi River was very regular. The last were seen at Elk 
River, Minn., October 7; River Falls, Wis., October 13; Lanesboro, 
Minn., October 18; Iowa City, Iowa, October 12; Fern wood, 111., Oc- 
tober 14; Des Moines, Iowa, October 24; Mount Carmel, Mo., November 
11, and on the latter date the last transients were seen at Saint Louis. 
Their period of greatest abundance at Saint Louis was from October 9 to 
October 2G. Mr. Lloyd gives it as a spring migrant in Tom Green and 
Concho Counties, Tex., while in southeastern Texas it is an abundant 
winter resident (Nehrling), as it is at Boerne (Brown). 

656. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). [96.] Audubon's Warbler. 

This Warbler, which is the western representative of the Yellow- 
rump, migrates along the western border of the district from its winter 
home in Mexico and southward. Colonel Goss, in his Catalogue of the 
Birds of Kansas, mentions it as a not uncommon migrant in the west- 
ern part of that State. In the spring of 1884 it was taken at San Ad- 
gelo, Tex., May 3. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a tolerably common 
spring and fall migrant in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., where 
he has killed it as late as October 20 (188G). 

In the spring of 1885 San Angelo, Tex., was the only station that re- 
ported the migration of Audubon's Warbler. It was first noticed May 3. 

In the fall of 1885 it appeared at San Angelo, October 1. Mr. Lloyd 
found this species common, November 3, at Fort Davis, Tex. 

657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). [97.] Magnolia Warbler; Black and Yellow 

Warbler. 

This Warbler may breed in northern Minnesota, but no nests have 
been found, and the bulk crosses the line. It is a rapid migrant. Rush- 
ing up the Mississippi Valley in the spring of 1884, from its winter home 



249 

far south of our border, it appeared at Pierce City, Mo., May 2, and at 
Elk Kiver, Minn., May 21. This gives an average of thirty-two miles a 
day. In 1883 its average rate over nearly the same ground was thirty- 
five miles a day. Mr. Widmann's report from Saint Louis is as follows : 
"May 5, first, one old male, silent j May 7, bulk of males in song, and 
first female ; May 10, in pairs; May 11, last male ; May 17, last female." 
Thus the entire time occupied by this species in passing Saint Louis was 
less than two weeks, while the stay of the Tellow-rumped Warbler at the 
same station was about seven weeks (March 23 to May 10). 

In the fall of 1884 the last Black and Yellow Warbler was reported 
from Des Moines, Iowa, August 26. 

In the spring of 1885 no records of its movements were received from 
the country south of Saint Louis, Mo., at which place the first came 
May 4. On the same date it was seen at Peoria, 111., and the next day 
(May 5) at Iowa City, Iowa, Chicago, III., and Milwaukee, Wis. At 
Lanesboro, Minn., the first was seen May 10; at Heron Lake, Minn., 
May 14; at Durand, Wis., May 15; and at New Richmond, Wis., May 
18. At Saint Louis the bulk was present May 5 to May 14, and both 
at Saint Louis and at Des Moines, Iowa, the last was seen May 22.. 
This is later than the dates noted at any of the more northern stations. 

In the fall of 1885 several appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., September 
1 7, but all left in the course of the next ten days. 

In Kansas it is a rare migrant (Goss). 

658. Dendroica caerulea (Wils.). [98.] Cerulean Warbler. 

Little can be said of this Warbler. Though not uncommon in the 
Mississippi Valley, its habit of keeping in the tops of the tallest tree* 
enables it to pass unnoticed. It leaves the United States in the fall, 
and in summer is found from the Gulf to Minnesota and west to east- 
ern Kansas and Nebraska. In the spring of 1884 the first arrived at 
Saint Louis April 14, and the bulk April 26. It was also seen at Bur 
lington, Iowa, May 11, and there the record ends. 

In the spring of 1885 the record of the Cerulean Warbler at Saint 
Louis was as follows : 

April 17 the first was seen ; April 17 the hulk of the males arrived at the stands ; 
April 24-27 the hulk of the females arrived, and mating "began. 

At Hennepin, 111., the first was seen April 20, and at New Richmond,, 
Wis., May 25. During the middle of October, 1885, Mr. Lloyd met 
with it in small flocks (" of five to eight ") in western Texas. 

659. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). [99.] Chestnut-sided Warbler. 

Breeds throughout Manitoba and the Northern States, south to Iowa 
and northern and central Illinois. This is another of the well-known 
Warblers, but it was not noted by any of the southern observers. Iw 
the spring of 1884 it was not recorded until May 1, when latitude 39° 
was reached. The 43d parallel was crossed May 10, and latitude 45° 
*W May 18.- So rare is it in the West that it has been taken but twice ira 



250 

Kansas ; although seen quite often in Nebraska, it is not known to nest 
there. Its stay at Saint Louis was unusually short, lasting only from 
May G to May 15, while in 1883 it arrived April 27 and left; May 24. 

In the spring of 1885 the Chestnut-sided Warbler was one of the few 
species seen at Mount Oarmel, Mo., before its arrival was noted at 
Saint Louis. Although Mount Carmel is only a few miles north of 
Saint Louis, and not many miles west, yet comparison of an extensive 
series of notes from the two places shows that the arrival of birds at 
Mount Carmel averages several days later than at Saint Louis. The 
cause of this is not difficult to determine. The Mississippi KJver is the 
great highway of travel for the birds as they come from the south, but 
when they reach Saint Louis the ranks divide, and those which choose 
the valley of the Missouri Eiver move for several days in a westerly 
direction, following the course of the river.* At Pierce City, Mo., 
another cause operates to make their arrival still later. Of all the 
stations in the Mississippi Valley, this is almost the only one where the 
influence of mountains is felt as a factor in the stud.y of migration. The 
Ozark Mountains stretch to the south of Pierce City, forming a broad 
and high barrier to the northward progress of migrating birds.! In 
the case of some of the larger birds and those possessing great power 
of flight, the retardation due to the mountains is scarcely noticeable, 
but with the Warblers a marked effect is perceived. Pierce City is 
about 150 miles farther south than Saint Louis, and yet the average 
date of the arrival there of fourteen species of Warblers was eleven 
days later than at Saint Louis. The Chestnut-sided Warbler reached 
Mount Carmel, Mo., April 23, and Saint Louis, Mo., April 20, and 
it was recorded May 4 and 5 at Paris, 111., Chicago, 111., Grinnell. 
Iowa, and Pipou, Wis. May 15 and 16 another wave of migration 
brought it to Waukon, Iowa, Lanesboro, Minn., Lake City, Minn., New 
Richmond, Wis., and Elk Liiver, Minn. A single bird was seen at White 
Earth, Minn., May 17. The bulk was present at Saint Louis from May 
5 to May 12, and the last departed May IS. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, September 10. 
At Saint Louis, Mo., only a single bird was noted during fall migration, 
and that was seen September 23. 

660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.). [100.] Bay-breasted Warbler. 

Like the Chestnut-sided, this Warbler is an eastern species, which 
reaches only to the edge of the plains. It has been found in Xebraska, 
but is not yet known as a bird of Kansas. It winters south and breeds 
north of the United States, but is common in the Mississippi Yalley in 
spring and fall, and a few are said to breed at Portage la Prairie, Man- 
itoba. Mr. Xekrling states that in southeastern Texas, near Houston, it is 

[* Moreover, the altitude of Mount Carmel is considerably greater tbau that of Sain t 
Louis.— C. H. M.] 

[t Pierce City is in the midst of the O/ark Hills, at an elevation of nearly twelve 
hundred feet, while Saint Louis is little over 409 feetv*-C. H. M.] 



251 

one of the commonest Warblers during spring migration. He recorded 
it as late as May 5. The record shows that in 1884 the species was 
observed at latitude 37°, May 8 ; latitude 39°, May 11 ; and latitude 
15°, May 26. Females were seen at Chicago May 23. If the observers 
knew anything more about the movements of the species they failed to 
communicate the fact. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Bay-breasted Warbler was reported 
from Pierce City, Mo., May 7 ; Saint Louis, May 15 ; Lanesboro, Minn., 
May 18 ; and Elk Biver, Minn., May 20. One was taken at Tampico, 
111., during the spring of 1885. 

In the fall of 1885 the first and last was seen at Saint Louis Septem- 
ber 25. 

661. Dendroica striata (Forst.). [101.] Black-poll Waroler. 

Breeds north of the United States. Few Warblers perform more ex- 
tended migrations than the Black-poll. The equator and the Arctic 
Ocean form the extreme objective points of its periodical movements. 
The earliest record of its migration in 1884 came from Danville, 111., 
where it was noted April 27 — two days earlier than it was seen at 
Saint Louis, nearly a hundred miles farther south. This circumstance 
taken alone would scarcely call for remark, but in studying migration 
in this region it is found that more than twenty species were recorded 
at Danville from two to tea days earlier than at Saint Louis. It is 
evident, then, that some species migrate earlier in the valleys of the 
Ohio and Wabash than in the same latitude along the Mississippi, al- 
though this latter route is usually considered, and not without reason, 
as the most favorable in the United States. Stations in extreme east- 
ern Illinois are so few that an extended comparison of dates can not be 
made, but the records seem to indicate that migration in favorable lo- 
calities along the eighty-eighth meridian is slightly in advance of that 
a^ong the Mississippi Biver and the ninety-first meridian up to about 
Chicago, where the rate of travel along the two routes seems to be about 
the same. iNorth of Chicago migration by the western route is in ad- 
vance. This, however, is mainly surmise, and these opinions may be 
reversed by future and more extended observations. The subject is 
mentioned here merely to call attention to its importance in future in- 
vestigations. 

Continuing the record north of Saint Louis, it is found that the 
Black-poll Warblers arrived at Alda, Nebr., May 3; at Iowa City, Iowa, 
May 17; Polo, 111., May 19; and Lanesboro and Heron Lake, in Minne- 
sota, and West De Pere, Wis., May 20 and May 21. The bulk came to 
Saint Louis May 7 and stayed six days; to Manhattan, Kans., May 13, 
and remained but two days. Irregular and very early dates are May 5 
at latitude 42^ 18' in Iowa; May 1 at latitude 44° 32' in Minnesota; May 
4 at latitude 44° 45' in Wisconsin ; and May 18 at latitude 45° 25' in 
Minnesota. 



252 

In the spring of 1885 the Black-poll Warbler arrived at Saint Louis, 
Mo., April 29, several days earlier than it appeared at stations in the 
same latitude farther east and west. At Paris, 111., none were re- 
ported until May 4, nor at Manhattan, Kans., before May 12. Oue was 
seen at Des Moines, Iowa, May 5. Like many other Warblers, the 
Black-poll made a great advance from May 14 to May 16. Between 
these dates it was reported from Waukon, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minn., Elk 
River, Minn., and even from White Earth, Minn., where as many as 
seventy-five were seen May 16. At Saint Louis the bulk arrived May 
5; bulk left May 16, and the last one (a female) was seen May 22. It 
was not seen after May 20 at any other station from southern Missouri 
to southern Minnesota. 

In the fall of 1885 the arrival of the Black-poll at Saint Louis, Mo., 
September 21, was the only note received concerning its migration. 

662. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel.). [102.] Blackburnian Warbler. 

Few lovers of forests and birds could fail to notice this brilliantly 
colored Warbler should they pass near its favorite haunts. It breeds 
from the heavy forests of northern Minnesota northward, and winters 
south of our southern border. Like the Chestnut-sided, it is rarely 
found so far west as Kansas and Nebraska. It is one of the few 
Warblers of whose entrance into the United States we have a record. 
In the spring of 1884 it appeared at Bodney, Miss., April 13; advanced 
to latitude 37° May 2; latitude 39° May 10; latitude 43° May 16; and 
the most northern record contributed was latitude 45° May 23. This 
gives an average of 23 miles a day for nearly a thousand miles. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Blackburnian Warbler was reported 
from Pierce City, Mo., May 7; from Saint Louis, Mo., and Hennepin, 
111., May 12; from Lanesboro, Minn., May 16; and from Heron Lake, 
Minn., May 19. None were seen at Saint Louis after May 13. 

In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Saint Louis September 19, 
and the last September 25. 

663 a. Dendroica dominica albilora Baird. [103a.] Sycamore Warbler; White- 
browed Yellow-throated Warbler. 

This form of the Yellow-throated Warbler is restricted to the south- 
ern portion of the Mississippi Valley, extending up to southern Indiana, 
southern Illinois, and Kansas. Evidently it does not breed in the 
Lower Bio Grande Yalley in Texas, for Dr. Merrill says of it there : 
"One of the first migrants to return in the autumn, when it is not rare. 
A few pass the winter." It is one of the earliest migrants among the 
Warblers, and in the spring of 1884 was reported from Saint Louis April 
4, and from Gainesville, Tex., April 7, showing how much later these 
insect-eating birds move on the plains than farther east. It was noted 
at Saint Louis that singing suddenly ceased April 30 and was recom- 
menced with great diligence May 31. 

In the spring of 1885, at Gainesville, Tex., the first Sycamore War 
bier was seen March 22 } the nest April 8 7 and the balk April 17. At 



253 

Saint Louis a pair was observed April 6. From April 6 to April IT 
these Warblers were conspicuous songsters. May 1 they were almost 
silent. 

In the fall of 1885, at Saint Louis, they had all left their summer 
stands by October 7, and none were seen later than October 11. 

666. Dendroica chrysoparia Scl. & Salv. [106.] Golden-cheeked Warller. 

A tropical and subtropical species, ranging from central Texas to 
Guatemala. The first known specimen from the United States was 
killed near San Antonio, Tex., about 1864, by Mr. Dresser. In April, 
1878, it was taken in Bosque County, Tex., by Mr. G. H. Ragsdale 
(Bull. Butt. Ornithological Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 60). During the 
same month (April, 1878) Mr. W. H. Werner found it to be a tolerably 
common Warbler in parts of Comal County, where four nests were dis- 
covered in May (Ibid., pp. 77-79). In March, 1880, Mr. N. C. Brown 
captured seven specimens at Boerne, Kendall County, where the spe- 
cies was first seen March 12 (Ibid., Vol. VII, 1882, pp. 36, 37) ; and in the 
spring of 1883 he secured three more in the same locality (The Auk, 
Vol. I, 1884, p. 121). Eecently Mr. Lloyd, in his list of the birds of 
Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., says of it: "One was shot in 
a hackberry in April, 1887. Its stomach contained winged ants." (The 
Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 296.) 

667. Dendroica virens (Gniel.). [107.] Black- throated Green Waroler. 

Breeds from northern Illinois northward, and leaves the United 
States entirely in winter. In southeastern Texas it is abundant during the 
migrations (Kehrling). The first note for 1884 came from Saint Louis, 
where it arrived April 26. May 1 it was noted at Danville, 111. By 
May 7 it had reached Minneapolis, Minn., and May 10 it was observed at 
West De Pere, Wis. In the West it extends to the eastern boundaries 
of Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas, but was not re- 
ported in 1884 from any of these States. 

In the spring of 1885 the records indicate a very rapid migration. 
Seven days after the first came to Saint Louis, Mo., April 30, they had 
appeared at Paris, 111.; Des Moines, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minn., and Elk 
River, Minn. This would give an average rate of about 70 miles a day. 
The bulk was present at Saint Louis, Mo., from May 5 until May 15, 
when they suddenly disappeared. Some late records were sent in. It 
was reported May 21 at San Antonio, Tex., and June 5 at Des Moines, 
Iowa. 

In the fall of 1885 this Warbler was found migrating through San 
Angelo, Tex., August 25 ; and Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green and 
Concho Counties, Tex., it is a common fall migrant from August 1 to 
September 20. This fact makes it almost certain that it will be found 
to breed occasionally in the middle portion of the Rocky Mountains. 
At Saint Louis, Mo., the first came September 17, and the last disap- 
peared October 5. 



254 

668. Dendroica townsendi (Nutt.). [108.] Toic n send? s Warbler. 

No specimen of this species had been taken in the Mississippi Valley 
until Mr. Lloyd secured it at San Angelo, Tex. It winters beyond 
our limits, and ranges in summer through the Eocky Mountains, even 
to Alaska. It is a summer resident in Tom Green County, Tex., though 
Mr. Lloyd says that it is rarely secured, as it is found only in the thick- 
est underbrush of a very restricted area. Its nest and eggs are un- 
known. 

In the fall of 1884 Towusend's Warbler first appeared at San Angelo, 
Tex., September 21, and was last seen there September 26. 

In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at San Angelo, May 8. 

670. Dendroica kirtlandi Baird. [110.] Kirtlantfs Warbler. 

The honor of adding this exceedingly rare Warbler to our district 
belongs to Mr. Widmann, who captured a specimen at Saint Louis, Mo., 
May 8, 1885.* It is an eastern species and has been taken at various 
places from Ohio southward. t 

671. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.). [111.] Pine-creeping Warbler. 

A hardy Warbler, sometimes wintering as far north as southern Illi- 
nois, and one of the few which remain in large numbers in the United 
States through the winter. It breeds throughout its range, but at very 
different dates. Those which breed in the Southern States begin nest- 
ing in March, while those nesting in Manitoba (where, apparently, it is 
rare) hardly get their housekeeping affairs arranged before the latter 
part of June. In Kansas it is rare (Goss). Migration usually begins 
in March, but it must have been delayed in 1884, as the birds all came at 
once. All the notes from latitude 37° to latitude 45° were made in the 
first week in May. Information is much desired concerning the breed- 
ing habits of this species in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. 

In the spring of 1885, at Saint Louis, the first and only Pine-creeping 
Warbler seen was noted April 24. At Hennepin, 111., the first was 
seen April 30, and the next May 1. It first reached Lanesboro, Minn., 
May 7. Mr. Thomas Miller has taken it at Heron Lake, Minn., and 
Eoberts and Benner killed a female in Grant County, Minn., in June, 
1879. Mr. F. L. Grundtvig found it tolerably common in migration at 
Shiocton, Wis., during the first half of May, 1882. 

672. Dendroica palmarum (Gruel.). [113.] Bed-poll Warbler. 

From its winter home in the Southern States and southward, this 
Warbler migrates through the Mississippi Yalley, to breed in the far 
north. In the spring of 1884 it reached Saint Louis April 18, and Dan- 
ville, III., April 21. No farther advance was recorded until April 27 

* Bull. Nutt. Ornitb. Club, Vol. II, October, 1885, p. 382. 

Lt On tbe nigbt of May 21, 1885, a male KirtlancTs Warbler killed itself by strik- 
ing the ligbt-house at Spectacle .Reef, in tbe west end of Lake Huron, near tbe Straits 
of Mackinac. (See Tbe Auk, Vol. II, 1885, p. 376.) Mr. Ridgway records anotber 
specimen, a male, wbicb was killed at Battle Creek, Micb., May 11, 1883. (The 
Auk, Vol. I, 1884, p. 389.)— C. H. M.J 



255 

and April 28, when it was noted all over Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota 
up to latitude 43° 43'. Two days later it had reached latitude 44° 32', 
Minnesota, and May 3 was reported from Elk Eiver, Minn. (lat. 45° 25'). 
In the east it was a trifle slower, not being noted at West De Pere, Wis. 
(lat. 44o 26'), until May 6. The last one left Saint Louis May 9. 

In the fall of 1884, at Elk Eiver, Minn., the first and bulk of Bed- 
poll Warblers appeared September 21, and the last was seen October 1. 

In the spring of 1885 the records of its migration were not very reg- 
ular. After the first had been seen at Saint Louis, Mo., the next 
records were from Eockford, 111., and Durand, Wis., where it was re- 
ported April 2G. During the last three days of April it appeared at 
Des Moines, Iowa, Coralville, Iowa, Chicago, 111., Waukon, Iowa, and 
Lanesboro, Minn. May 4 it arrived at Elk Eiver, Minn., and May 5 at 
New Eichmond, Wis. At Saint Louis the bulk was present April 22 
to April 29, and the last was noted May 12. At Waukon, Iowa, the 
last was seen May 13 5 at Eockford, 111., May 10 j and at Lanesboro, 
Minn., May 18. At White Earth, Minn., it was very abundant May 16. 

In the fall of 1885 the first came to Elk Eiver, Minn., September 28, 
and to Lanesboro, Minn., September 30. None were seen at Elk Eiver, 
Minn., after September 28 5 at Lanesboro, Minn., after October 2 5 nor 
at Saint Louis, Mo., after October 26. In Kansas it is a rare migrant 
(Goss). 

672a. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. [113a.] Yellow Palm Warbler. 

This is the eastern representative of the foregoing. It breeds in the 
zltlantic coast region from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Hudson 
Bay, and winters in the South Atlantic and Gulf States as far west as 
Louisiana. 

673. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). [114.] Prairie Warbler. 

The Prairie Warbler winters in Florida and the West Indies, pro- 
ceeds up the Mississippi Valley to Illinois (and accidentally to Wiscon- 
sin), and extends west to eastern Kansas and eastern Nebraska. It is 
not yet known from Minnesota, though it has been taken by Dr. King 
at West Liberty, Iowa. In the spring of 1884 it was observed at one 
station only, namely, Pierce City, Mo., where it arrived April 27. It 
is quite rare in all the northern portions of its range. 

674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). [115]. Ovenbird; Golden- crowned Thrush. 

The Ovenbird is an inhabitant of the eastern United States, ranging 
westward to the eastern foot-hills of the Eocky Mountains. It breeds 
throughout Manitoba and the northern half of the Mississippi Valley. 
It breeds abundantly in central and western Dakota, and in Kansas it 
is a common summer resident. This is rather an early migrant for a 
Warbler. In the spring of 1884 its record was so thoroughly mixed 
that we can only surmise that it reached latitude 37° in the early part 
of April, and latitude 39° the middle of the month. In Minnesota it 
appeared at Lanesboro April 26, Eed Wing April 29, and was re- 



256 

corded from Elk Hirer May 10, but probably arrived there a few days 
previously. The bulk reached Pierce City, Mo., April 19, where it was 
very numerous, migrating in flocks. Passing on, the bulk reached 
latitude 39° about April 26, and latitude 45° May 12. 

In the fall of 1884 only one station reported the migration of the 
Ovenbird. The bulk left Mount Garmel, Mo., September 1, and the 
last September 21. 

In the spring of 1885 it reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 17, and the 
bulk came three days later. Then there was no regularity in the rec- 
ords until May 5, when it was reported from Chicago ; May 6 it reached 
northeastern Iowa and Minnesota up to Elk Eiver, and May 7 it at- 
tained corresponding latitudes in eastern Wisconsin. At Manhattan, 
Kans., the first was reported May 5. 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrant reached Fernwood, 111., Septem- 
ber 8, where it was last seen two days later. The last was seen at 
Grinnell, Iowa, September 1G. At Saint Louis, Mo., it was very 
numerous September 17. The bulk had left Saint Louis by September 
26, and the last followed September 29. In Concho County, Tex., Mr. 
Lloyd shot one and saw another September 10, 1886. 

675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). [HO.] Water- Thrush. 

A bird of eastern North America ; probably does not occur west of 
the Mississippi Kiver. It winters in the Southern States, occasionally 
as far north as southern Illinois, and breeds from northern Illinois 
northward. The records of its migration are too uncertain to be used. 

675a. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (Griun.). [116a.] GrinnelVs Water- Thrush. 

Takes the place of the foregoing in the region west of the Mississippi 
Eiver. Occurs from Illinois westward to California and north into 
British America ; winters from the southern border of the United 
States southward to northern South America, and breeds from northern 
Kansas northward. Some uncertainty attaches to Mie records of its 
migrations. 

In the spring of 1884 the most reliable notes received are the following: 
Latitude 38° 40' in Missouri was reached April 26; latitude 41° 3S' in 
Iowa May 3 ; latitude 41° 40' in Iowa April 30; latitude 43° 15' in 
Iowa April 27 ; latitude 43° 48' April 29. It was reported also from 
latitude 43° 43' in Wisconsin April 28, but this record may refer to the 
typical form. These scanty notes seem to indicate that the species 
spread all at once over the country between latitude 38° 40' and lati- 
tude 43° 50'. On May 12 the last left Saint Louis, but one was seen 
at Ellis, Kans., as late as May 25. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Water Thrush came to Saint Louis, 
Mo., April 27 ; to Fayette, Mo., May 1 ; Hennepiu, 111., May 2 ; Lanes- 
boro, Minn., May 7; Manhattan, Kans., May 14 j Heron Lake, Minn., 
May 15, and White Earth, Minn., May 16. The bulk reached Saint 
Louis, Mo., April 30, departed May 12, was followed by the last May 15. 



257 

In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Saint Louis, 3Io., September 
17, and the species was present there just one month. 

676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). [117.] Louisiana Water- Thrush : Large-billed 

Water- Thrush. 

Essentially a southern bird; rarely found north of latitude 42°. It 
winters below the United States, and while abundant in the southern 
part of its range is quite rare in the northern. It is quite common in 
Kansas and occurs at Xewton, Iowa, but is rare in Nebraska, and there 
is no record of its occurrence in Minnesota. In 1884 the first reached 
Saint Louis March 29 and it was seen again April 4; the bulk came 
April IS, At Chicago the first was seen April 19, though it may have 
come sooner. On the plains the birds were later. They were heard at 
Gainesville, Tex., April 15, and a single one was seen at Manhattan, 
Kans., April 18, but no more until the bulk arrived, April 26. 

In the spring of 1885 the Large-billed Water Thrush first appeared at 
Gainesville, Tex., March 24; and at Saint Louis, Mo., April 6. It was 
reported from Mount Carmel, Mo., April 18; from Manhattan, Kans., 
April 15; and from Des Moines, Iowa, April 18. It arrived at Waukon, 
Iowa, April 21, and Lanesboro, Minn., April 2S. At Heron Lake, Minn., 
only a few miles farther north than the last, but in the western part of 
the State, none were seen till May 11. It became common at Man- 
hattan April 18; Des Moines, April 24; Waukon, May 8; and at Heron 
Lake, May 16. Thus it will be seen that this species has been added to 
the list of Minnesota birds. At both Lanesboro and Heron Lake all 
three of the Water Thrushes were found in the spring of 1885. In the 
fall of 1885 the last left Saint Louis September 29. 

677= Geothlypis formosa (Wils.). [119.] Kentucky Warbler. 

The Lower Mississippi Valley is the special home of this species, and 
it is more abundant there, particularly in southern Indiana, southern 
Illinois, and southeastern Texas, than in any other part of the United 
States. In Kansas it is a common summer resident (Goss.). In 1884 
the earliest record came from Gainesville, Tex,, where it arrived April 
15. Both in Kansas and Missouri it reached latitude 39° the last of 
April. At Saint Louis the first arrived April 28, and the bulk April 30; 
at Manhattan, Kans., the first came April 30, and it was seen daily after 
May 1. At Pierce City, Mo., it was common by May 3. May 11 it had 
reached almost the limit of its northward advance at Burlington, Iowa, 
though it has been found accidentally in Wisconsin. It has not yet 
been seen in Minnesota. The species winters outside our limits and 
breeds throughout its range. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Kentucky Warblers came to Gaines- 
ville, Tex., April 9, and were common there by April 17. At Saint 
Louis the first arrived April 21, the bulk April 27, and they were nu- 
merous 31 ay 4. At 3Ianhattan, Kans., the first were seen 3Iay 1. 

In the fall of 1885 the last left Bonham, Tex., August 20. 
7305— Bull 2 17 



258 

678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). [118.] Connecticut Warbler. 

This is one of the rarest, and hence one of the most interesting War- 
blers of the Mississippi Valley. In 1883 neither the breeding range 
nor its winter range was known. In 1881 something was learned of its 
summer home, but where it spends the winter is still a mystery. The 
question of its nest and eggs has been answered by Mr. Ernest E. T. 
Seton (now Ernest E. Thompson), who found a nest on a moss mound 
in a tamarack swamp near Oarberry, Manitoba, concerning which he 
published an interesting account in the Auk for April, 1884, page 192. 

He afterwards stated that this nest was found June 21, 1883. isot 
the least interesting fact in the life history of this little-known species 
is its choice of different routes for its spring and fall migrations, pass- 
ing northward along the Mississippi Valley and returuing by way of 
New England. It is almost the latest Warbler to migrate in spring, 
coming some time after the Black-polls, which are usually believed to 
bring up the rear of the Warbler hosts. The only observer who noted 
it in 1884 was Mr. Widmann, who found it at Saint Louis May 21, at 
the same spot as in 1882 and 1883. As the birds do not leave latitude 
43° until about June 1, it must be very late before they reach their 
breeding-grounds in Manitoba. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Connecticut Warbler was seen at Saint 
Louis, Mo., May 15, aud the last one week later. 

679. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). [120. J Mourning Warbler. 

In much of the Mississippi Valley the Mourning Warbler is a com- 
panion of the Connecticut Warbler in migration, and hardly less difficult 
to observe. Its life history, however, is well known. It winters south 
of our border and breeds from Minnesota aud eastern Nebraska north- 
ward. It is common in western Manitoba. It has been found nesting 
in Illinois, even south of latitude 39°. In 1884 it was noted by none of 
the southern observers, the first record being that of its arrival at Saint 
Louis May 21. During the next week it was observed at Elk River, 
Minn. At Lanesboro, Minn., May 25, a male was taken with most of 
its breast black. 

In the spring of 1885 Texas was well represented in the records of the 
Mourning Warbler. It was seen at San Antonio, April 28; atBouham, 
May 14, and at Gainesville at the very late date of May 22. It reached 
Saint Louis, May 13; Emporia, Kaus., May 15; Des Moines, Iowa, May 
15; Lanesboro, Minn., May 18; Elk River, Minn., May 1G, anil White 
Earth, Minn., May 18. Thus it will be seen that in the northern por- 
tion of its range it is a very rapid migrant. The last at both Saint 
Louis and Des Moines was noted May 22. 

In Concho County, Tex., it is a tolerably common fall migrant, but 
has not been seen later tban September 1 (Lloyd). 

680. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (Aud.). [121.] Macgillivray's Warbler. 

Along the extreme western edge of the Mississippi Valley this Warbler 
takes the place of the preceding. An exceptionally eastern record was 



259 

its occurrence at Gainesville, Tex., where it was taken May 16, 1884. 
Mr. Lloyd says it is abundant in Texas from Castle Hill to Pecos River, 
and probably breeds. It has not been reported from any other part of 
the district, but was taken in Dakota years ago by J. A. Allen. In the 
fall of 1881 another specimen was secured at Gainesville, Tex., Septem- 
ber 3. 

681. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). [122.] Maryland Yellow-throat. 

The typical eastern Maryland Yellow -throat barely reaches the eastern 
border of the Mississippi Valley, where the prevailing form is interme- 
diate between it and the western. 

681a. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. [ — .] Western Maryland Yellow- 
throat. 

This lately-described subspecies is the common Maryland Yellow throat 
of the western part of the Mississippi Valley from western Manitoba to 
middle Texas. Throughout the middle and eastern portion of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley the prevailing form is intermediate between it and typical 
trichas, but, as Mr. Rid g way tells me, is nearer occidentalis than trichas. 
Hence all the records relating to Maryland Yellow-throats have been 
brought under the present subspecies. 

From its winter home in the Southern States and southward this 
Warbler began its pilgrimage in the spring of 1881 early in March. By 
March 13 it had appeared at Gainesville, Tex., but nothing more was 
heard of it until April 18, when it arrived at Saint Louis. April 27 
found it at Danville, 111., and April 30 was a day of great migration in 
Iowa, where it was reported from latitude 41° 38', latitude 41° 40', and 
latitude 43° 15'; May 2 it had advanced to latitude 43° 43' in Minne- 
sota ; May 10 to latitude 45° 25'; and May 2G it had penetrated even to 
Oak Point, Manitoba. The bulk was found eight to twelve days in the 
rear of the advance. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Maryland Yellow- throats was reported 
as leaving Williamstown, Iowa, August 22, and the last six days later. 
At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was reported August 11. At Mount 
Oarmel, Mo., the last one left September 22. 

In the spring of 1885 the earliest note came from San Angelo, Tex., 
where the first was seen April 4, and the species was common the next 
day. April 20 it appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., and Odin, 111. April 21 
one was noted from Paris, 111. During the three days from April 23 to 
April 25 Maryland Yellow-throats were seen at Emporia, Kans.; Iowa 
City, Iowa; Newton, Iowa; Grinnell, Iowa; and Hennepin, 111. May 
3 found them at Unadilla, Nebr., and a further advance (May 8 and 9) 
brought them to Huron, Dak.; Coralville, Iowa; La Porte City, Iowa; 
Waukon, Iowa; and Lauesboro, Minn. The next advance occurred 
May 14, bringing them to Delavan, Wis. ; River Falls, Wis. ; Heron 
Lake, Minn.; and Elk River, Minn. May 16 one was seen at White 
Earth, Minn. The bulk came to Saint Louis April 24, and the species 
was most abundant there April 27. 



260 

In the fall of 1885 the last migrant left Elk Biver, Minn., September 
24. At Grinuell, Iowa, the last was seen September 26, and at Mount 
Carinel, Mo., September 27. They were numerous at Saint Louis, Mo-, 
September 16, but the bulk had departed before September 26. The 
last was noted September 29. A very late migrant was seen at Lanes- 
boro, Minn., October 3. 

683. Icteria virens (Linn.). [123.] Yellow-breasted Chat. 

A summer resident in all but the northern part of the Mississippi 
Valley, east of the plains. 

Wintering beyond our southern border, it entered the district in the 
spring of 1884 about the 1st of March. March 15 it was reported from 
Gainesville, Tex., and April 25 from Manhattan, Kans. The next day 
found it at Saint Louis, Mo., but while the bulk was reported as arriv- 
ing at that place April 29, the bulk was not recorded from Manhat- 
tan, Kans. ? until May 10. This day, May 10, seems to have been the 
day of special movement for the Chat, as on that day it was noted from 
latitude 41° 40' in Iowa ; latitude 42° 18' Iowa ; and latitude 40° 08' in 
Illinois. It has been reported in past years from southeastern Dakota 
and southwestern Minnesota, but iu 1884 the most northern notes were 
from central Nebraska and central Iowa. Thus, contrary to the usual 
rule, it reached Manhattan, Kans., before it did Saint Louis, Mo.; and, 
furthermore, the dates from Illinois were later than those from Missouri 
and Iowa. For example, for latitude 39° 19' in Illinois, the date is May 
7 ; for latitude 40° 08' in Illinois, May 10 ; for latitude 42° 16' in Illinois, 
May 13. These observations, coupled with the fact that the species is 
not known to winter in the West Indies, though found in Central 
America and Mexico, would make it probable that most of the indi- 
viduals enter the United States through Mexico, and that the migration 
is in a northeasterly direction. 

In the spring of 1885 the earliest record of the Yellow- breasted Chat 
came from the extreme southwest, where it was seen at San Antonio, 
Tex., April 14. It reached Gainesville and Bonham, in northern Texas, 
April 17 and April 18. At Saint Louis, Mo., Chats were seen April 2L; 
at Manhattan, Kans., April 22; at Mount Carmel, Mo., April 30; Cor- 
inth, Miss., April 30; Newton, Iowa, April 30; Fayette, Mo., May 1; 
Des Moines, Iowa, May 11; Huron, Dak., May 12; and Grinuell, Iowa, 
May 18. Thus the record in 1885 was not so regular as in the previous 
year. 

In the fall of 1885 the last Chats at Grinuell, Iowa, and Mount Car- 
mel, Mo., were seen July 20. At Saint Louis, Mo., they remained until 
August 18. But none were seen at Bonham, Tex., after August 6. 
Mr. Lloyd says it is a tolerably common spring migrant in Tom Green 
and Concho Counties, Tex. 

683 a. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawr.). [123 a.] Long-tailed Chat. 

The habitat of this Chat touches the western part of our district along 
the edge of the plains. Colonel Goss has found it breeding in western 






261 

Kansas, lu the spring of 1884 it was found at Sail Angelo, Tex., May 
12. Mr. Lloyd says it is an abundant breeder in Tom Green and Concho 
Counties, Tex. 

In the fall of 1884 the last was heard at San Angelo September 27. 

In the spring of 1835 it first arrived at San Angelo April 1G, and bad 
become common there by the 20th. A nest with four eggs was taken 
May 5. 

In the fall of 1885 it was leaving San Angelo September 16. 

684. Sylvania mitrata (Gmel.). [124.] Hooded Warbler. 

A Southern bird, scarcely noticed by the observers. Winters south 
of the United States, and passes up the Mississippi Valley to breed. 
Has been taken in Wisconsin, Iowa, eastern Kansas, and southern Ne- 
braska. It breeds in eastern Kansas, but is rare (Goss). Mr. Xehrling 
thinks it does not breed in southeastern Texas, where it is a common 
migrant. The record from Saint Louis is: a April 24, first, one male 
in song; April 30, several males in song; May 9, one of the noisiest 
birds in the woods; May 21, sitting on eggs already incubated." May 
3 it was quite common at Pierce City, Mo. 

In the spring of 1885, at Corinth, Miss., the first migrant was seen 
April 8; and it had become common by April 15. At Saint Louis, the 
record was: "April 24, first, two males; April 27, bulk arrived; April 
30, height of migrating season, and mating began." In the fall of 1885 
the last left Saint Louis September 29. 

685. Sylvania pusilla (Wils.). [125.] Wilson's Warbler; Black-capped Yellow Warbler. 
This is almost the only Warbler which is found over the whole of the 

United States. Dr. Coues tells us that the bulk pass through the 
United States by way of the Eocky Mountains, but there are enough 
left to make it a commou bird in the Mississippi Valley and most of 
Manitoba. It does not winter in the United States, and Minnesota is 
the only State of our district in which it has been found breeding. In 
southeastern Texas it is a very common migrant (Nehrling; Merrill). 
In the spring of 1884 it reached latitude 40° May 1; latitude 43° May 
10; and latitude 45° May 20. In the West it was taken at San Angelo, 
Tex , May 5. The last one left Saint Louis May 17. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Black-capped Yellow Warbler was seen 
at Williamstown, Iowa, August 23. At San Angelo, Tex., it was last 
reported September 27. The first reached Gainesville, Tex., Septem- 
ber 3. 

In the spring of 1885 the earliest record came from San Angelo, Tex., 
where it was seen April 16. It reached Saint Louis April 29 ; Paris, 
111., May 5; Des Moines, Iowa, May 6; Lanesboro, Minn., May 7; and 
Bochester, Minn., May 8. May 16 it was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., 
Biver Falls, Wis., Elk Biver, Minn., and White Earth, Minn. At this 
latter place about sixty were seen. At Saint Louis the bulk was 
present from May 5 to May 9, and the last was seen May 22, which is 
a later date than that given at any other station. 



262 

In the fall of 1885 the first reappeared at Saint Louis $ Mo., Septem- 
ber 3 ; they were scarce September 17, and the last left September 22. 
Mr. Lloyd says it is an abundant migrant "all over western Texas from 
April 2 to May 15, and from September 3 to 30." 

686. Sylvania canadensis (Linn.). [127.] Canadian Warbler. 

This handsome Warbler is less common in the Mississippi Valley and 
Manitoba than farther east. It does not winter in the United States, 
but breeds sparingly in the Northern States, and abundantly in Can- 
ada. It has been known to breed in northern Illinois. It extends west- 
ward only to the eastern edge of Kansas and Nebraska. It occurs in 
southeastern Texas in migration, but is not common (Nehrling). In the 
spring of 1884 it arrived at latitude 37° April 29, latitude 39° May 11, 
and at Lanesboro, Minn. (lat. 43° 43') May 24. The last was seen at 
Saint Louis May 21. 

In the spring of 1885, at Saint Louis, the first was seen May 11, the 
bulk was present from May 13 to May 19, and the last left May 22. At 
Lanesboro, Minn., the first was reported May 15, and at Elk Eiver, 
Minn., May 16. In Wisconsin, it was first reported from Durand May 
15; and from New Kichmond, May 19. 

In the fall of 1885 the first returning migrant was seen at Saint Louis 
September 22; while at San Augelo, Tex., one was shot from a flock of 
six August 28. 

687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). [128. J American Redstart. 

The Redstart is a common summer resident of the upper half of the 
Mississippi Valley and Manitoba. As far south as Kansas it is a com- 
mon breeder. It does not remain in the United States during the winter, 
nor does it cross our boundary before the first of April. In the spring 
of 1884 the first record came from Saint Louis April 17, and the next, 
from latitude 40° 08 / in Illinois, April 27. The last day of the month it 
was seen at latitude 39° 12' in Kansas. For the first week of May 
there was not a record; May 8 it reached latitude 41° 36' iu Iowa ; and 
May 10, 11, and 12, it spread abundantly over the immense district from 
latitude 41° to latitude 45° 25'. By May 28 it had crossed our northern 
border and arrived at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (lat. 50°). 

The great changes and diversity iu plumage in this species enable 
the observant ornithologist to note very fully the arrival of the different 
ages and sexes. Thus at Saint Louis the following record was made by 
Mr. Widmann: 

April 17, first old males; April 26, bulk of old males; April 30, first females; May 
7, height of transient old males; May 9, height of transient females; May 11, first 
one-year-old male ; May 16, young males more conspicuous than old males. 

This is one of the species in which the period of arrival at any locality 
extends over several weeks, the bulk coming many days behind the 
first. Hence, all notes of first and bulk on the same day are self-evident 
mistakes. The bulk never arrives till a week after the first, and ten to 
twelve days is the ordinary time. 



263 

In the fall of 1884 the last Eedstart was seeu at Mount Oarmel, Mo., 
September 11. 

In the spring of 1885 Redstarts were reported from San Antonio, 
Tex., April 28; Gainesville, Tex., May 8; Emporia, Kans., May 11; and 
Manhattan, Kans., April 22. So much for the regularity of its Western 
record. The rest of the notes were scarcely more regular. At Reeds, 
Mo., the first was seen April 4; at Saint Louis, Mo., April 20 (with the 
bulk of males and first female April 27); Paris, 111., April 28; southern 
Iowa, and Chicago, 111., May 5. The rest of the timbered portion of the 
district to latitude 45° was reached Mjay 14 and May 15; and May 18 
one was seen at White Earth, Minn. Such are the outlines, but the de- 
tails are not arrangeable. 

In the fall of 1885, at Grinnell, Iowa, the last Redstart was seen Sep- 
tember 28; at Mount Oarmel, Mo., September 20; and at Saint Louis, 
Mo., where they had been numerous September 17, the last was seen 
September 29. The first migrant reached San Angelo, Tex., September 
11. In Concho Couuty, Tex., it is an abundant fall migrant. 

688. Setophaga picta Swains. [129.] Painted Eedstart. 

An inhabitant of the highlands of Mexico, coming north to our 
southern border in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 

689. Setophaga miniata Swains. [130.] Bed-bellied Redstart. 

Another inhabitant of the highlands of Mexico, coming north to 
southern Texas (Giraud). 

690. Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). [131.] Bed- faced Warbler. 

The home of this bird is in the highlands of Gautemala and Mexico, 
extending northward to our southern bolder in Texas and Arizona. 

691. Ergaticus ruber (Swains.). [132.] Bed Warbler. 

Inhabits the highlands of eastern Mexico and thence north to Texas 
(Giraud). 

692. Basileuterus culicivorus (Licht.). [133.] Brasher' s Warbler. 

Another tropical species, coming north to southern Texas (Giraud). 

693. Basileuterus belli (Giraud). [134.] BelVs Warbler. 

Like the last, a Mexican species, recorded from Texas by Giraud. 

697. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). [71.] American Pipit ; Titlark. 

Breeds in the far north, migrates through Manitoba and the Missis- 
sippi Valley and winters from the Southern States southward, some- 
times north to southern Illinois. In southeastern Texas it is an abun- 
dant winter resident. Although this bird is found over the whole of 
North America, all the 1884 notes concerning it came from the region 
west of the Mississippi. In the spring of 1884 it arrived at Gainesville, 
Tex., March 12; Manhattan, Kans. (where it was common for about a 
week), April 13; Vermillion, Dak., April 24; and Elk Eiver, Minn., 
May 4. At Ellis, Kans., the first were taken May 2. 



264 

In the fall of 1884 the Titlark was first seen at Gainesville, Tex., 
November 1. 

In the spring of 1885 the first migrant was seen at Gainesville March 
10; at Manhattan, Kans., April 15; at Des Moines, Iowa, April 18; and 
at Elk Eiver, Minn., May 6. 

In the fall of 1885 it was first seen at Gainesville November 13 ; and 
a flock was seen there November 18. Mr. Lloyd states that in western 
Texas it is ''common in fall migration-; less common in spring." 

700. Anthus spragueii (And.)- [73.] Sprague's Titlark. 

Breeds abundantly in the Assihaboine region, and in Dakota and west- 
ern Minnesota. Since Dr. Coues, in his "Birds of the Northwest," 
queried whether Sprague's Lark left Dakota for the winter, much has 
been learned of its movements. We now know that its winter haunts lie 
far from Dakota, and that it penetrates even to the south of southwest- 
ern Texas. Just where it winters seems not yet determined, but as the 
record now stands it appears to winter below the United States.* Mr. 
Nehrling found it in small flocks near Houston, Tex., in early Novem- 
ber, but it soon disappeared. Mr. Nathan Clifford Brown did not find 
it at Boerne, near San Antonio, Tex., until March 16, so that its winter 
home must be south of these points. At Gainesville, Tex., it was seen 
as late as May 7. While northern Dakota and western Manitoba con- 
stitute its special breeding grounds, where it nests in great numbers, 
yet it can be found in summer in western Minnesota, in Nebraska (where 
it arrives about the middle of May), and probably also in western Kan- 
sas. Colonel Goss says of it in his List of the Birds of Kansas: "Mi- 
gratory, rare"; but Dr. Watson writes from Ellis, Kans.: 

I am in doubt how to classify this bird, but I thiuk it is a summer resident. During 
what should be its breeding season I have seen birds ascend almost to invisibility, 
but lost sight of them iu the desceut, and they were not captured. 

As the soaring he describes is confined to the breeding season, the 
birds he saw probably had nests in the vicinity. 

In Tom Green County, Tex., on the edge of the plains, one was shot 
in January, 1885. In the spring of 1885 Spragne's Titlark, or Pipit, 
was first seen at San Antonio, Tex., February 26. At Gainesville, Tex., 
the first was seen April 8 and the last May 6. 

In the Ml of 1885 the first was seen at Gainesville October 12, and 
the next November 2. In Concho County, Tex., a small flock was seen 
October 15, 188G (Lloyd). 

701. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. [19.] American Dipper; Water Ouzel. 

The home of the Water Ouzel, or Dipper, is along the mountain 
streams of western North America. According to Professor Aughey it 
is "rare over most of Nebraska, but abundant in Oteo County;" and 
Grinnell has recorded it from the Black Hills of Dakota. 

[*It has been recorded as wintering iu immense flocks in central Arkansas, in com- 
pany with Lapland Longspurs (Coues, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 238). 
— C. H. M.] 



265 

702. Oroscoptes uiontanus (Towns.)- [10.] Sage Thrasher. 

This is scarcely a bird of the Mississippi Valley, since, as its uame 
implies, its favorite home is in the sage- covered plains of the Great 
Basin. It is introduced here on account of its occurrence in western 
Texas, where Mr. Lloyd, at San Angelo, found it an occasional visitant. 
The species is also migratory, passing north along the Rocky Mount- 
ains, about to the northern boundary of the United States. 

la the spring of 1885 the first Sage Thrashers (about 20 in number) 
were reported from San Angelo, Tex., April 1 ; and the last the next 
day. They were said to be common there during migration. Recently 
Mr. Lloyd has published the following concerning the distribution of 
this species in Texas: "Tolerably common resident in Tom Green 
Couuty. Winters in Concho Count}' as far east, at least, as Colorado. 
No eggs found, but I have seen scores of nests," — (The Auk, Vol. IV, 
1887, p. 297.) 

703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). [11.] Mockingbird. 

The Mocking-bird is a permanent resident in the southern part of the 
Mississippi Valley. Its migrations are not great. In winter it retires 
but a short distance south of its northern breeding range, and in spring 
is rather late in returning. The Gulf States constitute its true winter 
home, and there it is found in abundance. Many individuals remain 
much farther north, and are to be seen occasionally during cold weather. 
In the winter of 1883-81 at Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was seen about half a 
dozen times; at Saint Louis, Mo., one was seen January 29, 1884, and 
even so far north as Burlington, Iowa, it was twice seen during the 
winter. It is possible that these last were escaped cage birds, but there 
was nothing in their actions to indicate it. Mocking-birds began to 
leave winter quarters about the middle of March, 1884, reaching lati- 
tude 37° March 20, and occupying almost a month in their journey from 
that point to latitude 39° in Missouri, which they reached April 14. In 
Kansas, however, it was long delayed. At Manhattan, "in 1883, it ar- 
rived April 10, but in 1884 cold rains prevented its early appearance, 
and the first was not seen until May 22, and then only two or three 
pairs came. Usually it is common." The normal northern limit w T as 
reached the first week in May. In the Southern States the song period 
began about March 1, but it was almost June before the northernmost 
birds found their voices. ^North of latitude 40° there are only a few 
records of the birds' summer residence, and these are in central and 
southern Iowa. 

In the fall of 1884 the last Mockingbird left Mount Carmel, Mo., Oc- 
tober 21, while the bulk left October 10. At Shawneetown, 111., a single 
bird was reported as staying all winter, and at Peoria, 111., the species 
has been seen in midwinter. At Gainesville, Tex., some Mockingbirds 
spent the winter of 1884-'85. 

In the spring of 1885, at Gainesville, Tex., the number present during 
winter was increased March 6 by the arrival of the first migrants, and 



266 

the species had become common by March 31. Mockingbirds reached 
Pierce City, Mo., April 17 5 Peoria, 111., April 19 ; Griggsville, 111., April 
21; Saint Louis, Mo., April 24; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 2, and Man- 
hattan, Kans., April 26. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., October 24. 
Mr. Lloyd states that it is an abundant resident in Tom Green and 
Concho Counties, Tex. 

704. G-aleoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.)- [12.] Cqibird, 

A common summer resident throughout the Mississippi Valley and 
Manitoba ; rare in southeastern Texas (Nehrliug). In the spring of 1884 
fifty-one observers contributed notes upon the movements of the Cat- 
bird. It was reported as a winter resident at Waverly, Miss., and at 
San Angelo, Tex. At the latter place it was marked " occasional." 

Its northward movement in migration does not take place until the 
weather becomes warm and settled. Curiously enough, its first ap- 
appearance in 1884 was reported from Danville, 111. (lat. 40° 08'), 
April 3; while at Kodney, Miss. (lat. 31° 52'), it was not reported 
until April 13. April 18 it was noted at latitude 41° 10' in Illinois; 
and April 20 at latitude 40° 50' in Iowa. Five days later one was ob- 
served at Saint Louis (lat. 38° 40'). 

Looking at these few records and knowing little of the state of the 
weather during these three weeks of April, one would imagine that the 
Catbird was exceedingly erratic in its movements; and a further study 
of the records might do little towards dispelling this opinion. 

Taking the eastern line of migration, from Mississippi to Wisconsin, 
we find a general advance about April 29. On that day and the next 
it was reported at various stations in Illinois, from Hillsborough (lat. 
39o 12') to Chicago (lat, 41° 51'). By May 7 the van had reached West 
Depere, Wis., and the bulk had arrived at Hillsborough and Polo, 111. 
It was reported as arriving at Green Bay, Wis., May 8, and the bulk 
reached the same place May 15. West of the Mississippi the earliest 
arrival was reported from Burlington, Iowa, April 20. April 26 the 
bulk arrived at Pierce City, Mo. April 28 Catbirds had appeared at 
Payette, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans., while at Saint Louis they were 
still scarce. April 29 the bulk appeared at Saint Louis, at which place 
both sexes were at breeding stands, and flocks of transients were pres- 
ent. April 30 the first was reported from Des Moines and Coral ville 
Iowa, while the bulk arrived at Manhattan, Kans. On the same day 
they first appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba. This last must be either a 
mistake or an extraordinarily early record. A delay of nearly a week 
in the general movement followed. May 8 the first was noted at Ames 
and La Porte, Iowa, and at Vermillion, Dak. ; May 9 at Minneap- 
olis, Minn.; May 11 at Elk Eiver, Minn.; and May 17 at Frazee City, 
Minn. In all cases the bulk followed within a week after the first in- 
dividuals had been seen. Farther west, on the plains, where fewer in- 
dividual of these species are met with, they were reported as arriving 



267 

somewhat later. At Gainesville, Tex., they appeared May 12, and re- 
mained about two weeks. At Alda, Nebr., the first arrival was May 14, 
while at Ellis, Kans., farther west, and in latitude 38° 55', they were 
not seen until May 25, The notes received from observers contained 
little more than the dates of first appearance and the arrival of the 
bulk. The few records from near the southern border of the district 
leave us in doubt as to the extent to which Catbirds wintered in that 
section; but we know from previous records that they are somewhat 
common in the Gulf States east of Texas, and occasionally in mild win- 
ters a few have been found in southern Illinois ; but in Texas, even 
in the southern part, the Catbird is rare during the winter, and not very 
common during migration or in summer. The notes from Mr. Wid- 
mann, of Saint Louis, are in striking contrast to those of most observ- 
ers. They read: 

April 25, first one mewing; April 28, still scarce; April 29, bulk arrived; May 5, 
height of season, great numbers present, chasing, singing, mewing, fighting, bulk of 
transients present; May 8, bulk of transients departed; May 10, building. 

The Catbird is also reported as building at Manhattan, Kans., May 9. 

In the fall of 1884 only four notes were contributed on the migration 
of the Catbird. At William stown, Iowa, the bulk departed August 28, 
and the last was seen September 11. At Unadilla, Kebr., the last was 
seen August 9; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 24; and at Mount Car- 
mel, Mo., September 22; the bulk having left oue week previously. 

In the spring of 1885, the earliest record of the movements of this 
species came from the northern edge of its usual winter home. At 
Corinth, Miss., the first was seen April 9, but no more until April 14. 
By April 17 they were reported at Shawneetown, 111., probably coming 
with the warm wave which culminated there the night before. At 
Saint Louis, Mo., they were first seen April 20; and at Paris, III., April 
22. With the exception of two stragglers seen at Manhattan, Kans., 
April 21, no record of movement at this time was made in the country 
west of the Mississippi River. The birds rested until the pronounced 
warm wave of the last few days of the month, and then moved forward. 
Records were received of its presence, April 28 and April 29, at Pe- 
oria, Aledo, and Hennepin, 111.; Keokuk, Iowa; Glasgow, Mo., together 
with a note on its second arrival at Manhattan, Kans. The first was 
recorded May 1, at Reeds and Mount Carmel, Mo., and by both of the 
observers at Fayette, Mo., indicating that there was a special move- 
ment in Missouri on that date. The Catbirds did not rest very long 
before the next movement. Their advance may be seen from the fol- 
lowing dates: They reached Richmond, Iowa, May 2; Mount Pleasant, 
Iowa, and Tampico, 111., May 3; Chicago, III., Rockford, 111., and Leeds 
Center, Wis., May 4. During the cold weather of the second week of 
May odd records were made at Grinnell and Waukon, Iowa; Delavan, 
Wis., and Lanesboro, Minn., where Catbirds were seen May 7 and May 
8; on May 12 they were reported from Williamstown, Iowa; Rochester, 



268 

Minn., and S tough ton, Wis. Early birds bad been seen at Lake City 
Minn., May 3, and at Elk Elver, Minn., May 0. The regular advance 
did not reach these places until May 15, on which date it was reported 
also at Hastings and Minneapolis, Minn., and River Falls, New Rich- 
mond, and Green Bay, Wis. The next day (May 16) about twenty were 
seen at White Earth, Minn. During the cold period the bulk overtook 
the advance guard, so that by the middle of May the van and bulk were 
moving almost together. This is shown by the fact that while May 15 
marked the arrival of the first at the above-named stations, enough 
more came the next night to make the species common May 16. May 
20 they were recorded as arriving at Huron, Dak. No reports were 
received from the region between latitude 45° and latitude 49°, but May 
25 and 26 they occupied the whole of Manitoba to latitude 50° 30'. 

In the fall of 1885 the last Catbird left Elk River, Minn., September 
12; Des Moines, Iowa, September 18; and Mount Carmel, Mo., Sep- 
tember 10. At Saint Louis, Mo., they were numerous from September 

16 to 26; the bulk left September 29, and the last followed October 6. 
Very late migrants were seen at Milwaukee, Wis., October 24, and 
Fayette, Mo., November 20; while at Bonham, Tex., where they had 
been reported during the three previous winters, not a Catbird was 
seen during the winter of 1885-'86. 

705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.). [13.] Brown Thrasher. 

The Brown Thrasher is a common summer resident throughout the 
Mississippi Valley and Manitoba, and winters in the Gulf States and 
southward. In 1884 reports upon its migration were received from 85 
observers. The species is so easily recognized that it is not likely to be 
overlooked, but its movements on its first arrival are so stealthy and 
retired that it may be present for several days without being observed, 
unless the weather is fine. In the winter of 1883-84 it was reported 
as a winter resident at Waverly, Miss., Mermenton, La., and Abbe- 
ville, La., being abundant at the two last mentioned places. At Cor- 
inth, Miss., a single bird was seen December 28, 1883, and January 10, 
1884. The observer adds that they were never seen there before during 
thirty years residence. They have been known to winter as far north 
as southern Illinois. The first record of its appearance north of Mis- 
sissippi aud Louisiana in 1884 was made at Danville, 111., March 15. 

This was probably a straggler. The first general movement took 
place about March 22. On that day a single male, in high plumage? 
but silent, appeared at Saint Louis. The followiug day three males 
were observed at their old stands, in song. The same day (March 23) 
it was reported from Odin and Carlinville, 111.; and April 1 from Hills- 
borough and Griggsville, 111. April 4 the bulk arrived at Beeds, Mo., 
and April 10 at Mount Carmel, Mo. April 12 the first arrived at Liu- 
wood, Nebr. Two days later the bulk reached Saint Louis, Mo. April 

17 the first appeared at Manhattan, Kans., and April 19 at Coleta, 111. 
This date was the height of the season at Saint Louis, Mo., where the 



269 

number was swelled by the presence of both transients and summer so- 
journers. A decided northward impulse was observed daring the next 
week. April 21 the first arrived at Bichinond, Iowa; and April 26 at 
the following places: Polo, 111.; Des Moines, Iowa; Iowa City, Iowa; 
Grand Junction, Iowa; and Hastings, Minn. April 27 the first was seen 
at Lanesboro, Minn.; April 28 at Lake Mills, Wis.; and April 30 at Eed 
Wing and Elk Eiver, Minn. On the same day the bulk arrived at 
Grand Junction, Iowa ; Lanesboro, Minn.; and Manhattan, Kans. These 
movements show that the line of heaviest and earliest migration was 
along the Mississippi Eiver. Thence it spread up the valleys of the 
rivers and streams tributary to it. Migration seemed to be at its 
height about the end of April. May 1 the first arrival was noted at 
Green Bay, Wis., and the bulk arrived at Elk Eiver, Minn. May 5 
Brown Thrashers were seen at Vermillion, Dak.; May 13 at Huron, 
Dak.; and May 21 at Oak Point, Manitoba. Only one note of its breed- 
ing was recorded, This was at Saint Louis, Mo., where young were 
found as early as May 30. At Manhattan, Kans., they were building 
May 9. 

In the fall of 1884 the following records were received of the south- 
ward movements of the Brown Thrasher: At Williamstown, Iowa, the 
bulk left August 18, and the last August 29; at Unadilla, Nebr., the last 
was seen August 23; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 17. The bulk 
left Mount Carrnel, Mo., September 20, and the last September 26. The 
first reached Gainesville, Tex., September 26. 

In the spring of 1885 no notes were contributed on its movements 
until it reached southern Illinois. It arrived at Shawneetown March 
27. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first came April 2, two days earlier than 
it was reported at Paris, 111., to which place it was carried by a tre- 
mendous bird wave, which reached there the afternoon and evening of 
April 4. To the westward of Saint Louis the birds waited for the next 
warm wave, reaching Glasgow, in north central Missouri, April 6. In 
the Ozark Hills, in southwestern Missouri, they were reported as arriv- 
ing at Pierce City and Eeeds April 4. Still farther west, in east central 
Kansas (at Eichmond and Manhattan), they did not put in an appear- 
ance uutil April 15. The only station in the vicinity of the Mississippi 
Eiver at which they were reported between latitude 39° and latitude 
41° was Griggsville, 111., where they were seen April 11. As this date 
and locality coincided with the maximum of a warm wave, it may be 
supposed that this wave carried the van to latitude 40°. 

The next movement was quite regular. It began at Ferry and Mount 
Pleasant, Iowa, April 19; the next day extended to Iowa City, Iowa, 
and crossed the river to Aledo, Tampico, and Hennepin, 111.; while the 
third day a great rush brought the birds to Des Moines, Coralville, Grin- 
bell, and Newton, Iowa, Eockfoid, 111., and Lanesboro and Lake City, 
Minn. This was one of the most pronounced movements of the whole 
season of migration, and it was carried still farther forward on April 22 



270 

and April 23, by the arrival of* Brown Thrashers at Milwaukee, Lake 
Mills, Leeds Center, Bipou, and Durand, Wis., and Minneapolis, Minn. 
At Elk Eiver, Minn., the first was seen May 1. On the plains the ad- 
vance was about two weeks later. Linwood, Nebr., was reached April 
24 ; Huron, Dak., May 15 ; and Shell Eiver, Manitoba, May 23. 

In the fall of 1885 the last Brown Thrasher left Elk Eiver. Minn., 
September 12; Des Moines, Iowa, September 16; Griumll, Iowa, Sep- 
tember 28; and Mount Carmel, Mo., October 10. At Saint Louis, Mo., 
they were numerous from September 1(5 to 26; the bulk left September 
29, and the last October 16. At Bonham, Tex., where they are com- 
mon winter residents, the first came September 19, and they had be- 
come common by November 19. 

706. Harporhynchus longirostris (Lafr.). [13a,] Long-billed Thrasher. 

An inhabitant of eastern Mexico and the valley of the Lower Eio 
Grande in Texas, where it is an abundant resident (Merrill ; Sennett). 

707. Harporhynchus curvirostris (Swains.), [15.] Curve-billed Thrasher. 

The home of this species is on the table-lands of Mexico, and 
thence north to the valley of the Eio Grande Eiver in Texas. It is a 
common resident on the Lower Eio Grande, and is found as high up as 
Eagle Pass, where it breeds abundantly. 

713. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus(Lafr.). [54.] Cactus Wren. 

In our district this species is found in western Texas only. At Eagle 
Pass it is resident, and began nest building February 20, 1884. 

In the fall of 1885 three specimens were secured at San Angelo, Tex., 
which is a northern locality for the species. In May, 1886, Mr. Lloyd 
found young at Saragossa P. O., Tex., which is in approximately the 
same latitude as San Angelo, but farther west. He says that it is 
probably resident on the plains in Tom Green County. 

715. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say). [58. J Rock Wren. 

The Eock Wren occurs from the Plains to the Pacific, and is supposed 
to breed throughout most of its range. A few notes concerning it 
were received from the western part of the district, and it is known 
that the species migrates principally west of the 99th meridian. It 
has been taken once in Decatur County, Iowa, and there is a record 
that a "Canon Wren," probably this species, was shot among the 
rocky bluffs of the river at Kansas City, Mo. In the western part of 
Kansas it is found at Ellis as a common summer resident. At San An- 
gelo, Tex., it was given merely as a winter resident, arriving from the 
North September 10, in 1883, and leaving May 10, in 1884. Some dis- 
tance southeast, near Boerne, a female was shot March 4, 1880 (Browu). 
717. Catherpes mexicanus (Swains.). [59.] White-throated Wren. 

This Wren is resident in Mexico and southern Texas. 
717a. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Kidgw. [59a.] Canon Wren. 

The Canon Wren inhabits the southwestern United States from west- 



271 

ern Texas and Colorado westward. During the winter of 1879-'80 Mr. 
N". O. Brown discovered about three pairs in a canon on Cibalo Creek, 
near Boerne, Tex.; and Mr. William Lloyd found it common at Fort 
Davis, Tex. 

718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.)- [60.] Carolina Wren. 

An abundant resident in the southern portion of the Mississippi Val- 
ley. Its movements in migration are very slight, and are confined to 
the northern portion of its range, namely, southern Nebraska, southern 
Iowa, and northern Illinois. The few individuals that find their way to 
these sections retire southward in winter, and a slight decrease in num- 
bers during the winter is also discernible south to about latitude 38°; 
below this there is no change. This species belongs more particularly 
to the East, being seldom found west of longitude 99°. In Kansas, 
where it is resident, it is abundant in the eastern but rare in the west- 
ern part of the State (Goss). 

The form of the species once recognized as Berlandiers Wren (Thry- 
othorus ludovicianus berlandieri), but not now considered distinct, occurs 
in southwestern Texas. It was somewhat common at San Angelo during 
the winter, and one or two were seen every few days until May 6. It 
probably breeds, though Mr. Lloyd has not yet found any nests. 

719. Thryothorus bewickii (Aud.). [61.] Bewick's Wren. 

The distribution of this species over the Mississippi Valley is very 
irregular. Abundant in some places and rarely or never seen in con- 
tiguous territory, it seems to be governed by fancy in the choice of a 
dwelling place. Like the Carolina Wren, it is not strictly a migratory 
species, but leaves the northern portions of its range and winters from 
southern Illinois southward. In summer it is exceedingly abundant in 
southern Indiana and some parts of Illinois, being the common "House 
Wren" to the exclusion of Troglodytes aedon. The same is true of east- 
ern Texas, and of some places in Missouri. West and north of these 
States it is not common. It is not common in Kansas, and is rare in 
Nebraska. Dr. Hatch's note for Minnesota, stating that it is "common 
in summer," would better express the facts did it read: "Not uncom- 
mon during summer in a few localities in the southern part of the 
State." Its limited migration is performed in the last week of March 
and the first few days of April. 

In the spring of 1885, at Gainesville, Tex., the first Bewick's Wren 
was reported March 6, and the next March 28. At Pierce City, Mo., 
the first was seen March 31. At Saint Louis the first was seen March 
30, and the species became common the next day. 

719b. Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (Sal v. & Godni.). [61b.] Baird's Wren; Texas 
Beiciclc's Wren. 

An abundant resident in Texas, and not uncommon in southwestern 
Kansas (Goss). At Caddo, Ind. Ter., only 30 miles north of the Texas 
line, specimens of Bewick's Wren killed in December, when the species 



272 

was most common, apparently were typical bewickii. It disappeared in 
the early spring, but the people of town said it would come again and be 
the House Wren of the summer. As the Texas form is known to be 
abundant only a few miles southward, it seems probable that the winter 
birds are typical bewickii and the summer birds bairdi. A change of res- 
idence on the part of the author prevented the exact determination of 
the matter. At Caddo, neither Troglodytes aedon nor its western sub- 
species has been found. Mr. Lloyd states that Baird's Wren raises two 
broods in western Texas, where it is an abundant resident. 

721. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. [63.] House Wren. 

The House Wren is a bird of the Eastern States, ranging west to the 
Mississippi Valley. In looking over the notes contributed on this 
species it has beeu found necessary to cut out 35 per cent, as being of 
uncertain identity. The House Wren is so commonly confounded 
with the Winter Wren that the records of its movements are per- 
plexing and not very reliable. Information is needed concerning the 
northern limit of its winter range in the Southern States west of 
the Mississippi River. East of the Mississippi it is reported as regu- 
larly resident up to latitude 35°, and occasionally still farther north in 
heavy bottom lands. In migration, in the spring of 1884, it reached 
latitude 37° in Missouri the last week in March ; latitude 38° 40' in 
Missouri April 19 ; latitude 39° 19' in Illinois April 25; and latitude 
39° 12' in Kansas April 24. After this the advance seems to have been 
very rapid, for the species arrived at latitude 40° 33' in Minnesota May 
3, and at Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30'), near the limit ot its 
northward journey, May 17. There is quite a strong intimation that the 
migration through eastern Illinois and Wisconsin took place from a 
week to ten days earlier than the movement iu corresponding latitudes 
west of the Mississippi, but in the present uncertainty as to which 
species of Wren was actually seen no positive statement can be made. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of House Wrens left Des Moines, Iowa, 
August 28, and none were seen there after that date. At Shawnee- 
town, 111., a single bird was reported as having beeu seen all winter. 

Iu the spring of 1885 the records of the House Wren and the Winter 
Wren in migration were hopelessly mixed. The two Wrens appear to 
have migrated more nearly at the same time than usual, thus increasing 
the confusion of the records. All that can be safely said of the House 
Wren is that it was one month (from April 17 to May 17) in passing 
from Saint Louis, Mo. (latitude 38° 40'), to Oak Point Manitoba (lati- 
tude 50° 30'). The A. O. U. Check-list gives the habitat of the typ- 
ical House Wren as " Eastern United States and Southern Canada, 
west to Indiana and Louisiana/' The subspecies parhnanii is given as 
ranging in " Western North America, from Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, 
and Manitoba westward; north to Great Slave Lake, south to Jalapa, 
Mexico, and Lower California." According to these habitats, both of 
the localities mentioned, Saint Louis and Oak Point, belong to the 



273 

western subspecies, and the same would be true of most of the records 
received under the name of the House Wren. It will be noticed that in 
the notes for 1881 it is said that there is an intimation that migration in 
Illinois and Wisconsin was a week or ten days earlier than that west 
of the Mississippi Eiver. The same thing, in a still greater degree, ap- 
pears in the notes for 1885. The records from eastern Illinois and Wis- 
consin, from such reliable observers as Mr. Balmer, Mr. Ingram, and a 
half dozen others, are fourteen days earlier than from corresponding 
latitudes in Missouri and Iowa. Now, if in these records for both years 
the House Wren and not the W T inter WreD was the bird really seen, it fol- 
lows that there is a clearly marked difference in the times of migration 
of the eastern and western House Wrens. To fully determine this point 
the records of the observers in the district east of the Mississippi Val- 
ley would have to be consulted and a careful series of observations made 
with reference to this particular point. The case is quite similar to that 
of the eastern and western Meadowlaiks, and is well worthy of future 
consideration. 

In the fall of 1885 the last House W^ren was reported from Grinnell, 
Iowa, September 27; from Des Moines, Iowa. September 26, and from 
Saint Louis, Mo., September 29. The first one reached San Angelo, Tex- 
September 11. Br. Agersborg states that both typical T. addon and T. 
uedon parTcmanii breed in southern Dakota. 

721a. Troglodytes aedou parkmanii (Aud.). [G3a.] Wtstern House Wren : Park- 
man's Wren. 

Tarkman's W^ren is a bird of the Western States, coming east to the 
Mississippi Valley. After what has been said of the eastern form but 
little remains to be said of the western. Its range in a north and south 
direction is about the same as the foregoing, and the dates of its mi- 
gration are also much the same — possibly a little later. Concerning its 
eastward extension, it may be said to be common in western Texas, and 
it was found at Gainesville iu north-central Texas in the spring of 1881. 
It is a common summer resident in Kansas, and is common in Ne- 
braska, Dakota, western Minnesota, and western Manitoba. It has 
been taken several times at Chicago, 111. Thus its course of migration 
is seen to tend somewhat in a northeasterly direction. 

722. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. [65.] Winter Wren. 

Breeds from the Northern States northward. Mr. H. A. Kline tells 
us that it nests in the rubbish along the banks of a stream one mile 
west of Polo, Ilk, and Mr. Preston has found it as a not common breeder 
iu central Iowa. 

This Wren can endure cold many degrees below zero, and is found 
during the winter in much of the heavy timber south of latitude 30°. 
Most of the birds winter between latitude 34° and latitude 37°. In 
the spring of 1881 its migration took place a week or ten days earlier 
than in 18S3. The migrants reached latitude 39° about March 20, and 
7365— Bull 2 18 



274 

then paused until April 1. From April 5 to April 12 it spread over all 
the country north to latitude 45°. The last left Caddo, Iud. Tei\, March 
25; and Saint Louis, April 11. 

In the fall of 1884 the first Winter Wren appeared at Mount Carinel, 
Mo., September 13. 

After what has been said under the head of the House Wren, it is 
scarcely necessary to add that the records of the Winter Wren's move- 
ments during the spring of 1885 were largely confused with those of 
that species. All of the notes, with one exception, were very late, and 
this exception came from northeastern Illinois, and probably refers to 
the eastern House Wren. 

In the fall of 1885 the only Winter Wren seen in fall migration at 
Elk Biver, Minn., was September 30. At Mount Carinel, Mo., one was 
seen October 10, while at Grinnell, Iowa, it was twice seen during the 
first week of November. 

724. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.). [6^.] Short-billed Marsh Wren. 

The Short-billed Marsh Wren breeds abundantly in western Man- 
itoba, and occasionally throughout the southern part of its range, but 
in summer the bulk of the species is north of latitude 40°. Dr. Agers- 
borghas recorded it as a rare breeder in southeastern Dakota. 

In the Mississippi Valley it is not so common as the following species, 
and its winter home averages a little farther north. The notes indi- 
cate that it migrated about the same time as the Long-billed. 

In the spring of 1885 the first and only Short billed Marsh Wren seen 
at Saint Louis was observed April 28. At Fernwood, 111., the first was 
recorded May 10, and at Elk Biver, Minn., May 1G. 

In the fall of 1885 the last left Elk Biver, Minn., September 3. At 
Grinnell, Iowa, the first was seen October 22, and the last October 27. 

725. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). [07.] Long-billed Marsh Wren. 

Occurs throughout the Mississippi Valley from Manitoba to the Gulf, 
wintering in the Southern States, and occasionally in mild winters 
even in southern Illiuois. It is a late migrant. In the spring of 1884 
it reached Ellis, Kans., April 27, where it is a rare summer resident. 
Nearer the Mississippi Biver it arrived somewhat earlier, but it did not 
advance to latitude 45° till the middle of May. 

Few of the observers have noted this species, since its favorite haunts 
are in marshes, more or less inaccessible. 

In the spring of 1885 Stoughtou, 111., was the only station that sent 
a report on the spring migration of the Long-billed Marsh Wren. It 
was first seen there May 12, and next May 14, at which date it be- 
came common. The species breeds throughout its rauge. 

It is a rare spring migrant in western Texas (Lloyd). 

In the fall of 1885 the first migrant appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., 
September 19, and the last was seen there October 6. At Emporia, 
Kans., the last was seen September 26. 



275 

726. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). [55.] Brown Creeper. 

Breeds chiefly along our northern border. The migratory movements 
of this species are peculiar. Dr. Ooues says that it is "almost station- 
ary," and yet there is probably no individual of the species that re- 
mains in the same latitude the whole year, while it is true that a few 
individuals may be found far north in winter and an equal number far 
south in summer. The bulk of the species migrates with more or less 
regularity. In 1883-'84 it was found wintering in Indian Territory, 
Missouri, Kansas, southern Wisconsin, and "very rarely" in southern 
Dakota. In previous years it has been found wintering up to latitude 
45°, but beyond that point none of the Mississippi Valley observers 
have noted it in winter. During cold weather it remains among the 
heaviest timber, and hence would be seen by very few of the observers, 
but during its migration it can be found almost anywhere. From the 
fact that a few individuals wintered all along the Mississippi Valley, it 
is very difficult to trace its spring movements with accuracy. Dr. 
Coues implies that it breeds throughout its range, but instances of its 
breeding south of latitude 41° must be very rare. Indeed there is no 
such case recorded from the whole State of Illinois, and all observers 
south of latitude 41° agree in calling it either a winter resident or a 
transient visitor. Mr. T. M. Trippe, in a contribution on the "Birds of 
Colorado," which appeared in Coues's "Birds of the Northwest," stated 
(p. 230): 

Abundant during the winter, from 7,000 feet up to 9,000 feet, and probably ranging 
considerably higher and lower. Breeds sparingly in the upper woods, within a few 
hundred feet of timber-line. Appears at Idaho late in the fall, and becomes very com- 
mon as soon as- the weather becomes cold, great numbers coming in from other re- 
gions. 

There seems to be little doubt that the bulk of the species breeds in 
the heavy forests along our northern boundary, and for a considerable 
distance beyond. The spring migration in 1884 began about the middle 
of March, and was at its height from April 10 to April 20, at which date 
the species was found migrating over all the northern half of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley and in British America. It arrived at Oak Point, Mani- 
toba, April 17. The migration was completed south of latitude 45° 
about the 1st of May. 

In the fall of 1884 the Brown Creeper was reported as reaching Elk 
Biver, Minnesota, September 25, where it was last seen October 17. It 
was first reported from Des Moines, Iowa, November 8; and last from 
Mount Carmel, Mo., September 21. 

in the spring of 1885 there was no regularity in the reports of the 
northward migration of the Brown Creeper. The records extend from 
April 1 at Saiut Louis, Mo., to April 15 at Elk River, Minnesota. The 
last was seen at Saint Louis April 26, which is a later date than it was 
reported from any other station. 

In the fall of 1885 the nine records of migration received were irregu- 



276 

lar. They indicate that the height of migration in the upper half of 
the Mississippi Valley was about October 1. 

Mr. Lloyd states that in western Texas it is a "tolerably common 
winter visitor." 

727. Sitta carolinensis Lath. [51.1 White-bellied Nuthatch. 

This non-migratory species belongs more particularly to the eastern 
two-thirds of the Mississippi Valley. The 97th meridian very nearly 
bounds its western range, and beyond this line it is only met with as a 
straggler. It has been found in western Kansas, and was reported 
from San Angelo, Tex., as "resident but rare." Only a few were seen 
at Caddo, Ind. Ter., and fewer still at Gainesville, Tex. 

727a. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.). [51«.] Slender-billed Nuthatch. 

This western form of the White-bellied Nuthatch is partially migra- 
tory. Mr. Seton (now Thompson) gave it as "a rather rare summer 
resident in western Manitoba." It occurs in the western part of our 
district, has been found in the timbered tracts of eastern Nebraska, and 
is a rare resident at Vermillion, in southeastern Dakota. 

Mr. Lloyd found it to be the prevailing form at Fort Davis, Tex., 
while at San Angelo, Tex., only the eastern form was noted. 

728. Sitta canadensis Linn. [52.] Bed-bellied Nuthatch. 

This is a truly migratory species, but our knowledge of its move- 
ments lacks precision. In the winter-time it is found throughout the 
district from the Gulf of Mexico to Minnesota. In summer the bulk 
passes beyond our northern border. It is rare in western Manitoba* 
It was reported in summer from Polo, in northern Illinois; and at New- 
ton, in central Iowa, it was recorded as a resident.* 

The few notes contributed upon its movements in the spring of 1884 
indicate that its time of migration in the middle districts (between lati- 
tude 39° and latitude 42°) was during the last week in April and the 
first week in May. 

In the spring of 1885 the first Eed-bellied Nuthatch was reported 
from Paris, 111., May 1. At La Porte City, Iowa, one was seen April 19. 

729. Sitta pusilla Lath. [53.] Brown-headed Nuthatch. % 
A bird of the southern portion of the Mississippi Valley and eastward; 

resident throughout its range. The most northern record in 1884 came 
from Newport, Ark. (latitude 35° 36'), but it has been found by Mr. 
Widmann as an accidental visitor at Saint Louis, and has been recorded 
from Ohio. 

730. Sitta pygmaea Vig. [54.] Pygmy Nuthatch. 

An inhabitant of the western United States and the mountainous 
districts of Mexico. According to Professor A^ughey it has been found 
once in northern Nebraska, where it must be a rare straggler. 
*I am of opinion that these records need verification. — C. H. M. 



277 

731. Parus bicolor Linu. loo.] Tufied Titmouse. 

A common resident throughout the southern half of the Mississippi 
Valley east of the plains ; abundant in eastern Kansas. If this bird 
perforins any migration, it does so merely from the more open country, 
which it inhabits in summer, to the nearest heavy timber. In the late 
foil it is a most noisy bird, but in winter the struggle for food gives it 
no time for " petoiug." With the first sign of spring, however, it begins 
with redoubled energy and keeps the woods full of its clear whistle 
until after the young have left the nest. In the Mississippi Valley it is 
not common north of southern Iowa, but has been known to wander to 
Minnesota. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it began to leave the bottom-lands 
March 3, and by March 25 was spread evenly over the country. 

Parus bicolor texensis Sennett. [ — .] Texan Tufied Titmouse. 

An inhabitant of southern Texas. (For a description of this new 
Tit see the Auk, vol. iv, No. 1, Jan., 1887, pp. 29-30.) 

732. Parus atricristatus Cass. [37. J Black-crested Titmouse. 

Dr. Cones, in his "Birds of the Colorado Valley," says of this spe- 
cies : " Habitat, Valley of the Bio Grande and southward in Mexico, 
(p. 116). But the same year (1878) Mr. Bagsdale determined its range 
in the United States to be south from latitude 33°. and west from longi- 
tude 98° 30'. Mr. Lloyd has ascertained that it is a tolerably common 
resident in Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., and thence to El 
Paso is the prevailing species. In April, 1878, its eggs were taken in 
Comal County, Tex., by Mr. W. H. Werden (Bull. Xutt. Ornith. Club, 
vol. iv, 1879, p. 76)j and Mr. X. C. Brown found it "a very abundant 
resident" at Boerne, Texas, in 1880. {Ibid., vol. yii, 1882, p. 35.) It 
is an abundant resident along the Lower Bio Grande (Merrill; Sen- 
nett). 

Parus atricristatus castaneifrons Sennett. [ — .] Chestnut-fronted Titmouse. 

This new subspecies has been recently "described by Mr. Sennett, 
from specimens taken in Bee County, in southern Texas (Auk, vol. iv, 
No. I, Jan., 1837, pp. 28-29). 

734. Parus wollweberi (Bonap.). [39. J Bridled Titmouse. 

The home of the Bridled Tit is in western Texas and thence westward. 

735. Parus atricapillus Linu. [41.] Black-capped Chickadee. 

This Chickadee is found in the United States from western Iowa and 
eastern Kansas eastward, and from southern Illinois northward. It has 
been claimed that it is not stationary, as has been generally supposed, 
but that there is a migratory movement each fall and spring, so that 
the species is not represented in winter at any station by the same in- 
dividuals whkh are found there in summer. Very little material has 
ever been collected for the settlemeut of this point, and the field would 
be a fruitful one for some patient and painstaking observer. The only 
light furnished on the subject, by the record of 1881, came from Saint 



278 

Louis, where transient individuals were seen passing from March 20 to 
March 26.* Mr. Lloyd took one in spring migration in eastern Concho 
County, Tex. 

735a. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). [41«.] Long-tailed Chickadee. 

This is the western form of the preceding, and similar to it in habits. 
It is found as far east as Missouri, eastern Nebraska, and western Min- 
nesota along the Ked River, thus slightly overlapping the home of 
the Blackcap. Dr. Agersborg states that it is the only Chickadee 
found in southeastern Dakota, and Colonel Goss says it is common in 
western Kansas. In the South it has been found in Texas, where it was 
mixed with the southern Chickadee. Professor Lantz took a fine set 
of seven eggs April 17, at Manhattan, Kans., and the next day a set of 
the eggs of the Eastern form. 

736. Parus carolinensis Aud. [42.] Carolina Chickadee. 

This is a Southern species, and is supposed to be a resident through- 
out its range, which extends southward from southern Illinois and cen- 
tral Missouri. It thus overlaps the range of the Black-capped Chicka- 
dee, and in southwestern Missouri (for example, at Pierce City) all 
three forms are found. In Concho County, Tex., Mr. Lloyd found it 
once in winter, and once in spring migration. It was previously ascer- 
tained to be a resident in Comal County, Tex. (Bull. Nutt. Oruith. Club, 
vol. iv, 1879, p. 76) ; and is a common resident in eastern Texas (Nehr- 
ling). 

740. Parus hudsonicus Forst. [45.] Hudsonian Chickadee. 

Breeds in British America and is a rare visitant to the northern parts 
of our district. It has been recorded from Illinois, Wisconsin, and 
Michigan. 

744. Psaltriparus plunibeus Baird. [48.] Lead-colored Bush-Tit. 

Mr. William Lloyd bas .ascertained that this western Tit ranges east 
to our district. He saw an erratic flock of about twenty individuals at 
Fort Davis, Tex., during November, 1885. 

746. Auriparus flaviceps (Simd.). [50.] Verdin; Yellow-headed Tit. 

The Verdin or Yellow-headed Tit has been known for years as a resi- 
dent of southern Texas. Its range extends from the valley of the lower 
Eio Grande westward to Lower California, and south to northern Mexico. 
One of our observers, Mr. H. P. Attwater, has studied its habits at a 
place near the extreme northeastern limit of its range. He found it 
resident and quite common at San Antonio, Tex. (lat. 29° 27'), where, 
during the summer of 1881, his party obtained about thirty skins and 
quite a number of nests and eggs. The nest, which is so large as to be 
out of all proportion to the size of the bird, is occnpied*ill winter as a 

* There is no question whatever that this Chickadee is a migrant, however, limited 
its migrations may be. In the District of Columbia and neighboring portions of 
Maryland and Virginia it is a winter visitant, never remaining to breed.— C. H. M. 



279 

sleeping place. In journeying from San Antonio so nth west ward to the 
Eio Grande Eiver, Mr. Attwater found these birds not numerous, but 
evenly distributed over all the country. 

748. Regulus satrapa Licht. [33.] Golden-crowned Kinglet. 

A migrant in the Mississippi Valley, possibly a few breed in north- 
ern Minnesota. This species is much less numerous than the Euby- 
crowned Kinglet, and is seldom seen in real flocks. It is, however, a 
much hardier bird, and winters over most of the United States south of 
latitude 40°, and a little farther north in the mountainous portions of 
the East. This of course means in suitable localities, which are heavily 
wooded valleys. Unlike the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, it is most numerous 
in the middle portion of its winter habitat, but few going as far south 
as the Gulf. Still Mr. Lloyd tells us that a few winter in Goncho 
County, Tex., and that it is tolerably common there in fall migration. 
In southeastern Texas it is common in winter (Nehrling). The van 
does not start northward many days in advance of the Euby-crowns, 
but the transit of the bulk is much quicker, and the last Golden-crown 
usually leaves a locality before the other species even becomes common. 
Leaving out of account the very few individuals which wintered there 
in 1883->84, the first migrants arrived at latitude 39° about April 1, and 
at latitude 45° about the middle of the month. The last, left Texas 
before March 20, and a month later there were none to be found south 
of latitude 40°. Mr. Kline states that a few remain all summer in the 
thick swamps near Polo, 111. (lat. 41° 580, but that he has never suc- 
ceeded in finding their nests. 

In the spring of 1885 a Golden-crowned Kinglet was shot at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., March 24. A bird, probably this species, had also been seen 
there three days earlier. At Paris, 111., the first was seen March 30 ; 
at Saint Louis, Mo., March 31 ; Chicago, 111., April 1 ; Delavan, Wis., 
April 2 ; Griunell, Iowa, April 7 ; Eipon, Wis., April 10 ; and New 
Eichmond, Wis., April 14. The records of "lasts" were very irregular. 
The latest was May 13, at Durand, Wis. 

In the fall of. 1886 the record was quite regular. " Firsts v were seen 
at Lanesboro, Minn., October 2; Iowa City, Iowa, October 3; Milwau- 
kee, Wis., October 4, and Saint Louis, Mo., October 14. The last at 
Lanesboro were seen October 18; at Milwaukee, October 26, and at 
Saint Louis, October 31. 

749. Regulus calendula (Linn.). [30.] Ruby- crowned Kinglet. 

Breeds chiefly north of the United States, and winters from near our 
southern border southward. At one station only, namely, San Angelo, 
Tex. (latitude 31° 22'), was this species reported as a winter resident 
in 1883-'84. Careful search might have revealed it at a dozen more 
stations, for it has been known to winter in Kansas and in south- 
ern Illinois. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., the most diligent search failed to 
discover a single individual, although the Golden-crowned Kinglet was 



280 

common. Mr. Lloyd states that the Nueces canon, in southwestern 
Texas, is the winter home of countless myriads of these birds, and that 
they leave very early in the spring, none having been seen after March 
9, 1884. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., about a hundred were seen March 25, 
showing that the first came a few days before. Farther east the migra- 
tion began about the middle of March, and proceeded without much 
regularity. April 1 found the birds at about latitude 39°, with a few 
stragglers a little beyond. Then the records become irregular, as if the 
small size of the birds allowed them to escape the notice of about half 
the observers until some days after their arrival. Perhaps the notes 
on the migration of this species will give a fair idea of the returns made 
by observers with reference to many of the smaller birds. From lati- 
tude 40 o to latitude 41° 59' the dates of arrival are: April 19, 21; March 
30, 31 ; April 17, 15, 20; from latitude 42° to latitude 43^ 59': April 22, 
27, 17, 5, 10, May 8; from latitude 44° to latitude 45° 59': April 12, 21, 
May 11. Much of this apparent confusion can be explained by the dif- 
ferences in altitude and situation of the stations, while the opportuni- 
ties and experience of the observer must also be taken into account. 
The normal arrival of the species at latitude 42° appears to have been 
about April 15, and at latitude 45° April 20. May 5 it arrived at Port- 
age la Prairie, Manitoba. 

Many of the observers were deceived in regard to the time of arrival 
of tbe bulk of this species. It is true that the first arrival often con- 
sists of many individuals, and that others come within a day or two, so 
that the species appears to be common; but the arrival of the great 
multitude, the real bulk, does not take place till two or three weeks 
later. If at that time one of its favorite haunts is visited it is found 
everywhere. Though scarcely breeding south of latitude 45° in the 
Mississippi Valley, yet it was found in Texas as late as May 1, and in 
the middle districts even on May 15. On the plains, as usual, it was 
later in migrating, reaching Manhattan, Kans., April 30, and Vermill- 
ion, Dak., May 8. 

In the fall of 1884, Ruby-crowned Kinglets first appeared at Des 
Moines, Iowa, September 27, and for the next two days were common; 
they then left as suddenly as they had come. They were reported as 
arriving at San Angelo, Tex., October 8. 

In the spring of 1885 the earliest record came from San Antonio, 
Tex., February 26, and the next from Gainesville, Tex., March 31. 
Saint Louis, Mo., was reached April 1; Paris, 111., April 4; Mount Car- 
mel, Mo., April 5; Iowa City, Iowa, April 6; Grinnell, Iowa, April 6; 
and Lanesboro, Minn., April 9. Then there seems to have been a long 
pause, for nearly two weeks passed before any other records were made, 
and these later notes were too irregular for use. At Saint Louis, Mo., 
the bulk was present from April 17 to April 20, and the last was seen 
May 5. "Lasts' 7 were reported from Manhattan, Kans., May 6; Des 
Moines, Iowa, May 8; Mount Carinel, Mo., May 10; Grinnell, Iowa,. 



281 

May 9; Williainstown, Iowa, May 5; Waukon, Iowa, May 12; Durand, 
Wis., May 13; while on May 16 about two hundred Ruby-crowns were 
seen at White Earth, Minn. 

In the fall of 1885 the record was more regular than that for the 
spring migration. "Firsts" were seen September 27 at Griunell, Iowa, 
and Mount Carmel, Mo. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen Octo- 
ber 5; at Emporia, Kans., October 6 ; at Bonhain, Tex., October 14, and 
at San Angelo, Tex., October 17. " Lasts" were reported at Grinnell, 
Iowa, October 10; Iowa City, Iowa, October 10, and Mount Carmel, 
Mo., October 12. At Saint Louis, Mo., where they were most numerous 
October 10 and 11, the last was seen October 23. 

751. Polioptila caerulea (Linn.). [27.] Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. 

The southern half of the Mississippi Valley is the summer home of 
this species, and a few may linger in winter on our extreme southern 
border, but the bulk deserts the United States for a warmer climate. 
They have been known to occur in Minnesota, but very rarely. The 
most northern record received in 1884 was from Laporte City, Iowa 
(lat. 42° IS'). Their dispersion in the West is a little peculiar. In Kan- 
sas all the observers gave them as common in migration, but few re- 
maining to breed, while in Nebraska they were considered rather rare. 
^Vhere, then, do these abundant migrants breed? 

Eeturning, it enters the eastern part of the Mississippi Valley in early 
March, but in western Texas is somewhat later. In the spriug of 1884 
it was seen at latitude 35° April 1, and the middle of the month at 
latitude 39°. The fact that these birds were near their journey's end 
did not occasion any decrease in their speed, for they pushed right on, 
aud in a few days (by April 28) had reached the limit of their north- 
ward journey in northern Illinois and central Iowa. 

In Texas there is a decided difference between their migration in the 
eastern and western parts of the State. At Gainesville, Tex., they ap- 
peared March 22, and more than a hundred were seen at Oaddo, Ind. 
Ter., March 25. These two stations are near the valley of the Red 
River. Much farther south, in western Texas, they appeared later, ar- 
riving at San Angelo and Mason April 6 and 7. In the northern part 
of their range the species may be considered as having completed its 
migration and settled down to summer work about May 10. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Blue-gray Gnatcatchers was reported 
as leaving Des Moines, Iowa, August 26, and the last, three days later. 
The last was reported from Mount Oarmel, Mo., September 6, and from 
San Angelo, Tex., October 5. 

In the spring of 1885 it arrived at San Angelo, Tex., March 15; 
Gainesville, Tex., March 23; Houma, La., March 31; Corinth, Miss., 
April 7, and Saint Louis, Mo., April 8. An early migrant was seen at 
Peoria, 111., April 13. The bulk reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 17, 
and the first was reported from Paris, 111., the same day. April 18 they 
were seen at Emporia and Manhattan, in Kansas, Between April 20 



282 

and April 23, they appeared at Des Moines, Newton, and Grinnell, in 
Iowa. At New Richmond, Wis., a locality far north of the usual range 
of the species, it was reported May 18. 

In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, September 26; 
and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 25. None were seen at Bonham, 
Tex., after September 1. 

752. Polioptila plumbea Baird. [28.] Plumbeous Gnatcatcher. 

The home of this Gnatcatcher is io southern Texas aud thence west- 
ward to Lower California. 

754. Myadestes townsendii (Aud.). [25.] Townemd's Solitaire. 

A rare stranger from the western Uuited States. The only accounts 
of it in the Mississippi district refer to its occasional occurrence in win- 
ter. Prof. Aughey saw one on the Niobrara River in Nebraska, in 1877; 
January 17, 1880, Mr. Powell took a fiue male at Alda, Nebr.; and later 
Mr. Hall saw it in southeastern Nebraska. Col. N. S. Goss gives it as 
"an occasional fall aud winter visitant in western Kansas," where he 
saw ten and killed four in October, 1883. Oue was killed at Waukegan, 
111., December 16, 1875 (Nelson). Some of the most important of Mr. 
Lloyd's many ornithological discoveries in western Texas refer to Town- 
send's Solitaire. He not only determined its occurrence there in winter, 
by securing three specimens, but in May, 1886, he found its nest at 
Saragossa. It breeds in the Black Hills of Dakota. 

755. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. [1.] Wood Thrush. 

The several Wood Thrushes (members of the subgenus Hylocichla) are 
so commonly and constantly confounded with one another by all but 
the practiced ornithologist, that no more hopeless task is encountered 
in the whole study of migration than that of attempting to determine 
winch species were actually seen by each observer. Many notes, be- 
lieved by the observers to relate to the present species, evidently refer 
to the Hermit Thrush (Turdv& pallasii), which is the earliest member of 
this group to migrate, and in other cases it is probable that the bird 
actually seen was the Olive-backed Thrush (Turdus. swain sonii). The 
Wood Thrush is a commou breeder iu the middle belt of the Mississippi 
Valley. It becomes rare toward our northern boundary. The first au- 
thentic record of the Wood Thrush in 1884 came from Saint Louis, Mo., 
where a single one was noted April 19. It was not seen again for a 
week, but April 26 the bulk of males appeared at Saint Louis, and soon 
after it began to be reported from more northern points. On the last 
day of April it was noted in latitude 39° 19' in Illinois, latitude 38° 
45' in Missouri, and latitude 39° 12' in Kansas, showing that on that 
date the line of advance was pretty nearly coincident with the 39th 
parallel. The normal advance seems to have reached latitude 41° 
May 5, and the territory between latitude 42° and latitude 43° May 
7 and 8. In Wisconsin it was observed at latitude 43° 43' May 12, 
but in Minnesota at about the same latitude none weie seen until May 



283 

17. There are other records from farther north, but it seems probable 
that they belong to the Hermit Thrush. It was reported by Mr. Nash 
from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, though it is very scarce in that 
region. The records are too indefinite to admit of tracing the move- 
ments of the bulk. The species breeds throughout its range in the 
district, and winters beyond our border. Dr. Agersborg states that 
it is a rare summer resident in southeastern Dakota, and Colonel Goss 
records it as abundant in eastern Kansas. 

In the fall of 1884, at Des Moines, Iowa, the last Wood Thrush was 
seen August 25. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the bulk left September 1, 
and the last was seen September 14. 

In the spring of 1885 the following complete records of the movements 
of the four species of Thrushes most commonly confounded were re- 
ceived, and may be of use as a table of reference. 

Mr. Widniann's record at Saint Louis was as follows: 

Hermit Thrush. First, April 1; bulk present from April 6 to April 18: last, 

April 24. 
Olive-backed Thrush. First, April 17; bulk present from May 4 to May 6 ; 

last, May 20. 
Wilson's Thrush. First, April 22; bulk present from May 5 to May 12; last, 

May 12. 
Wood Thrush. First, April 19; balk came April 23; remains to breed. 

In the spring of 1884 the movements of these species at Saint Louis 
were as follows: 

Hermit Thrush. First, April 1; bulk present from April 14 to April 19; last, 

April 23. 
Olive-backed Thrush. First, April 26; bulk present from April 29 to May 12; 

last, May 26. 
Wilson's Thrush. First, April 29; never common; last, May 21. 
Wood Thrush. First, April 19 ; bulk came April 26. 

In the spring of 1883 the record was : 

Hermit Thrush. First not noted; bulk present April 10 to April 12; last, 

April 13. 
Olive-backed Thrush. First, April 26; bulk present from May 2 to May 18 ; 

last, May 24. 
Wilson's Thrush. First not noted; bulk present from May 15 to May 17* 

last, May 21. 

At Jefferson, Wis., in the spring of 1883, I made the following rec- 
ord: 

Hermit Thrush. First, April 4 ; bulk present from April 20 to May 6 ; last, 

May 10. 
Olive-backed Thrush. Second seen May 3; bulk present from May 12 to May 

24 ; last, May 31. 
Wilson's Thrush. First, May 7; bulk present from May 12 to May 24 ; last, 

May 30. 
Wood Thrush. First, May 10; bulk came May 17. 

These are the only complete records received. From them it will be 
seen that although the exact dates are somewhat variable, the relative 



284 

movements of the first three species remain the same for the three 
years and in the two widely separated localities, while the Wood Thrush 
shows great constancy in the time of its arrival at Saint Louis, without 
regard to the weather. 

The records of the migration of the Wood Thrush in the spring of 
1885 fell between April 19, at Saint Louis, Mo., and May 18, at Lanes- 
boro. Minn. 

In the fall of 1885, at Grinnell, Iowa, the last was seen September 16, 
and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 26. 

756. Turdus fuscescens Steph. [2.] Wilson's Thrush. 

This is rather a retired bird and one not often noticed in its late and 
hurried migration. It winters principally south of the United States, 
though a few stay in the Gulf States and Florida; hence it has a long 
journey to perform before reaching its breeding grounds in the north- 
ern United States and British America. In the spring of 1884 few 
records were made of its movements, and none whatever of its first ap- 
pearance along our southern border. No notes were contributed from 
any locality south of Saint Louis, Mo., where two birds arrived April 
29. Four birds, the highest number seen in one day, were recorded May 
17, and May 21 the last one left, but managed to sing a little before its 
departure. A little farther up the river, at Burlington, Iowa, the first 
was noticed May 5, though one had been seen at Chicago, 111., two 
days previously. May 11 and May 12 it reached West De Pere, Wis., 
and Lanesboro, Minn. A week later (May 18) it reached Oak Point, 
Manitoba. It breeds abundantly in Manitoba and occasionally in the 
Northern States, sometimes as far south as northern Illinois and Iowa. 
Mr. Kline took two sets of eggs at Polo, 111., during the season of 1883 ; 
Dr. Agersborg has found it breeding at Vermillion, in southeastern 
Dakota, and its nest and eggs have been taken at Grinnell, Iowa. 

In the spring of 1385 the notes on Wilson's Thrush were more regu- 
lar than those on the other species of Wood Thrushes. At Saint Louis, 
Mo., and Paris, 111., the first were reported April 22. From May 5 to 
May 9 they were noted at Mount Carmel, Mo., Iowa City, Iowa, Grin- 
nell, Iowa, Lanesboro and Lake City, Minn., and Durand, Wis. May 13 
they appeared at River Falls, Wis., and May 16 I saw a single bird 
near White Earth, Minn. 

756a. Turdus fuscescens salicicolus (Ridgw.). [ — ]. Willow Thrush. 

This western form of Wilson's Thrush was described by Mr. Ridgway 
from the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. It was taken 
by Coues on the Souris River, along our northern boundary, and an 
accidental straggler came to Chicago, III., where it was taken Septem- 
ber 16, 1877, by Mr. H. K. Coale. The specimen was identified by Mr. 
Ridgway. Recently it has been killed in Cook County, Tex., by Mr. 
Ragsdale. Specimens were taken at Devil's Lake and Pembina, Dak., 
by Mr. Vernon Bailey, in the summer of 1887. 



285 

757. Turdus aliciae Baird. [3.] Gray-cheeked Thrush. 

Alice's Thrush winters south and breeds north of our borders. But 
few uotes were contributed on its movements, because few observers 
distinguish it from the Olive-backed Thrush. It is a common migrant 
in western Manitoba. The records received for 1884 can not be consid- 
ered as very trustworthy since they give its appearance at about the 
same date (May 7 and May 8) over the region from latitude 38° 40', in 
Missouri, to latitude 42° 56', in Dakota, and latitude 44° 32', in Minne- 
sota. At Saint Louis the record reads: May 7, first; May 16, bulk; 
May 25, last. Thus its transit was more rapid than that of the Olive- 
backed, which arrived earlier and remained later. 

In the spring of 1885 the Gray-cheeked Thrush was first seen at Gaines- 
ville, Tex., May 9. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen April 24, 
and the last May 25. At Paris, 111., it was first seen April 15 ; at Des 
Moines, Iowa, May 8 (where it remained only three days) ; and at Lanes- 
boro, Minn., May 15. In Kansas it is a rare migrant (Goss). 

758 a. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Caban.). [4a.] Olive-backed Thrush. 

A tolerably common summer resident from Manitoba northward. In 
tracing this species along the three routes of migration in the Mississippi 
Valley, it is found that the most eastern is the earliest and the most 
western the latest. In the spring of 1884, at Danville, 111., the first came 
Ai>ril 25, and it passed north to latitude 41° 57' as early at least as April 
28. Along the middle route, just west of the Mississippi Eiver, the first 
was reported from latitude 38° 40', in Missouri, April 26, and the bulk 
April 29. Farther up the river, they came to latitude 43° 43', in Minne- 
sota, May 10, and to Minneapolis (lat. 45°) May 17. Farther west, the 
bulk came to Manhattan, Kans. (lat. 39° 12'), May 13, were abundant 
for two days, and then suddenly disappeared. Mr. Widmann furnished 
a very full record from Saint Louis, which is as follows : 

April 26, first ; April 29, bulk arrived (small dark birds) ; May 5, height of the sea- 
son (song often heard, the birds chasing each other as if mating); May 9, bulk con- 
tinued present, dark birds ; May 11, arrival of great numbers (lighter birds, probably 
one year old); May 13, the bulk of the species departed; May 26, last. 

This species winters south of our border, aud breeds principally in 
British America, but occasionally has been found nesting as far south 
as northern Illinois. At Grinnell, Iowa, its nest and eggs have been 
taken, and toward the latter part of the season the young are fre- 
quently seen with the parents. 

In the spring of 1885 but few notes were contributed concerning the 
movements of the Olive-backed Thrush. The whole record from Saint 
Louis is as follows: "First, April 17; second, April 20; increase, April 
22; arrival of bulk, May 4; most numerous, May 5; departure of bulk, 
May 6; last, May 20." At Gainesville, Tex., the last was seen May 19, 
At Manhattan, Kans., the first was seen May 12 and the last May 16. 
At White Earth, Minn., May 16, I saw about thirty of these birds. 



286 

In the fall of 1885 the first were reported from Hi ver Falls, Wis., 
September5. It is a rare fall migrant in Tom Green County, Tex. 
(Lloyd). 

759. Turdus aonalaschkas Gmel. [5.] Dwarf Hermit Thrush. 

The true home»of the Dwarf Hermit Thrush is in the Pacific coast 
region. During migration it passes east to Nevada and Aiizoua, and 
recently Mr. Lloyd has discovered it in Concho and Tom Green Counties, 
Tex.-j where it is a tolerably common fall migrant. He states that he 
has seen it every day from September 20 to October 10. 

759a. Turdus aonalaschkas auduboni (Baird). [5a.] Bocky Mountain Hermit 

Thrush. 

This western species was first found within our district by Mr. N. 0. 
Brown, who procured it at Boerne, Tex. More recently Mr. Lloyd has 
taken two specimens at San Angelo, Tex., and Mr. Kagsdale has ex- 
tended its range by securing specimens at Gainesville, Tex. 

Mr. Lloyd's later researches have determined that this form winters 
near San Angelo, and that it is a tolerably common spring migrant in 
Tom Green County, Tex. At Gainesville, the first was seen March 20. 

759b. Turdus aonalaschkas pallasii (Caban.). [5&.] Hermit Thrush. 

A common migrant in the Mississippi Valley, breeding in the north- 
ern and wintering in the southern part. The cold of winter has less 
effect upon this species than upon any of its brethren. It do( s not 
mind moderate cold, but dislikes snow and usually manages to keep 
just south of the line where snow remains on the ground for weeks at a 
time. Sometimes, of course, it is caught in a snowstorm, but when 
this happens it seeks a thick covert and endures it. The heavy under- 
growth of the Mississippi bottom lands in southern Illinois offers a 
favorite wintering place for Hermit Thrushes, but the extreme weather 
of January, 1884, proved too severe for them and they left for a 
warmer climate. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., they remained the whole winter, 
but their habits were peculiar. In the May day of their lives at the 
North they are shy, restless birds, ever watching for a tempting morsel, 
or from a low branch uttering their clear, liquid, and far-reaching notes. 
But in winter, in Indian Territory, they acted as if life was a burden ; 
insensible to their surroundings, they sat stupid and silent except for 
a short unmusical " chick," and allowed one to approach within a few 
feet; if disturbed they moved but a short distance. The bulk of the 
species began to come from the south in the early part of March, but it 
is impossible to trace their movements from the notes contributed by 
observers. No bird has a more mixed and contradictory record, to say 
nothing of the many times it is confounded with the Brown Thrush and 
the Olive-backed. It is probable that the larger part of the notes are 
true, and indicate that the species is very erratic in its north ward 
journey. The facts seem to show that during the great migration 
movements of the latter half of March, single individuals were scat- 



287 

terecl over inucli of the Mississippi Yalley to latitude 44°. But these 
individuals must be considered as forerunners, for the regular occupa- 
tion of this territory did not take place till nearly a month later. The 
regular migration began April 1, at latitude 39°, and by the beginning 
of May had advanced irregularly to latitude 45°. During the last week 
of April and the first part of May, the last of these birds left the lower 
part of this territory and soon reached their breeding grounds. Com- 
paratively few instances have been recorded of the breeding of the 
Hermit Thrush within the Mississippi Yalley. Outside of the mount- 
ains of Colorado the most southern breeding point on record is Alda, 
Nebr. (Lat. 40° 53'), from which place Mr. F. W. Powell writes that 
he found no nest, but saw the old birds feeding young which were too 
small to fly. At Grinnell, Iowa, the nest was found and identified by 
seeing the bird upon it. The nest and eggs are now in the Iowa Col- 
lege at Grinnell. At Des Moines, Iowa, they have been seen in the 
breeding season, but no nest has been found. 

In the spring of 1885 Hermit Thrushes came to Saint Louis, Mo., the 
1st day of April, and during the rest of the week were noted from 
Paris, Aledo, and Chicago, 111. Another advance took place April 15 
to April 18, bringing them to Newton, Iowa, and Grinnell, Iowa, Hen- 
nepin, 111., and Clinton, Wis. North of these places the records were 
unsatisfactory. The only " lasts" reported were from Saint Louis, 
April 24, and Chicago, May 5. 

In the fall of 1885 the first was observed at Saint Louis, Mo., Octo- 
ber 5 ; the bulk was present October 9; and the last w-as seen October 
11. At Lanesboro, Minn., the last was noted October 10. 

In the eastern part of Concho County, Tex., Mr. Lloyd took one 
in spring migration. 

761. Merula migratoria (Linn.). [7.] American Bobin. 

The Robin is a common summer resident in Manitoba and throughout 
the Mississippi Yalley except in the extreme southern portion. In 
winter it is abundant in Louisiana and in eastern and southern Texas, 
it also winters irregularly over most of its United States range. It 
seems to be the best known bird in the Mississippi Yalley, and many 
more notes were contributed on it than on any other species. It should 
be possible, therefore, to determine its movements with considerable 
accuracy. All through December, 1883, it was found in abundance 
throughout southern Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, but the extreme 
cold of the first week in January, 1884, drove it farther south into its 
real winter home. During the larger part of this month the bulk of the 
Robins (probably even 90 per cent, of them) were south of the parallel 
of 37°. This is south of the usual winter limit of the species, the north- 
ern boundary for ordinary winters being about latitude 39°. It must 
not be supposed, however, that Robins never spend the winter farther 
north. The fact has been repeatedly demonstrated that nature has be- 
stowed on them strong constitutions, so that if food is plenty they can 



288 

withstand severe cold. Every year some of the northern observers re- 
port Robins wintering about their stations, and the winter of 1883-'84 
was no exception. Ooe was seen, January 1, in north western Indiana 5 
another, January 11, at Vermillion, Dak., and finally, at Hastiugs, 
Minn., 500 miles from his brethren, "one was seen December 28, 1883, 
with a flock of Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator), apparently at home 
and determined to spend the winter. It was seen repeatedly, and 
actually remained till spring with the same flock of Grosbeaks." 

The distribution of the Kobin in its winter home depends entirely on 
the food supply ; where food, is plenty, there the Robin remains, though 
observers a few miles away may not see one all winter. At Manhat- 
tan, Kans., berries are abundant, and during the winter of 1883-81. as 
in previous years, flocks of five hundred or more individuals were con- 
stantly seen, while observers at stations but a short distance away re- 
ported no Robins from December until February. Manhattan, Kans., 
is the most northern station at which flocks of Eobins remained during 
the winter. So far as can be learned, but few wintered in Indian Ter- 
ritory, nor did northern Texas fare much better; but they were reported 
as wintering in immense numbers along 300 miles of the canon of the 
Nueces River in southwestern Texas. In Concho and Tom Green Coun- 
ties Mr. Lloyd states that they are tolerably common in spring and fall, 
and that a few winter in the river bottoms. They were reported from 
all the Southern States, at some points as abundant, at others as rare. 
In the early spring of 1884, as if disliking winter quarters, the Robins 
pushed north at the first breath of warm weather. Regardless of the 
certainty of being overtaken by cold, they hurried on, and lrom Janu- 
ary 31 to February 3 occupied all the country from which they had been 
driven by the low temperature of the first of the year. This movement 
was confined to comparatively few individuals, and while the scouts had 
advanced to latitude 39°, or even a little farther north—single birds 
having been seen at Burlington, Iowa, (lat, 40° 50') and at Lake Mills, 
Wis. (lat. 43° 06')— the main body still remained in camp three or four 
hundred miles to the south. Then followed a whole month of waiting, 
during which time adventurous birds pressed northward, only to be 
driven back by snow and ice ; nor was the real advance commenced 
until March 9. From that date until they had passed our northern 
boundary their advance was constant and more or less uniform. The 
regular advance of the van appears to have been as follows: From 
March 9 to 15 they spread over Illinois and eastern Nebraska to lati 
tude 41° 51'; March 16, there was a slight advauce in Iowa ; March 17 
and 18, no record; March 19 and 20 an advauce to latitude 43° in 
Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin, but not in Nebraska ; March 21, a sud- 
den spreading over Wisconsin to latitude 45°. 

By March 24 the rest of the stations in Wisconsin had reported, and 
an equal advance had taken place in Minnesota, so that by this date 
the van was at latitude 45° along the whole line. North of this all the 



289 

stations are in the valley of the Red Eiver of the North. In this valley 
the first arrivals reached latitude 47° April 3, and just one week later 
appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba (lat. 50° 30'). The fact that the 
spring migration on the Western plains in 1884 was several days behind 
the migration in the same latitude farther east is clearly shown by the 
record of the Eobin. At Ellis, Kans. (lat. 38° So'), the first arrived 
March 21, but in Illinois it reached that latitude six weeks earlier. At 
Menoken, Dak. (lat. 46° 580, it did rot arrive until April 29, while at 
Frazee City, Minn. (lat. 46° 33'), it arrived April 3; and at Larimore, 
Dak. (lat. 47° 52'), the high, bleak situation answers to a western posi- 
tion, aud the Robins did not come until April 21. 

The bulk of the species traveled much behind these advance guards 
in the lower part of the course, but moving faster than the scouts, by 
the time it reached the end of the march was but a few clays in the rear. 
The bulk reached latitude 39° between March 12 and 17 ; then moved 
to latitude 43° March 23 and 24 ; to latitude 45° 30' by March 27 and 
28 ; to latitude 47° April 5, and to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 
20. From the few scattering notes on the subject, we may guess that 
the bulk left latitude 35° March 7, latitude 37° March 25, latitude 39° 
March 31, and latitude 41° April 10. By the middle of April, in all the 
country south of latitude 43°, all Eobins had left those places where 
they did not intend to breed, and at the other places had settled down 
to summer numbers. This is true not only of the Eobin, but also of 
all those species whose records are sufficiently voluminous to afford a 
fair guide to their movements. This overtaking of the van by the rear 
may be explained in either of two ways, and it is probable that both 
causes have some effect. The individuals forming the van always con- 
sist of old birds, and these arriving at the place where they nested the 
previous year stop to breed, leaving the advance to be made by those 
behind, giving the main body a chance to come close to the van ; and, 
secondly, while the van is being constantly retarded by storms and 
cold, the rear travels in more settled weather and would naturally move 
faster. 

In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Eobins left Elk Eiver, Minn., Septem- 
ber 27, and the last was seen there November 7. At Hastings, Minn., 
none were seen after September 29. At Des Moines, Iowa, the bulk 
was recorded as leaving October 25. and at Mount Carmel, Mo., October 
15. As already noted, many straggliug Eobins remain during the win- 
ter in sheltered localities much farther north than the regular winter 
home of the species. At Manhattan, Kans., during the winter of 1884- 
'85, they were as abundant as usual, while a few were noted at various 
points for the next 200 miles southward. A single bird was seen at 
Morning Sun, Iowa, February G. One remained at Newton, Iowa, all 
winter; at La Porte City, Iowa, they were common all winter, and even 
as far north as Hastings, Minn., 400 miles beyond its ordinary winter 
range, two birds were seen February 27. These may have been migrants 
7365 Bull 2 19 



290 

a month ahead of their fellows (the next individuals of which were 
seen April 1), but it is more probable that they had wintered in that 
vicinity, as the neighboring bluffs along the Mississippi River furnish 
numerous well-sheltered spots, suitable for winter quarters. Mr. Alex- 
ander Scougal, of Sioux City, Iowa, sent the following interesting note ; 

Among our winter birds there is one in particular which I wish to mention. It is 
the male Robin. Hardly a person will believe that there is a Robin in the State dur- 
ing the winter; but on December 23, 1883, I shot a male Robin but took no particular 
notice of it except to skin it. Last December (1884), during the holidays, I took my 
gun and started for a dense thicket, almost impenetrable by mau or dog. There I saw 
a number of Robins, and shot three. One of them was wing-tipped and when caught 
began to call, and immediately there were thirty-four Robins sitting around me, mak- 
ing noise enough to deafen one. I held the one in my hand for a long time so 1 could 
look at the rest; all of them were male birds ; not a female could be seen. I found 
a house in the woods and asked the man about them. He informed me that they had 
been there all winter, but ho was not able to distinguish males from females. I can 
not say positively that the female does not stay here in the winter, but I never have 
seen one nor heard of any here during that season; so I think it must be rarely if 
ever been. The day I saw the birds w r as December 27, aud the temperature was 22° 
below zero. Again, January 2, 1885, I w T as there and saw the Robins a second time; 
it was then 17° below zero. I found in their stomachs wild grapes and seeds from a 
small bush (probably Symplioricarpus). The trees in that part of the woods were 
covered to their top with grape-vines, and many other vines grew underneath. The 
bir.ls were in good condition, and seemed as lively as in midsummer. Hence it would 
seem that these old birds, being the last to migrate, do not go so far south as the rest 
of their species, but get into these dense thickets and are unnoticed by most people, 
until with the first warm weather they fly out into the open fields. The first day or 
two of February were warm, the mercury rising to 46° above zero, and these Robins 
were seen by a good many people in the city. A cry went around, " Spring is coming, 
we have seen a Robin." But February 5 cold weather returned, and now (February 
16) the thermometer ranges from eight to fourteen degrees below zero. The people 
wonder where the Robins have gone, but if they would go to the dense thickets of 
Walker's Island, on the Nebraska side of the river, they could find the same Robin;* 
as lively as ever. 

The same warm wave of February 2, just spoken of by Mr. Scougal, 
caused Robins to appear at Vermillion, Dak., a few miles northwest 
of Sioux City. A large flock was seen at the same place February 7. 
From points south of latitude 38° records of u firsts" can hardly be 
taken as necessarily indicating northward migration ; but the dates 
given when the Robins became common show when the general north 
ward movement began. 

In the spring of 1885 true migration seems to have commenced during 
the last two days of February and the first two days of March. Robins 
were not marked "common" before March 3 at any station north of lat- 
itude 39° with the exception of Glasgow, Mo., where they were so re- 
corded February 25. Out of about twenty species of the most common 
birds which had been studied before this bird was taken up, there was 
not one whose record could compare in irregularity with that of the Robin. 
It is utterly impossible to find any regular movement from the notes for 
the first three weeks in March. It may be supposed that something 
like this occurred: That during the first week of March the van moved 






291 

from latitude 39° to latitude 41°, iu Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and Ne- 
braska; that during the next two weeks of cold, freezing weather, lit- 
tle, if any, general advance was made, but that enough adventurous 
birds pressed forward to thoroughly confuse the record. During the 
two weeks from March 7 to 21, most of the Eobins abandoned winter 
quarters and appeared in new localities, which caused them to be re- 
corded as common throughout the Mississippi Valley south of the par- 
allel of 39°. On the night of March 21 the weather began to moderate 
and the following records of " firsts" were made during the progress of 
the warm wave which followed: Robins were reported at Chicago, 111., 
and Milwaukee, Wis., March 22; Delavan, Wis., and Waukon, Iowa, 
March 23 ; Stoughton and Leeds Centre, Wis., and Eochester and Excel- 
sior, Miun., March 26. During the last two days of March and the first 
day of April, countless thousands of birds were moving in the Upper 
Mississippi Valley. Among them the Eobin was not a small factor, and 
its arrival was noted in northern and northwestern Iowa at Williams- 
town, Sioux Cit3\ and Emmetsburgh; at Hastings in eastern Minnesota; 
at Heron Lake in southwestern Minnesota, and at Durand, Luck, New 
Cassel, and Green Bay, Wis. Just north of these places the following- 
line of stations reported the first April 3 and 4: Grand View and Huron, 
Dak ; Minneapolis (two observers), Fridley and Elk Eiver, Minn.; and 
Meuokeii, Dak., (April 5). A 25-mile ride at White Earth, Minn., found 
the country quite well sprinkled with small flocks, more than two hun- 
dred in all being seen, where all the previous spring not a Eobin had 
been found. Two days later the first Eobin made its appearance at 
Oak Point, Manitoba, where the species was marked as common, April 
9. These were probably early birds, since the other records for Mani- 
toba are Shell Eiver, April 13; Two Eivers, April 16; and Ossowo^ 
April 18, and it was not considered common at any of these places 
before April 20. The whole record from Saint Louis is as follows: 
March 2, first, a summer sojourner at its stand ; March 3, small troops 
of transients on the wing; March 5, first female at stand; March 10 
to 14, the bulk of the summer sojourners arrived at their stands, and 
many transients passed in flocks; March 26 to April 2, the most con- 
spicuous songster ; April 2, the bulk of transients had gone north, light- 
colored troops still lingered; April 11 to 16, parties of transients were 
still with us ; April 17, last flock seen. 

Col. G. B. Brackett writes from Denmark, Iowa, that about the mid- 
dle of April, for the last three years, immense flocks of Eobins, num- 
bering many thousands, have come to roost at night in the evergreens 
on his premises. They usually remained about two weeks. 

In the fall of 1885, at Ossowo, Manitoba, the last Eobin was seen Octo- 
ber 20: at Elk Eiver, Minn., October 21; Eivez Falls, Wis., October 
29; Lanesboro, Minn., November 3; Milwaukee, Wis., November 11; 
Iowa City, Iowa, October 26; Des Moines, Iowa, October 24; Fern wood, 
111 , November 21: Fayette. Mo., October 28, and Mount Carmel, Mo., 



292 

October 18. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first large flocks going south were 
noted September 9; from October 5 to 27 Robins were numerous; the 
last flock was seen October 30, and the last transient November 11. At 
Bouham, Tex., the first migrant came in October; the next was seen 
October 28, and they had become common by November. Xone were 
noted at Gainesville, Tex., until November 11. 

761a. Merula migratoria propinqua Ridgw. [7a.] Western Robin. 

October 12, 1883, Colonel Goss killed two out of a flock of seven at 
Wallace, Kans. ; and Mr. Lloyd found a single flock in winter at San 
Angelo, in southwestern Texas. Mr. Lloyd says they are abundant in 
winter west of Tom Green County in Texas. 

766. Sialia sialis (Linu.). [22.] Bluebird. 

The Bluebird breeds from the Gulf of Mexico northward to southern 
Manitoba. It is another familiar bird whose coming each spring is 
eagerly looked for, and whose movements are closely watched through 
the summer. Over the southern part of the United States his admirers 
are denied the pleasure of looking for his arrival, for he remains through- 
out the year. Hardy by nature, and capable of adapting himself to the 
food of the season, he remains at his post winter and summer. Orni- 
thologists claim that these winter birds are not the same individuals 
which are seen in summer, but that the summer birds have moved south 
ward and their places have been supplied by arrivals from the north. 
This of course is generally true, and yet it is also a fact that from lati- 
tude 37° southward there are occasionally Bluebirds which keep their 
summer statious all through the winter, and it is not safe to say that 
none do so even up to latitude 39°. While its winter distribution is 
quite similar to the Robin's, and governed likewise by the food supply 
rather than the temperature, yet the average winter range of the Blue- 
bird is a little more to the north, and it is as plentiful at latitude 39° as 
the Robin is at latitude 37°. Mr. Widmanu contributed the following 
note from Saint Louis, Mo. : 

In rough weather they spend much of the time in their holes, that is, Woodpeckers* 
holes, which they enlarge for their own use as shelters and roosting places. Novem- 
ber 30 (1883) I watched a pair, when the female repeatedly eutered the hole, brought, 
out each time a bit of dead wood and reached it to the male, who carried it off a few 
yards and dropped it. 

It is fair to conclude that this pair intended to pass the winter at that 
locality. Toward the western part of the Mississippi district the species 
is not common, giving place to the Rocky Mountain Bluebird (SiaUa 
arctica). It is not abundant much west of longitude 97°. Immense 
numbers were reported in winter from southwestern Texas ; and these 
must migrate largely to the northeast. Mr. Lloyd says the species is 
resident in portions of Concho County, Tex. 

Throughout the winter of 1883-84 Bluebirds remained at suitable 
places between latitude 37° and latitude 39°, but were driven from less 
favorable localities by the severe weather of January 1. They returned 



293 

-with the first warm wave the last of the month, and by February 1 the 
van approximated quite closely to the parallel of 39°. Here it came to 
a full stop, and made no advance until March 9. There were only five 
records of Bluebirds north of latitude 39° before March 9, and all these 
were from stations near large rivers. Starting then at latitude 39° on 
March 9, when the warm south wind was felt, the Bluebirds practically 
completed their migration before the 1st of April. To be sure, a few 
individuals were moving north during April and May, but the great 
bulk of the species stopped between latitude 45° and latitude 46°, 
and those which went farther north might almost be called stragglers. 
The impetuosity of their migration was checked,, and they moved in 
small companies, seldom of more than a pair or two, slowly idling along 
as if undecided where to stop. During March their progress was as 
follows: By March 16 they had reached latitude 42°, by March 22 lati- 
tude 43° 30', and by March 24 latitude 45°. There is no plainer and 
better attested record concerning any bird than that of the arrival of the 
Bluebird, March 24, all along the forty-fifth parallel in Wisconsin and 
Minnesota. A great change now took place in their speed. They were 
two months and a day in passing from latitude 45° to latitude 47°. 
They did not appear at Frazee City, Minn. (lat. 46° 33'), until May 25; 
nor was the record accidental, since the same observation has been sev- 
eral times recorded in former years. May 29 a pair of stragglers arrived 
at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, the first Mr. Isash had ever seen in the 
province. They remained, and at last accounts were breeding. This 
is one of the most northern records for the species. Mr. Seton (now 
Thompson) states that it is rare in Manitoba, but most oommon in the 
region about Winnipeg. 

Again, as in the case of the Robin, the extreme western records are 
found to be much later than the eastern. At Ellis (lat. 38° 55'), just 
west of Manhattan, Kans. (where the species wintered abundantly), 
none were seen until March 19; and at Vermillion, Dak. (lat. 42° 56'), 
they did not arrive until March 29. The bulk followed the first very 
closely, and in but one or two cases was its arrival more than three or 
four days later. 

In the fall of 1884 at Elk River, Miun., the departure of the bulk and 
the last of the Bluebirds was recorded October 10; and at Des Moines, 
Iowa, October 25. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the last was seen October 28. 

In the spring of 1885 a set of notes was received from about latitude 
37°, which can be regarded as indicating either winter residence or very 
early spring migration. These refer to the presence of Bluebirds dur 
ing the first week in February in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas. A 
little farther north, at Odin, 111., one was seen February 7. If these 
records indicate migration, it was at a standstill during the next three 
weeks, since no other evidence of movement was reported until the lasfi 
two days of the month. 

The bulk of males came to Saint Louis February 28, closely following 



294 

the first, which had been seen there February 27. February 28 they 
were seen also at Mount Garmel and Fayette, Mo. The next warm 
wave (March 3) brought them to Paris and Griggsville, 111., and the 
next day they reached Ferry, Iowa, and Aledo, 111. March 9 was a 
great day for the movement of Bluebirds in southeastern Iowa, where 
they were reported at Morning Sun, Richmond, and Coralville, though 
they had been seen the day before at Des Moines and Newton, in the 
center of the State. They were seen also March 9, at Peoria, 111., but 
the real movement in this part of Illinois took place March 14, at which 
date they reached Tampico (both observers), Fernwood, and Chicago, 
and also Clinton, Wis. At this time the van rested at latitude 414° 30', 
in Illinois and Iowa, remaining there during more than a week of freez- 
ing weather, until March 26, when, according to the testimony of the 
reports, they spread to Williamstown, Iowa; Stoughtou, Milwaukee, 
Leeds Center, and New Cassel, Wis.; and Lake City and Excelsior, 
Minn. Hardly a note was made during the next five days, and then a 
strong movement was noted. March 31 they reached Ripon, Wis., and 
Hastings, Minneapolis (two observers), and Saint Cloud, Minn. Further 
advance in eastern Wisconsin was strangely delayed, and the three 
stations in the vicinity of Green Bay did not report a Bluebird until the 
last week in April. In the western part of the district migration was 
still slower. The first was reported from Linwood, Nebr., April 27 ; 
Huron, Dak., May 16, and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 26, thus showing 
the peculiarity already noted in the spring of 1884, namely, that the 
Bluebird, after traveling in company with Robins, Blackbirds, Kill'deers, 
Ducks, and Geese from its winter home to latitude 44°, then drops be 
hindhand and occupies a month longer than they in performing the rest 
of its journey. 

In the fall of 1885 the last Bluebird was reported from Elk River, 
Minn., October 16; from River Falls, Wis., October 13: Lauesboro. 
Minn., October 23; Milwaukee, Wis., October 10; Grinnell, Iowa, No- 
vember 4; Fernwood, 111., October 10; Des Moines, Iowa, October 24- 
Iowa City, Iowa, October 24, and Mount Oarniel, Mo., October 30 
Three troops of Bluebirds were seen going south at Saint Louis, Mo., 
September 9, and a flock of over 300, October 7. 

767. Sialia mexicana Swains. [23.] Western Bluebird. 

A straggler from the Rocky Mountain region. In Concho County. 
Tex., it is a rare winter visitor (Lloyd). At Boerue, Tex., Mr. Nathan 
Clifford Brown shot two specimens, each from a small flock, January 
28 and March 1, 1883 (The Auk, Vol. I, 1884, p. 121). Stragglers have 
been recorded from Minnesota and Iowa. 

768. Sialia arctica (Swains.). ['24.] Rocky Mountain Bluebird. 

This species is seldom found in the Mississippi district except on the 
high plains of the West and Southwest. It breeds in the mountains, 
from latitude 36° northward far into British America, and winters from 



295 

Kansas southward, It was noted by only two of our observers. At 
Saia Angelo, Tex., an immense flock was seen during the winter, and 
at Ellis, Kans., a few were seen during migration. Previously it was 
recorded as an abundant winter visitor at Boerne, Tex. (Brown). 
Most of the spring movement of this species occurs in the latter part of 
February and in March. It was found in Texas as far east as Gaines- 
ville, and has also occurred accidentally in Illinois opposite Dubuque, 
Iowa. It was also probably seen in the fall of 1883 at Caddo, Ind. 
Ter., but was not shot, hence the identification is not complete. In the 
fall of 1884, at San Angelo, Tex., the Rocky Mountain Bluebird first 
appeared October 8. Mr. Peters writes that at Bonham, Tex., he saw 
these birds for three or four winters in succession, the last time being in 
1880. 



INDEX 






Acadian Flycatcher, 36, 153-154. 

Acadian Owl, 121. 

Acanthis horneniannii exilipes, 181, 

linaria, 181. 

linaria holboellii, 181. 

linaria rostrata, 182. 
Accipiter atricapillus, 114. 

atricapillus striatulus- 114. 

cooperi, 114. 

velox, 114. 
Actitis macularia, 97. 
iEchrnophorus occidentalis, 53. 
.ZEgialitis meloda circumcincta, 101. 

montana, 101. 

nivosa, 101. 

semipalmata, 101. 

vocifera, 29, 30, 31, 32, 31, 99-101, 111, 294. 

wilsonia, 101. 
Agelains phcenicens, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 

111, 161, 163-165. 
Aix sponsa, 69. 
Ajaja ajaja, 80. 
Alice's Thrush, 37, 285. 
Amazilia cerviniventris, 141. 

fuscicaudata, 141. 
Amniodramus hairdii, 189-190. 

caudacutus, 192. 

caudacutus nelsoni, 192. 

henslowii, 191. 

leconteii, 191. 

maritimus, 192. 

princeps, 188. 

sandwichensis alaudinus, 188, 189. 

sandwichensis savanna, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 188- 
189. 

savannarum passerinus, 36, 190. 

savannarum perpallidus, 191. 
Ampelis cedrorum, 26, 231-232. 

garrulus, 26, 231. 
Amphispiza helli nevadensis, 206. 

hilineata, 206. 
Anas ainericana, 31, 34, 66. 

hoschas, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 61-65, 111. 

carolinensis, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. 

cyanoptera, 67-68. 

discors, 30, 34, 66-67. 

fulvigula, 65. 

ohscnra, 63, 65. 

penelope, 66. 

strepera, 31, 63, 65. 
Ancient Murrelet, 54. 
Anhinga anhinga, 59. 
Ani, Groove-hilled, 124. 



Anous stolidus, 58. 

Anser albifrons ganiheli, 75. 

Anthus pensilvanicus, 263-264. 

spragueii, 264. 
Antrostomus carolinensis, 135. 

vociferus, 25, 135-136, 146, 147. 
Aphelocoma woodhousei, 157. 
Aplomado Falcon, 119. 
Aquila ohrysaetos, 117-118. 
Archibuteo ferruginous, 117. 

lagopus sancti-johannis, 117. 
Arctic Horned Owl, 122. 
Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 129. 
Arctic Towhee, 214-215. 
Ardea candidissima, 83 

ccerulea, 83. 

egretta, 82-83. 

herodias, 81-82. 

rufescens, 83. 

tricolor ruficollis, 83. 

virescens, 83-84. 

wuerdenianni, 81. 
Arenaria interpres, 101. 
Arizona Cardinal, 216. 
Arizona Goldfinch, 183. 
Arizona Pyrrhuloxia, 216. 
Arkansas Flycatcher, 148. 
Arkansas Goldfinch, 183. 
Ash-throated Flycatcher, 149. 
Asio accipitrinus, 121. 

wilsonianus, 121. 
Asturina plagiata, 117. 
Audubon's Caracara, 120. 
Audubon's Oriole, 168. 
Audubon's Warbler, 248. 
Auriparus flaviceps, 278-279. 
Avocet, 90. 
Aythya arfinis, 31, 71. 

americana, 31, 32, 70. 

collaris, 71-72. 

marila nearctica, 31, 71» 

vallisneria, 31, 32, 70-71. 
Bachman's Finch or Sparrow, 207. 
Bacbman's Warbler, 239-240. 
Baird's Sparrow or Bunting, 189-190. 
Baird's Sandpiper, 93. 
Baird's Wren, 271-272. 
Bald-headed Eagle, 33, 34, 118. 
Baldpate, 31, 34, 66. 

Baltimore Oriole, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 37, 170-171. 
Bank Swallow, 36, 230, 231. 
Barn Owl, 121. 
Bain Swallow, 36, 37, 227, 228-229. 

297 



298 



Barred Owl, 121. 

Florida, 121. 
Barrow's Golden-eye, 72. 
Bartramia longicauda, 30, 34, 96-97. 
Bartramian Sandpiper, 30, 34, 96-97. 
Basileuterus belli, 263. 

culicivorus, 263. 
Bay-breasted Warbler, 34, 37, 250-251. 
Beardless Flycatcher, 155. 
Bell's Vireo, 35, 36, 37, 161, 233, 237. 
Bell's Warbler, 263. 
Belted Kingfisher, 35, 126. 
Belted Piping Plover, 101 . 
Berlandier's "Wren, 271. 
Bewick's Wren, 30, 32, 34, 271, 272. 

Texas, 271-272. 
Bittern, 80-81. 

Least. 81. 
Black and White Creeper, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. 
Black and White Warbler, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. 
Black and Yellow Warbler, 36, 37, 248-249. 
Black-bellied Plover, 98-99. 
Black-bellied Tree-dock, 78-79. 
Black-billed Cuckoo, 36. 126. 
Black-billed Magpie, 157. 
Blackbird, Brewer's, 111, 172, 173-174, 176. 

Cow, 15, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 161. 

Bronzed Cow, 162. 

Dwarf Cow, 16.1,162. 

Crow.174-177. 

Bronzed Crow, 174-177. 

Florida Crow, 174. 

Ked-sbouldered, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 
163-165. 

Red-winged, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 111, 
161, 163-165. 

Rusty, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. 

Yellow-headed, 162-163. 
Black Brant, 78. 

Black-breasted Woodpecker, 130. 
Blackburnian Warbler, 37, 252. 
Black-capped Chickadee, 33, 277-278. 
Black-capped Flycatching Warbler, 36, 37, 245, 261- 

262. 
Black-capped Titmouse, 33, 277-278. 
Black-capped Vireo, 236. 

Black-capped Yellow Warbler, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. 
Black-chinned Hummingbird, 141. 
Black-chinned Sparrow, 203. 
Black-crested Titmouse, 277. 
Black-crowned Night Heron, 34, 36, 84. 
Black Duck, 65. 
Black Gyrfalcon, 118. 
Black-head (Duck), Big, 31, 71. 

Little, 31, 71. 
Black-headed Grosbeak, 217. 
Black Mallard, 65. 
Black-necked Stilt, 90. 
Black Phoebe or Flycatcher, 152. 
Black-poll Warbler, 36, 37, 251-252, 258. 
Black Rail, 88. 
Black Skimmer, 58. 
Black Tern, 58. 

White-winged, 58. 
Black-throated Blue Warbler, 246. 
Black-throated Bunting, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. 



Black-throated Diver or Loon, 54. 
Black-throated Guillemot, 54-55. 
Black-throated Green Warbler, 35, 36, 37, 253. 
Black-throated Sparrow, 206. 
Black Vulture, 112. 
Blanding's Finch, 215. 
Bluebill (Duck), Big, 31, 71. 

Little, 31, 71. 
Bluebird, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 292-294, 
295. 
Rocky Mountain, 292, 294-295. 
Western, 294, 295. 
Blue Goose, 74. 

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 35, 233, 281-282. 
Blue Grosbeak, 218. 
Blue-headed Euphonia, 222. 
Blue-headed Vireo, 36, 37, 235-236. 
Blue Heron, Great, 81-82. 

Little, 83. 
Blue Jay, 37, 157. 
Blue Quail, 102-103. 
Blue-winged Goose, 74. 
Blue-winged Teal, 30, 34, 66-67. 
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, 240. 
Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, 36, 243-244. 
Boat-tailed Grackle, 177. 
Bobolink, 23, 36, 37, 160. 

Western, 160. 
Bob white, 102. 
Texas, 102. 
Bohemian Waxwing, 26, 231. 
Bonaparte's Gull, 57. 
Bonasa umbellus, 103. 
umbellus togata, 103. 
umbellus umbelloides, 104. 
Booby, 58. 
Botaurus exilis, 81. 

lentiginosus, 80-81. 
Boucard's Sparrow, 207. 
Brant, 27, 31, 78. 

Black, 78. 
Branta bernicla, 27, 31, 78. 

canadensis, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 64, 75-78, 111. 
canadensis hutchinsii, 27. 78. 
canadensis minima, 78. 
nigricans, 78. 
Brasher's Warbler, 263. 
Brewer's Blackbird, 111, 172, 173-174, 176. 
Brewer's Sparrow, 201-202. 
Bridled Titmouse, 277. 
Broad-tailed Hummingbird, 141. 
Broad-winged Hawk, 116. 
Bronzed Cowbird or Cow Blackbird, 162. 
Bronzed Crow Blackbird, 174-177. 
Bronzed Grackle, 174-177. 
Brown Crane, Little, 85, 111. 
Brown Creeper, 34, 35, 275-276. 
Brown-headed Nuthatch, 276. 
Brown Pelican, 60. 
Brown Thrasher or Thrush, 30,31,32, 34,35,146, 

147, 268-270. 
Bubo Virginian us, 122. 

virginianus amicus, 122. 
vii'gimanus subarcticus, 122. 
Buff-bellied Hummingbird, 141. 
Buff-breasteu Sandpiper, 97. 



299 



Buffle-head, 31,72-73. 
Bull-bat (=Xielithawk). 
Bullock's Oriole, 171, 172. 
Banting, Band's, 189-190. 

Black-throated, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. 

Chestnut-collared, 185, 186-187. 

Henslow's, 191. 

Indigo, 23, 35, 3G, 218-219. 

Lark. 222 

Lazuli, 219. 

Le Conte's, 191-192. 

Paiuted, 161, 219-220. 

Snow, 33, 184-185. 

Varied, 219. 
Burrowing Owl, 123-124. 
Bush-Tit, Lead colored, 278. 
Buteo abbreviates, 116. 

albicaudatus, 116. 

borealis, 26, 27, 33, 111, 114-115. 

borealis calurus, 115. 

borealis kriderii, 115. 

harlani, 115. 

latissinius, 116. 

lineatus, 26, 27, 115-116. 

swainsoni, 116. 
Butterball, 31, 72-73. 
Buzzard, Ferruginous B.ough-leg, 117. 

Turkey, 29, 33, 110-112, 175. 
Cabanis's, or Texas, Kingfisher, 127. 
Cabot's Tern, 57. 
Cackling G-oose, 78. 
Cactus Wren, 270. 
C.ilamospiza melanocorys, 222. 
Calaveras Warbler, 242. 
Calcarius lapponicus, 184, 185, 186, 264. 

ornatus, 185, 186-187. 

pictus, 185-186. 
Calidris arenaria, 94. 
California Gull, 56. 
Callipepla gauibeli, 103. 

squaiuata, 102-103. 

squaniata castanogastris, 103. 
Campephilus principalis, 127-128. 
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, 270. 
Canada Goose, 27, 28, 2D, 33, 35, 64, 75-78, 111. 
Canada Grouse, 103. 
Canada Jay, 158. 

Canadian Fly catching Warbler, 37, 241, 262. 
Canadian Buffed Grouse, 103. 
Canadian Warbler, 37, 241, 262. 
Canon Finch, 245. 
Canon Towhee, 215, 245. 
Canon Wren, 270-271. 
Canvas-back, 31, 32, 70-71. 
Cape May Warbler, 244. 
Caracara, Audubon's, 120. 
Caracara Eagle, 120. 
Cardellina rubrifrons. 263. 
Cardinal Grosbeak, 34, 213, 215-216. 

Arizona, 216. 

Texas, 216. 
Cardinalis cardinalis, 34, 213, 215-216. 
Carolina Chickadee, 278. 
Carolina Dove, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. 
Carolina Parrot or Parakeet, 124. 
Carolina Rail, 87. 



Carolina Wren, 34, 271. 
Carpodacus cassini, 180. 

purpureus, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 179-180. 
Carrion Crow, 112. 
Caspian Tern, 57. 
Cassin's Kingbird, 148. 
Cassin's Purple Finch, 180. 
Cassin's Sparrow, 207. 
Catbird, 23, 35, 36, 266-268. 
Catkarista atrata, 112. 
Cathartes aura, 29, 33, 110-112, 175. 
Catherpes mexicanus, 270. 

mexicanus conspersus, 270-271. 
Cedar Bird, 26, 231-232. 
Cedar Waxwing, 26, 231-232. 
Centrocercus urophasianus, 107. 
Ceophloeus pileatus, 130. 
Certhia familiaris americana, 34, 35, 275-276 
Cerulean Warbler, 35, 36, 249. 
Ceryle alcyon. 35, 126-127. 

cabanisi, 127. 
Chachalaca, 108. 
Chadbourne's Sparrow, 202-203. 
Chseturapelagica, 35, 36, 139. 
Chaparral Cock, 107, 124-125. 
Charadrius dominicus, 99. 

squatarola, 98-99. 
Charitonettaalbeola, 31, 72-73. 
Chat, Long-tailed, 260-261. 

Yellow-breasted, 35, 36, 37, 260. 
Chelidon erythrogaster, 36, 37. 227, 228-229. 
Chen cperulescens, 74. 

hyperborea, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74-75. 

hyperborea nivalis, 75. 
Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge, 103. 
Chestnut-collared Bunting, 185, 186-187. 
Chestnut-collared Longspur, 185, 186-187. 
Chestnut-fronted Titmouse, 277. 
Chestnut-sided Warbler, 36, 37,249-250. 
Chewink 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 212-214, 215. 
Chickadee, 33, 277-278. 

Black-capped, 33, 277-278. 

Carolina, 278. 

Hudsonian, 278. 

Long-tailed, 278. 
Chicken, Prairie, 104-100. 
Chimney Swift, 35, 36, 139-140. 
Chipping Sparrow, 30, 34, 35, 200, 233. 

Western, 200-201, 233. 
Chondestes grammacus, 35, 192-193. 

grammacus strigatus, 193. 
Chordeiies virginianus, 15, 36, 37, 137-138. 

virginianus henryi, 138. 

texensis, 139. 
Chuck- will's Widow, 135. 
Cinclus mexicanus, 264. 
Cinnamon Teal, 67-68. 
Circus hudsonius, 34, 111, 113. 
Cistothorus palustris, 274. 

stellaris, 274. 
Clangula hyemalis, 73. 
Clapper Rail, 86-87. 

Louisiana, 87. 
Clarke's Crow, 159. 
Clarke's Nutcracker, 159. 
Clay-colored Sparrow, 201. 



300 



Cliff Swallow, 15, 35, 36, 227-228. 
Clivicola riparia, 36, 230, 231. 
Coccotliraustes vespertina, 26, 177-178. 
Coccyzus aruericanus. 36, 125-126. 

erytkrophthalmus, 36, 126. 

minor, 125. 
Cock, Chaparral, 107, 124-125. 

Sage, 107. 
Colaptes auratus, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111. 133-134, 135. 

auratus hybridus, 133,135. 

cafer, 133, 134-135. 
Colinus virginianus, 102. 

virginianus texanus, 102. 
Columba flavirostris, 108. 
Columbigallina passerina, 110. 
Colymbas auritus, 53. 

dominions. 53. 

holbodii, 53. 

nigricollis californicus, 53. 
Common Crow, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. 
Common Redpoll, 181. 
Common Tern, 58. 
Compsotblypis americana, 35, 36, 243-244. 

nigrilora, 244. 
Connecticut Warbler, 37, 258. 
Contopus borealis : 152. 

richardsonii, 152, 153. 

virens, 36,37,152-153,154. 
Conurus carolinensis, 124. 
Cooper's Hawk, 114. 
Coot, 31, 88-89. 
Coppery-tailed Trogon, 126. 
Cormorant, Double-crested, 27, 34, 35, 59. 

Florida, 59. 

Mexican, 59. 
Corvus americanus, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. 

corax sinuatus, 31, 158. 

cryptoleucus, 158. 

ossifragus, 159. 
Couch's Kingbird, 148. 
Cowbird, 15, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 161. 

Bronzed, 162. 

Dwarf, 161, 162. 
Cow Blackbird ( = Cowbird). 
Crane, Little Brown, 85, 111. 

Sandhill, 29, 85-86. 

Whooping, 84-85. 
Creeper, BlacK and White, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. 

Brown, 34, 35, 275-276. 
Crested Flycatcher, Mexican, 149. 
Crossbill, Bed, 180, 181. 

Mexican, 180. 

White-winged, 181. 
Crotophaga sulcirostris, 124. 
Crow, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. 

Carrion, 112. 

Clarke's, 159. 

Common, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. 

Fish, 159. 
Crow Blackbird, 174-177. 

Bronzed, 174-177. 

Florida, 174. 
Crymophilus fuliearius, 89. 
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 36, 126. 

Mangrove, 125. 

Yellow-billed, 36, 125-126. 



Curlew, Eskimo, 98. 

Hudsonian, 98. 

Long-billed, 97-98. 
Curved-billed Thrasher, 270. 
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 159. 
Cyanocitta cristata, 37, 157. 
Cyrtonyx montezuma?, 103. 
Dahchick, 54. 

Dafila acuta, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. 
Dendragapus canadensis, 103, 

obscurus, 103. 
Dendroeygna autumnalis, 78-79. 

fulva, 79. 
Dendroica estiva, 35,36, 244-246. 

auduboni, 248. 

blackburnine, 37, 252. 

cserulea, 35, 36, 249. 

camilescens, 246. 

castanea, 34, 37, 250-251. 

chrysoparia, 253. 

coronata, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. 

discolor, 255. 

dominica albilora, 35, 252-253. 

kirtlandi, 254. 

maculosa, 36, 37, 248-249. 

olivacea, 244. 

palmarum. 35, 36, 254-255. 

palmarum hypochrysea, 255. 

pensylvanica, 36, 37, 249-250. 

striata, 36, 37, 251-252, 258. 

tigrina, 244. 

townsendi, 254. 

vigorsii, 35,36,254. 

virens, 35, 36, 37, 246, 247, 248, 253. 
Derby Flycatcher, 148. 
Desert Horned Lark, 156. 
Dickcissel, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. 
Dipper, 264. 
Diver, Black-throated, 54. 

Hell, 54. 

Bed-throated, 54. 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 23, 36, 37, 160. 

oryzivorus albinucha, 160. 
Double-crested Cormorant, 34, 35, 37, 59. 
Dove, Carolina, 31, 34, 35, 37, 309-110. 

Ground, 110. 

Inca, 110. 

Mourning, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. 

White- fronted, 110. 

White-winged, 110. 
Dowitcher, 92. 

Long-billed, 92. 
Downy Woodpecker, 128. 
Dryobates borealis, 128-129. 

pubescens, 128. 

pubescens gairdnerii. 128. 

scalaris bairdi, 129. 

villosus, 128. 

villosus audubonii, 128. 

villosus harrisii, 128. 

villosus leucomelas, 128. 
Euck, Baldpate, 31, 34, 66. 

Barrow's Golden-eye, 72. 

Big Blue-bill or Black-head, 31, 71. 

Big Scaup, 31, 71. 

Black, 6?. 65. 



301 



Duck, Black-bellied Tree, 78-79. 

Black Mallard, 63, 65. 

Blue-bill, 31, 71. 

Blue-winged Teal, 30, 34, 66-67. 

Baffle-head. 31, 72-73. 

Butter-ball, 31, 72-73. 

Canvas-back, 31, 32, 70-71. 

Cinnamon Teal, 67-68. 

Dusky, 63, 65. 

Eider, 73. 

Florida, 65. 

Fulvous Tree, 79. 

Gadwall, 31, 63, 65. 

Golden-eye, 31,72. 

Green- winged Teal, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. 

Harlequin, 73. 

King Eider, 73. 

Little Blue-bill or Black-bead, 31, 71. 

Little Scaup, 31, 71. 

Long-tailed, 73. 

Malfard, 27, 28. 31, 32, 33, 34, 61-65, 111. 

Masked, 74. 

Old-squaw, 73. 

Pintail, 31, 34, 63, 68-69. 

Bed-head, 31, 32, 70. 

Ring-necked, 71-72. 

Buddy, 29, 33, 74. 

Shoveller, 31, 36, 68. 

Spoon-bill, 31, 36, 68. 

Sprigtail, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. 

Summer, 69-70. 

Whistler, 31, 72. 

Widgeon, 31, 34, 66. 

Wood, 69-70. 
Duck Hawk, 119. 
Dusky Duck, 63, 65. 
Dwarf Cowbird, 161,162. 
Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 286. 
Eagle, Bald, 33, 34, 118. 

Caracara, 120. 

Golden, 117-118. 

Harpy, 118. 
Eared Grebe, 53. 
Ectopistes migratorius, 108. 
Egret, 82-83. 

Great White, 82-83. 

Little White, 83. 

Louisiana, 83. 

Eeddish, 83. 
Eider, 73. 

King, 73. 
Elanoides forficatas, 112. 
Elanus leucurus, 113. 
Embernagra rufivirgata, 212. 
Empidonax acadicus, 36, 153-154. 

flaviventris, 36, 153. 

fulvifrons, 155. 

hammondi, 155. 

minimus, 36,37,154-155. 

obscurus, 155. 

pusillus, 154. 

pusillus traillii, 36, 37, 154. 
English Sparrow, 34, 184. 
Engyptila albifrons. 110. 
Erennetes occidentalis, 94. 

pusillus. 94. 



Ergaticus ruber, 263. 
Erismatura rubida, 29, 33, 74. 
Eskimo Curlew, 98. 
Euphonia elegantissima, 222. 
Euphonia, Blue-headed, 222. 
European House Sparrow, 34, 184. 
European Tree Sparrow, 184. 
Evening Grosbeak, 26, 177-178. 
Falco columbarius, 119. 

fusco-ccerulescens, 119. 

niexicanus, 118. 

peregrinus anatuni, 119. 

richardsonii, 119. 

rusticolus, 118. 

rusticolus gyrfalco, 118. 

rusticolus obsoletus, 118. 

sparverius, 29, 33, 34, 111, 119-120. 
Falcon, Aplomado, 119. 

Femoral, 119. 

Peregrine, 119. 

Prairie, 118. 

Richardson's, 119. 
Femoral Falcon, 119. 
Ferruginous Hawk or Buzzard, 117. 
Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, 124. 
Ferruginous Rough-leg, 117. 
Field Plover, 30, 34, 96-97. 
Field Sparrow, 28, 30, 33, 34, 202. 

Chadbourne's, 202-203. 
Finch, Bachman's, 207. 

Black-throated, 206. 

Blanding's, 215. 

Canon, 245. 

Cassin's Purple, 180. 

Gold, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. 

Grass, 30, 31, 34, 187-188. 

Green, 212. 

Lark, 35, 192-193. 

Lazuli, 219. 

Painted, 161, 219-220. 

Pine, 183-184. 

Purple, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 179-180. 

Seaside, 192. 

Sharp-tailed, 192. 

Nelson's Sharp-tailed, 192. 

Western Grass, 187, 188. 

Western Lark, 193. 
Fish Crow, 159. 
Fish Hawk, 120-121. 
Flamingo, 80. 
Flicker, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. 

Golden-shafted, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. 

Hybrid, 133, 135. 

Red-shafted, 133, 134-135. 

Yellow- shafted, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. 
Florida Barred Owl, 121. 
Florida Cormorant, 59. 
Florida Crow Blackbird, 174. 
Florida Duck, 65. 
Florida Gallinule, 88. 
Florida Grackle, 174. 
Florida Screech Owl. 122. 
Flycatcher, Acadian, 36, 153-154. 

Arkansas, 148. 

Ash-throated, 149. 

Beardles.s, 155. 



302 



Flycatcher, Derby, 148. 

Fork-tailed, 142. 

Fulvous, 155. 

Giraud's, 148. 

Great-crested, 36, 148-149. 

Hammond's, 155. 

Lawrence's, 149. 

Least, 36, 37, 154-155. 

Little, 154. 

Mexican Crested, 149. 

Olive-sided, 152. 

Scissor-tailed, 142. 

Traill's, 36, 37, 154. 

Vermilion, 155. 

Wright's, 155. 

Yellow-bellied, 36, 153. 
Flyeatching Warbler, Black-capped, J36, 37, 245, 
261-262. 

Canadian, 37, 241,262. 

Hooded, 36,261. 
Fork-tail, d Flycatcher, 142. 
Forster's Tern, 57. 

Fox. Sparrow, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 211-212. 
Franklin's Gull, 56-57. 
Fregata aquila, 60. 
Frigate Biid, 60. 
Frigate Pelican, 60. 
Frosted Poor-wiil, 137. 
Fulica americana, 31, 88-89. 
Fulvous Flycatcher, 155. 
Fulvous Tree-duck, 79. 
Gadwall, 31, 63, 65. 
Gairdner's Woodpecker, 128. 
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 23, 35, 36, 266-268. 
Gallinago delicata, 11, 29, 30, 34, 35, 90-02. 
Gallinula galeata, 88. 
Gallinule, Florida, 88. 

Purple, 88. 
Gambel's Quail or Partridge, 103. 
Gannet, 59. 

Gelochelidon nilotica, 57. 
Geococcyx californianus, 124-125. 
Geothlypis agilis, 37, 258. 
formosa, 35, 36, 257. 
macgillivrayi, 258-259. 
Philadelphia, 37, 258. 
trichas, 35, 36, 92, 25. 
trichas occidentalis, 259-260. 
Giraud's Flycatcher, 148. 
Glaucidium pkalaenoides, 124. 
Glaucionetta clangula americana, 31, 72. 

islandica, 72. 
Glaucous Gull, 55. 
Glossy Ibis, 80. 

White-faced, 80. 
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 35, 233, 281-282. 

Plumbeous, 282. 
Godwit, Hudsonian, 94-95. 

Marbled, 94. 
Golden-cheeked Warbler, 253. 
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 34, 279. 
Golden-crowned Sparrow, 196. 
Golden-crowned Thrush, 35, 255-256. 
Golden Eagle, 117-118. 
Golden-eye, 31, 72. 
Barrow's, 72. 



Golden fronted Woodpecker, 132-133. 

Golden Plover, 99. 

Golden shafted Flicker, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134 

135. 
Golden Warbler, 35, 36, 244-246. 
Golden-winged Warbler, 36, 240-241. 
Golden-winged Woodpecker, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133- 

134, 135. 
Goldfinch, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. 
Arizona, 183. 
Arkansas, 183. 
Green-backed, 183-184. 
Mexican, 183. 
Pine, 183-184. 
Goose, Blue, 74. 

Blue-winged, 74. 
Brant, 27, 31, 78. 
Cackling, 78. 

Canada, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 64, 75-78, 111 
Greater Snow, 75. 
Hutchin's, 27, 78. 
Lesser Snow, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74-75. 
White-fronted, 75. 
Goshawk, 114. 
Mexican, 117. 
Western, 114. 
Grackle, Boat-tailed, 174, 177. 
Bronzed, 174-177. 
Florida, 174. 
Great-tailed 177. 

Purple, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 158, 174-177. 
Rusty, 29, 30, 172-173, 174, 176. 
Grass Finch, 30, 34, 187, 188. 

Western, 187,188. 
Grasshopper Sparrow, 36, 190. 

Western, 191. 
Gray-cheeked Thrush, 37, 285. 
Gray-crowned Leucosticte, 181. 
Gray Gyrfalcon. 118. 
Gray-headed Junco, 206. 
Gray Kingbird, 148. 
Gray Owl, Great, 121. 
Gray Ruffed Grouse, 104. 
Gray Vireo, 237. 
Great Black-backed Gull, 55. 
Great Blue Heron, 81-82. 
Great-crested Flycatcher, 36, 148-149. 
Great Gray Owl, 121. 
Great Horned Owl, 122. 
Great Northern Shrike, 232. 
Great-tailed Grackle, 177. 
Great White Egret, 82. 
Greater Redpoll 182. 
Greater Snow Goose, 75. 
Greater Yellow-legs, 95. 
Grebe, Eared, 53. 
Holbcell's, 53. 
Horned, 53. 
Pied-billed, 54. 
Red-necked, 53. 
St. Domingo, 53. 
Western, 53. 
Green-backed Goldfinch, 183. 
Grcon Finch, 212. 
Green Heron, 83-84. 
Green Jay, 157. 



303 



Green-tailed Towhee, 215. 
Green-winged Teal, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. 
Grinnell's Water-thrush, 256-257. 
Groove-hilled Ani, 124. 
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 217. 

Blue, 218. 

Cardinal, 34, 213, 215-216. 

Evening, 26, 177-178. 

Pine, 178-179, 288. 

Eose-breasted, 23, 35, 36, 37, 216-217. 
Ground Dove, 110. 
Grouse, Canada, 103. 

Canadian Buffed, 103. 

Dusky, 103. 

Gray Buffed, 104. 

Northern Sharp-tailed, 106. 

Pinnated, 104-106. 

Prairie or Common Sharp-tailed, 106-107. 

Buffed, 103. 

Sage, 107. 
Grus americana, 84-85. 

canadensis, 85, 111. 

niexicana, 29, 85-86. 
Guan, Texas, 108. 
Guara alba, 80. 

rubra, 80. 
Guillemot, Black-throated, 54-55. 
Guiraca eaerulea, 218. 
Gull, Bonap.irte's, 57. 

California, 56. 

Franklin's, 56-57. 

Glaucus, 55. 

Great Black-backed, 55. 

Herring, 27, 31, 33, 55-56. 

Iceland, 55. 

Kittiwake, 55. 

Laughing, 56. 

Eing-billed, 56, 111. 

Sabine's, 57. 
Gull-billed Tern, 57. 
, Gyrfalcon, 118. 

Black, 118. 

Gray, 118. 

Iceland, 118. 

Labrador, "118. 

McFarlane's, 118. 
Habia ludoviciana, 23, 35, 36, 37, 216-217. 

meianocephala, 217. 
Hsematopus palliatus, 101. 
Hairy Woodpecker, 128. 

Northern, 128. 

Southern, 128. 
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 33, 34, 118. 
Hammond's Flycatcher, 155. 
Harlan's Hawk, 115. 
Harlequin Duck, 73. 
Harporhynchus curvirostris, 270. 

longirostris, 270. 

rufus, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 146, U7, 268-270. 
Harpy Eagle, 118. 
Harris's Hawk, 114. 
Harris's Sparrow, 27, 32, 193-195. 
Harris's Woodpecker, 128. 
Hawk, Broad-winged, 116. 

Cooper's, 114. 

Duck, 119. 



Hawk, Ferruginous Bough-leg, 117. 

Fish, 120-121. 

Harlan's, 115. 

Harris's, 114. • 

Krider's, 115. 

Marsh, 34, 111, 113. 

Peregrine, 119. 

Pigeon, 119. 

Bed-shouldered, 26, 27, 115-116. 

Bed-tailed, 26, 27, 33, 111, 114-115. 

Bichardson's, 119. 

Rough-legged, 117. 

Sharp-shinned, 114. 

Sparrow, 29, 33, 34, 111, 119-120 

Swainson's, 116. 

Western Bed-tailed, 115. 

White-tailed, 116. 

Zone-tailed, 116. 
Hawk Owl, 123. 
Helinaia swainsonii, 239. 
Hell Diver, 54. 
Helmiuthophila bachmani, 239-240. 

celata, 36, 242. 

chrysoptera, 36, 240-241. 

peregrina, 36, 37, 243. 

pinus, 240. 

ruficapilla, 36, 37, 241-242. 

ruficapilla gutturalis, 242. . 
Helmitherus vermivorus, 36, 239. 
Heloise's Hummingbird, 141. 
Hen, Lesser Prairie, 106. 

Prairie, 104-106. 

Sage, 107. 
Henslow's Sparrow or Bunting, 191. 
Hermit Thrush, 35, 36, 212, 282, 283, 286-287 

Dwarf, 286. 

Eocky Mountain, 286. 
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 34, 36, 84. 

Great Blue, 81-82. 

Green, 83-84. 

Little Blue, 83. 

Louisiana, 83. 

Eeddish, 83. 

Snowy, 83, 

White, 82. 

Wiedemann's, 81. 

Yellow-crowned Night, 84. 
Herring Gull, 27, 31, 33, 55-56. 
Himantopus mexicanus, 90. 
Histrionic us histrionicus, 73. 
Hoary Eedpoll, 181. 
Holbcell's Grebe, 53. 
Holbcell's Eedpoll, 181. 
Hooded Merganser, 31, 61. 
Hooded Oriole, 168. 
Hooded Warbler, 36, 261. 
Horned Grebe, 53. 
Horned Lark, 155, 156. 

Desert, 156. 

Pallid, 156. 

Prairie, 156, 185. 

Texas, 156. 

White-throated, 156. 
Horned Owl, Arctic, 122. 

Great, 122. 

Western, 122. 



304 



House Sparrow, European, 34, 184. 
House Wren, 35, 36, 271, 272-273, 274. 

Western, 272, 273. 
Hudsonian Chickadee, 278. 
Hudsonian Curlew. 98. 
Hudsonian God wit, 94-95. 
Hummingbird, 15, 36, 140-141. 

Black-chinned, 141. 

Broad-tailed, 141. 

Buff-bellied, 141. 

Heloise's, 141. 

Rieffer's, 141. 

Ruby-throated, 15, 36, 140-141. 
Hutchins's Goose, 27, 78. 
Hybrid Flicker, 133, 135. 
Hydrochelidon leucoptera, 58. 

nigra surinamensis, 58. 
Ibis, Glossy, 80. 

Scarlet, 80. 

White, 80. 

White-faced Glossy, 80. 

Wood. 80. 
Iceland Gull, 55. 
Iceland Gyrfalcon, 118. 
Icteria vireno, 35, 36, 37, 260. 

virens longicauda, 260-261. 
Icterus audubonii, 168. 

bullocki, 171-172. 

cucullatus, 168. 
. galbula, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 37, 170-171. 

spurms, 23, 35, 36, 161, 168-170. 
Ictinia niississippiensis, 113. 
Inca Dove, 110. 

Indigo Bird or Bunting, 23, 35, 36, 218-219. 
Intermediate Sparrow, 196. 
Ionornis martinica, 88. 
Ipswich Sparrow, 188. 
Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 127-128. 
Jabiru, 80. 

Jacana gymnostoma, 102. 
Jack Snipe, 30, 34, 92. 
Jaeger, Long-tailed, 55. 

Parasitic, 55. 

Pomarine, 55. 
Jay, Blue, 37, 157. 

Canada, 158. 

Green, 157. 

Piiion or Maximilian's, 159. 

Woodhouse's, 157. 
Juuco aikeni, 203. 

cauiceps, 206. 

cinereus dorsalis, 206. 

hyemalis, 32, 34, 35, 198, 203-206. 

hyemalis oregonus. 206. 
Junco, 32, 34, 35, 198, 203-206. 

Gray -headed, 206. 

Oregon, 206. 

Red-backed. 206. 

Slate-colored, 32, 34, 35, 198, 203-206. 

White-winged, 203. 
Kentucky Warbler, 35, 36, 257. 
Killdeer, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 99-101, 111, 294. 
Kingbird, 35, 37, 142-147, 160. 

Cassin's, 148. 

Couch's, 148. 

Gray, 148. 



Kingbird, Western, 148. 

King Eider, 73. 

Kingfisher, Belted, 35, 126-127. 

Texas (=Cabanis's), 127. 
Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 34, 279. 

Ruby-crowned, 34, 35, 279-281. 
King Rail, 86. 
Kirtland's Warbler, 254. 
Kite, Mississippi, 113. 

Swallow-tailed, 112. 

White-tailed, 113. 
Kittiwake, 55. 
Knot, 92. 

Krider's Hawk, 115. 
Labrador Gyrfalcon, 118. 
Lagopus lagopu3, 104. 
Lanius borealis, 232. 

ludovicianus, 27, 30, 33, 232-233. 

ludovicianus excubitorides, 232, 233. 
Lapland Longspur, 184, 165, 186, 264. 
Large-billed Water Thrush, 34, 257. 
Lark, Desert Horned, 156. 

Horned, 155,156,185. 

Pallid Horned, 156. 

Prairie Horned, 156, 185. 

Shore, 155. 

Sprague's, 264. 

Texas Horned, 156. 

White-throated Horned, 156. 
Lark Bunting, 222. 
Lark Finch, 35, 192. 

Western, 193. 
Lark Sparrow, 35, 192. 

Western, 193. 
Larus argentatus smithsonianns, 27, 31, 33, 55-56. 

atricilla, 56. 

californicus, 56. 

delawarensis, 56, 111. 

franklinii, 56-57. 

glaucus, 55. 

leucopterus, 55. 

marinus, 55. 

Philadelphia, 57. 
Laughing Gull, 56. 
Lawrence's Flycatcher, 149. 
Lazuli Finch or Bunting, 219. 
Lead-colored Bush-Tit, 78. 
Least Bittern, 81. 
Least Flycatcher, 36, 37, 154-155. 
Least Sandpiper, 93. 
Least Tern, 58. 
Le Conte's Sparrow, 191-192. 
Lesser Prairie Hen, 106. 
Lesser Scaup DucU, 31, 71. 
Lesser Snow Goose, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74, 75. 
Lesser Yellow-legs, 34, 95. 
Leucosticte tephrocotis, 181. 
Leucosticte, Gray-crowned, 181. 
Lewis's Woodpecker, 132. 
Limosa fedoa, 94. 

ha?mastica, 94-95. 
Lincolns Sparrow, 36, 37, 110, 209-210. 
Linnet, Pine, 183-184. 

Red (= Purple Finch). 
Little Black-head or Blue-bill, 31, 71. 
Little Black Rail, 88. 



305 






Little Blue Heron, 83. 
Little Brown Crane, 85, 111. 
Little Flycatcher, 154. 
Little White Egret, 83. 
Loggerhead Shrike, 27, 30, 33, 232-233. 
Long-billed Curlew, 97-98. 
Long-billed Dowitcher. 92. 
Long-billed Marsh Wren, 274. 
Long-billed Thrasher, 270. 
Long-eared Owl, 121. 

Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 185, 186-187. 
Lapland, 184, 185. 186, 264. 
McCown's, 186, 187. 
Smith's, 185-186. 
Long-tailed Chat, 260-261. 
Long-tailed Chickadee, 278. 
Long-tailed Duck, 73. 
Long-tailed Jaeger, 55. 
Loon, 35, 54. 

Black-throated, 54. 
Bed-throated, 54. 
Lophodytes cucullatus, 31, 61. 
Louisiana Clapper Bail, 87. 
Louisiana Egret or Heron, 83. 
Louisiana Tanager, 222. 
Louisiana Water Thrush. 34, 257. 
Loxia curvirostra minor, 180, 181. 
curvirostra stricklandi, 180. 
leucoptera, 181. 
McCown's Longspur, 186, 187. 
McFarlane's Gyrfajcon, 118. 
Macillivray's Warbler, 258-259. 
Macrorhamphus griseus, 92. 

scolopaceus, 92. 
Magnolia Warbler, 36, 37, 248-249. 
Magpie, 26, 157. 

Black-billed, 26, 157. 
Mallard, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 61-65, 111. 

Black. 63, 65. 
Mangrove Cuckoo, 125. 
Man-o'-War Bird, 60. 
Marbled Godwit, 94. 
Marsh Hawk, 34, 111, 113. 
Marsh Tern, 57. 
Marsh Wren, Long-billed, 274. 

Short-billed, 274. 
Martin, Purple, 14, 16, 34, 35, 37, 223-226,227,229. 
Maryland Yellow-throat, 35, 36, 92, 259. 

Western, 259-260. 
Masked Duck, 74. 
Massena Quail or Partridge, 103. 
Maximilian's Jay or Nutcracker, 159. 
Meadowlark, 18, 29, 30, 32, 34, 111, 165-167, 168, 
273. 
Mexican, 167. 
Western, 165, 167-168, 273. 
Megascops asio, 121. 
asio florid anus, 122. 
asio mccalli, 122. 
Melanerpes aurifrons, 132-133. 
carolinus, 34, 132. 

erythrocephalus, 11, 23, 30, 34, 36, 37, 130-132. 
torquatus, 132. 
Meleagris gallopavo, 107-108. 
gallopavo mexicana, 107. 
MelopeUa leucoptera, 110. 

7365— Bull. 2 20 



Melospiza fasciata, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 207-209. 
fasciata montana, 209. 
georgiana, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 206, 208, 210- 

211. 
lincolni, 36, 37, 110, 209-210. 
palustris (=georgiana). 
Merganser americanus, 31, 60-61. 

serrator, 61. 
Merganser, 31, 60-61. 
Hooded, 31, 61. 
Bed-breasted, 61. 
Merlin, Bichardson's, 119. 

Morula migratoria, 11, 18, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 
34, 35, 111, 163, 287-292, 293, 294. 
migratoria propinqua, 292. 
Mexican Cormorant, 59. 
Mexican Crested Flycatcher, 149. 
Mexican Crossbill, 180. 
Mexican Goldfinch, 183. 
Mexican Goshawk, 117. 
Mexican Jacana, 102. 
Mexican Meadowlark, 167. 
Mexican Pitangus, 148. 

Mexican Sparrow, 207. * * 

Mexican Turkey, 107. 
Micropalama himantopus, 92. 
Micropus melanoleucus, 140. 
Milvulus forficatus, 142. 

tyrannus, 142. 
Mimus polyglot tos, 35, 37, 265-266. 
Mississippi Bate, 113. 
Mniotilta varia, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. 
Mockingbird, 35, 37, 265-266. 
Molothrus asneus, 162. 

ater, 15, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 161. 
ater obscurus, 161, 162. 
Morellet's Seed-eater, 220. 
Mountain Plover, 101. 
Mountain Song Sparrow, 209. 
Mourning Dove, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. 
Mourning Warbler, 37, 258. 
Murrelet, Ancient, 54. 
Myadestes townsendii, 206, 282. 
Mycteria americana, 80. 
Myiarchus cinerascens, 149. 
crinitus, 36, 148-149. 
lawrenceii, 149. 
mexicanus, 149. 
Myiozetetes texensis, 148. 
Myrtle Warbler, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. 
Nashville Warbler, 36, 37, 241-242. 
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 192, 
Night-hawk, 15,36,37,137-138. 
Texas, 139. 
Western, 138. 
Night Heron. Black-crowned, 34, 36, 84. 

Yellow-crowned, 84. 
Noddy Tern, 58. 
Nomonyx dominicus, 74. 
Nonpareil, 161, 219-220. 
Northern Hairy Woodpecker, 128. 
Northern Phalarope, 89. 
Northern Sharp-tailed Grouse, 106. 
Northern Shrike, Great, 232. 
Northern Waxwing, 26, 231. 
Numenius borealis, 98. 



306 



Numenius hudsonicus, 98. 

longirostris, 97-98. 
Nutcracker, Clarke's, 159. 

Maximilian's, 159. 
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 276. 

Pygmy, 276. 

Red-bellied, 36, 276. 

Slender-billed, 276. 

White-bellied, 48, 276. 
Nyctala acadica, 121. 

tengmalmi richardsoni, 121. 
Nyctea nyctea, 123. 
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 34, 36, 84. 

violaceus, 84. 
Nyctidromus albicollis, 137. 
Oidemia americana, 73. 

deglandi, 73. 

perspicillata, 73. 
Old-squaw, 73. 

Olive backed Thrush, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285-286. 
Olive-sided Flycatcher, 152. 
Olive Warbler, 244. 
Olor buccinator, 79. 

coluinbianus, 79. 
Orange-crowned Warbler, 36, 242. 
Orchard Oriole, 23, 35, 36, 161, 168-170. 
Oregon Junco, 206. 
Oriole, Audubon's, 168. 

Baltimore, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 37, 170-171. 

Bullock's, 171-172. 

Hooded, 168. 

Orchard, 23, 35, 36, 161, 168-170. 
Ornithion imberbe, 155. 
Oroscoptes montanus, 265. 
Ortalis vetula maccalli, 108. 
Osprey, 120-121. 
Otocoris alpestris, 155. 

alpestris arenicola, 156. 
alpestris giraudi, 156. 
alpestris lencolsema, 156. 
alpestris praticola, 156, 185. 
Ouzel, Water, 264. 
Oven-bird, 35, 255-256. 
Owl, Acadian, 121. * 

Arctic Horned, 122. 

Bam, 121. 

Barred, 121. 

Burrowing, 123-124. 

Ferruginous Pygmy, 124. 

Florida Barred, 121. 

Florida Screech, 122. 

Great Gray, 121. 

Great Horned, 122. 

Hawk, 123. 

Long-eared, 121. 

Richardson's, 121. 

Saw-whet, 121. 

Screech, 121. 

Short-eared, 121. 

Snowy, 123. 

Texas Screech, 122. 

Western Horned, 122. 
Oyster-catcher, 101. 
Painted Bunting, 161, 219-220. 
Painted Redstart, 263. 
Pallid Horned Lark, 156. 



Palm Warbler, 35, 36, 254-255. 

Yellow, 255. 
Pandion haliastus carolinensis, 120-121. 
Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi, 114. 
Parasitic Jaeger, 55. 
Parauque, 137. 
Parkman's Wren, 272-273. 
Paroquet or Parakeet, Carolina, 124. 
Parrot, Carolina, 124. 

Thick-billed, 124. 
Partridge, Chestnut-bellied Scaled, 103. 

Gambel's, 103. 

Massena, 103. 

Scaled, 102-103. 

Spruce, 103. 

Virginia, 102. 
Parula Warbler, 35, 36, 243. 244. 
Parus atricapillus, 33, 277-278. 

atricapillus septentrionalis, 278. 
atricristatus. 277. 
atricristatus castaneifrons, 277. 

bicolor, 34. 277. 
bicolor texensis, 277. 

carolinensis, 278. 
hudsonicus, 278. 
wollweberi, 277. 
Passenger Pigeon, 108. 
Passer domesticus, 34, 184. 

montanus, 184. 
Passerella iliaca, 27, 28, 33. 34, 35. 211-212. 

iliaca schistacea. 212. 
Passerina annena, 219. 
ciris, 161, 219-220, 
cyanea, 23, 35, 36, 218-219. 
versicolor, 219. 
Pectoral Sandpiper, 30, 34, 92-93. 
Pediocrctes phasianellus, 106. 

phasianellus campestris, 106. 
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 35, 60. 

fuscus, 60. 
Pelican, Brown, 60. 

White, 35, 60. 
Peregrine Falcon, 119. 
Perisoreus canadensis, 158. 
Petrochelidon lunifrons, 15, 35, 36, 227-228. 
Peucaea aestivalis bachinanii, 207. 

cassini, 207. 

mexicana, 207. 

ruficeps boucardi, 207. 

ruficeps eremoeca, 207. 
Pewee, 30, 34, 149-151, 175, 206. 

Western Wood, 152, 153. 

Wood, 36, 37, 152-153, 154. 
Phainopepla nitens, 232. 
Phainopepla, 232. 
Phalacrocorax dilophus, 34, 35, 37, 59. 

dilophus floridanus, 59. 

mexicanus, 59. 
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, 136-137 

nuttalli nitidus, 137. 
Phalarope, Northern, 89. 

Red, 89. 

Wilson's, 89. 
Phalaropus lobatus, 89. 

tricolor, 89. 
Philadelphia Vireo, 234. 



307 



Philohela minor, 90. 

Phoebe, 30,34, 149-151, 175, 206. 

Black, 152. 

Say's, 151. 
Phcenicopterus ruber, 80. 
Pica pica hudsonica, 26, 157. 
Picicorvus columbianus, 159. 
Picoicles arcticus, 129. 
Pied-billed Grebe, 54. 
Pigeon, Passenger, 108. 

Red-billed, 108. 

Wild, 108. 
Pigeon Hawk, 119. 
Pileated Woodpecker, 130. 
Pine-creeping Warbler, 35, 36, 254. 
Pine Finch or Linnet, 183-184. 
Pine Goldfinch, 183-184. 
Pine Grosbeak, 178-179, 288. 
Pine Siskin, 183-184. 
Pine Warbler, 35, 36, 254. 
Pinicola enucleator, 178-179, 288. 
Pinnated Grouse, 104-106. 
Pifion Jay, 159. 
Pintail, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. 
Pipilo chlorurus, 215. 

erythrophthalmus, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 212-214, 
215. 

fuscus mesoleucus, 215, 245. 

maculatus arcticus, 214-215. 
Piping Plover, Belted, 101. 
Pipit, 263-264. 

S prague's, 264. 
Piranga erythromelas, 36, 37, 222-223. 

ludoviciana, 222. 

rubra, 15, 37, 223. 
Pitangus derbianus, 148. 
Plectrophenax nivalis, 33, 184-185. 
Plegadis autumnalis, 80. 

guarauna, 80. 
Plover, Belted Piping, 101. 

Black-bellied, 98-99. 

Field, 30, 34, 96-97. 

Golden, 99. 

Killdeer, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 99-101, 111, 294. 

Mountain, 101. 

Semipalmated, 101. 

Snowy, 101. 

"Upland, 30, 34, 96-97. 

Wilson's, 101. 
Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, 282. 
Podilymbus podiceps, 54. 
Polioptila caerulea, 35, 233, 281-282. 

plumbea, 282. 
Polyborus cheriway, 120. 
Pomarine Jaeger, 55. 
Poocsetes gramineus, 30, 31, 34, 187-188. 

gramineus confinis, 187, 188. 
Poor-will, 136-137. 

Frosted, 137. 
Porzana Carolina, 87. 

jamaicensis, 88. 

noveboracensis, 30, 34, 88. 
Prairie Chicken, 104-106. 
Prairie Falcon, 118. 
Prairie Hen, 104-106. 

Lesser, 106. 



Prairie Horned Lark, 156, 185. 

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse, 106. 

Prairie Warbler, 255. 

Progne subis, 14, 16, 34, 35, 37, 223-226, 227, 229. 

Prothonotary Warbler, 35, 238-239. 

Protonotaria citrea, 35, 238-239. 

Psaltriparus plumbeus, 278. 

Ptarmigan, Willow, 104. 

Purple Finch, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 179-180. 

Cassin's, 180. 
Purple Gallinule, 88. 

Purple Grackle, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 158, 174-177. 
Purple Martin, 14, 16, 34, 35, 37, 223-226, 227, 229. 
Purple Sandpiper, 92. 
Pygmy Nuthatch, 276. 
Pygmy Owl, Ferruginous, 124. 
Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus, 155. 
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 216. 

sinuata beckhami, 216. 
Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 216. 
Quail, 102. 

Blue, 102. 

Gambel's, 103. 

Massena, 103. 

Texas, 102. 

Virginia, 102. 
Quiscalus macrourus, 177. 

major, 174, 177. 

quiscula, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 158, 174-177. 

quiscula seneus, 174-177. 

quiscula aglaeus, 174. 
Rail, Black, 88. 

Carolina, 87. 

Clapper, 86-87. 

King, 86. 

Little Black, 88; 

Louisiana Clapper, 87. 

Virginia, 87. 

Yellow, 30, 34, 88. 
Rallus elegans, 86. 

longirostris crepitans, 86-87. 

longirostris saturatus, 87. 

virginianu3, 87. 
Raven, 31, 158. 

White-necked, 158. 
Eecurvirostra americana, 90. 
Eed-backed Junco, 206. 
Eed-backed Sandpiper, 93-94. 
Bed-bellied Nuthatch, 36, 276. 
Red-bellied Redstart, 263. 
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 34, 132. 
Red-billed Pigeon, 108. 
Redbird, Summer, 15, 37, 223. 
Red-breasted Merganser, 61. 
Red-breasted Sheldrake, 61. 
Red-breasted Snipe, 92. 
Red-cockaded Woodpecker, 128-129. 
Red Crossbill, 180, 181. 
Reddish Egret or Heron, 83. 
Red-eyed Vireo, 35, 36, 37, 233-234. 
Red-faced Warbler, 263. 
Redhead (Duck), 31, 32, 70. 
Red-headed Woodpecker, 11, 23, 30, 34, 36, 37, 130- 

132. 
Red naped Sapsucker, 130, 206. 
Red-necked Grebe, 53. 



308 



Red Phalarope, 89. 
Redpoll, Common, 181. 
Greater, 182. 
Hoary, 181. 
Holbcell's, 181. 
Red-poll Warbler, 35, 36, 254-255. 
Red-shafted Flicker, 133, 134-135. 
Red-shouldered Blackbird, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 

35,37,111,161,163-165. 
Red-shouldered Hawk, 26, 27, 115-116. 
Redstart, 35, 36, 37, 262-263. 
Painted, 263. 
Red-bellied, 263. 
Red-tailed Hawk, 26, 27, 33, 111, 114-115. 

Western, 115. 
Red-throated Diver or Loon, 54. 
Red Warbler, 263. 
Red-winged Blackbird, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 3«, 34, 35, 

37, 111, 161, 163-165. 
Regulus calendula, 34, 35, 279-281. 

satrapa, 34, 279. 
Rhynchophanes mccownii, 186, 187. 
Rbynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 124. 
Richardson's Falcon or Merlin, 119. 
Richardson's Owl, 121. 
Rieffer's Hummingbird, 141. 
Ring-billed Gull, 56, 111. 
Ring-necked Duck, 71-72. 
Ring-necked Plover, 101. 
Rissa tridactyla, 55. 
Road-runner, 124-125. 

Robin, 11, 18, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 111, 163, 
287-292, 293, 294. 
Western, 292. 
Robin Snipe, 92. 
Rock Sparrow, 207. 
Rock Wren, 270. 

Rocky Mountain Bluebird, 294-295. 
Rocky Mountain Hermit Thrush, 286. 
Roseate Spoonbill, 80. 

Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 23, 35, 36, 37, 216-217. 
Rough-legged Hawk or Buzzard, 117. 

Ferruginous, 117. 
Rough-winged Swallow, 35, 230-231. 
Royal Tern, 57. 

Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 34, 35, 279-281. 
Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 15, 36, 140-141. 
Ruddy Duck, 29, 33, 74. 
Ruffed Grouse, 103. 
Canadian, 103. 
Gray, 104. 
Rusty Blackbird, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. 
Rusty Grackle, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. 
Rynchops nigra, 58. 
Sabine's Gull, 57. 
Sage Cock or Hen, 107. 
Sage Sparrow, 206. 
Sage Trasher, 265. 
Saint Domingo Grebe, 53. 
Salpinctes obsoletus, 270. 
Sanderling, 94. 
Sandhill Crane, 29, 85. 
Sandpiper, Bartramian, 30, 34, 96-97. 
Baird's, 93. 
Buff-breasted, 97. 
Least, 93. 



Sandpiper, Pectoral, 30, 34, 92^93. 
Purple, 92. 
Red-backed, 93-94. 
Semipalmated, 94. 
Spotted, 97. 
Solitary, 36, 37, 95-96. 
Stilt, 92. 
Western, 94. 
White-rumped, 93. 
Sapsucker, Black-breasted, 130. 

Red-naped, 130, 206. 

Williamson's, 130. 

Yellow-bellied, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. 
Savanna Sparrow, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 188-189. 

Western, 188, 189. 
Saw-whet Owl, 121. 
Say's Phoebe, 151. 
Sayornis phcebe, 30, 34, 149-151, 175, 206. 

nigricans, 152. 

saya, 151. 
Scaled Partridge, 102. 
Scardafella inca, 110. 
Scarlet Ibis, 80. 

Scarlet Tanager, 36, 37, 222-223. 
Scaup Duck, 31, 71. 

Lesser or Little, 31, 71. 
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 142. 
Scolecophagus carolinus, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. 

cyanocephalus, 111, 172, 173-174, 176. 
Scoter, 73. 

American, 73. 

Surf, 73. 

White- winged, 73. 
Scotiaptex (=TTlula) cinerea, 121. 
Screech Owl, 121 

Florida, 122. 

Texas, 122. 
Seaside Sparrow or Finch, 192. 
Seed eater, Morellet's, 220. 
Seiurus aurocapillus, 35, 255-256. 

motacilla, 34, 257. 

noveboracensis, 35, 36, 37, 256. 

noveboracensis notabilis, 256-257. 
Semipalmated Plover, 101. 
Semipalmated Sandpiper, 94. 
Sennett's Warbler, 244. 
Setophaga miniata, 263. 

picta, 263. 

ruticilla, 35, 36, 37, 262-263. 
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 114. 
Sharp-tailed Finch or Sparrow, 192. 

Kelson's, 192. 
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 106. 

Northern, 106. 

Prairie, 106. 
Sheldrake, 31, 60-61. 

Red-breasted, 61. 
Shore Lark, 155. 
Short-billed Marsh Wren, 274. 
Short-eared Owl, 121. 
Shoveller, 31, 36, 68. 
Shrike. Great Northern, 232. 

Loggerhead. 27, 30, 33, 232-233. 

White-rumped, 232-233. 
Sialia arctica, 292, 294-295. 

mexicana, 294, 295. 



309 



Sialia sialis, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 292-294, 

295. 
Sickle-billed curlew, 97. 
Sitta canadensis, 36, 276. 

carolinensis, 48. 276. 

carolinensis aculeata, 276. 

pusilla, 276. 

pygniasa, 276. 
Siskin, Pine, 183-184. 
Skimmer, Black, 58. 
Slate-colored Snowbird or Junco, 32, 34, 35, 198,203- 

206. 
Slate-colored Sparrow, 212. 
Slender-billed Nuthatch, 276. 
Small-billed Water-Thrush, 35, 36, 37, 256. 
Smith's Longspur, 185-186. 
Snake Bird, 59. 
Snipe, Jack, 30, 34. 92-93. 

Red-breasted, 92. 

Robin, 92. 

Wilson's, 11, 29, 30, 34, 35, 90-92. 
Snowbird, Slate-colored (=Junco). 
Snow Bunting, 33, 184-185. 
Snowflake, 33, 184-185. 
Snow Goose. Greater. 75. 

Lesser, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74-75. 
Snowy Heron, 83. 
Snowy Owl, 123. 
Snow Plover, 101. 
Solitaire, Townsend's 206, 282. 
Solitary Sandpiper, 36, 37, 95-96. 
Solitary Tattler, 36, 37, 95-96. 
Solitary Yireo, 235-236. 
Somateria dresseri, 73. 

spectabilis, 73. 
Song Sparrow, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 207-209. 

Mountain, 209. 
Sooty Tern, 58. 
Sora, 87. 

Southern Hairy Woodpecker, 128. 
Sparrow, Bachman's, 207. 

Baird's, 189-190. 

Black-chinned, 203. 

Black-throated, 206. 

Boucard's, 207. 

Brewer's, 201-202. 

Ca.ssin's, 207. 

Chadbourne's, 202-203. 

Chipping, 30, 34, 35, 200, 233. 

Clay-colored, 201. 

English, 34, 184. 

European House, 34, 184. 

European Tree, 184. 

Field, 28, 30, 33, 34, 202. 

Fox, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 211-212. 

Golden-crowned, 196. 

Grasshopper, 36, 190. 

Harris's, 27, 32, 193-195. 

Henslow's, 191. 

Intermediate, 196. 

Ipswich, 188. 

Lark, 35, 192-193. 

Le Conte's, 191-192. 

Lincoln's, 36, 37, 110, 209-210. 

Mexican, 207. 



Sparrow. Mountain Song, 209. 

Nelson's Sharp-tailed, 192. 

Pock, 207. 

Sage, 206. 

Savanna, 31, 32, 34. 35, 36, 188-189. 

Seaside, 192. 

Sharp-tailed, 192. 

Slate-colored, 212. 

Song, 27, 28. 30, 33, 34, 35, 207-209. 

Swamp, 28, 30„33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 206, 208, 210-211. 

Texas, 212. 

Tree, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 182, 198-199. 

Vesper. 30, 31, 34, 187-188. 

Western Chipping, 200-201, 233. 

Western Grasshopper, 191. 

Western Lark, 193. 

Western Savanna, 188, 189. 

Western Tree, 199-200. 

AVestern Vesper, 187, 188. 

White-crowned, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 37, 
195-196. 

White-throated, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 
196-198. 

Yellow- winged, 36, 190. 
Sparrow Hawk, 29, 33, 34, 111, 119-120. 
Spatula clypeata, 31, 36, 68. 
Speotyto cunicalaria hypoga?a, 123. 
Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 130. 

varius, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. 

varius nuchalis, 130, 206. 
Spinus pinus, 183-184. 

psaltria, 183. 

psaltria arizonae, 183. 

psaltria mexicanus, 183. 

tristis, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. 
Spiza americana, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. 
Spizella arenacea, 202-203. 

atrigularis, 203. 

breweri, 201-202. 

monticola, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 182, 198-199. 

monticola ochracea, 199-200. 

pallida, 201. 

pusilla, 28, 30, 33, 34, 202. 

socialis, 30, 34, 35, 200, 233. 

socialis arizonse, 200-201, 233. 
Spoon-bill, Roseate, 80. 
Spoon-billed Duck, 31, 36, 68. 
Sporophila morelleti, 220. 
Spotted Sandpiper, 97. 
Sprague's Lark or Pipit, 264. 
Sprague's Titlark, 264. 
Sprig-tail, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. 
Spruce Partridge or Grouse, 103. 
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 35, 230-231. 
Stephens's Vireo, 206, 237. 
Stercorarius longicaudus, 55. 

parasiticus, 55. 

pomarinus, 55. 
Sterna antillarum, 58. 

forsteri, 57. 

fuliginosa, 58. 

hirundo, 58. 

maxima, 57. 

sandvicensis acuflavida, 57. 

tschegrava, 57. 



310 



Stilt, Black-necked, 90. 
Stilt Sandpiper, 92. 
Strix pratincola, 121. 

Stuinella magna, 18,29,30, 32, 34, 111,165-167,168, 
273. 

magna neglecta, 165, 167-168, 273. 

magna mexicana, 167. 
Sula bassana, 59. 

sula, 58. 
Summer Duck, 69. 
Summer Redbird, 15, 37, 223. 
Summer Tanager, 15. 37, 223. 
Summer Tellowbird, 35, 36, 244-246. 
Surf Scoter, 73. 
Surnia ulula caparoch, 123. 
Swainson's Hawk, 116. 

Swainson's Thrusb, 35, 36, 37, 282. 283, 285-286. 
Swainson's Warbler, 239. 
Swallow, Bank, 36, 230, 231. 

Barn, 36, 37, 227, 228-229. 

Cliff, 15, 35, 36, 227-228. 

Rough- win ed. 35, 230-231. 

Tree, 34, 227, 229-230. 

Violet-green, 230. 

White-bellied, 34, 227, 229-230. 
Swallow-tailed Kite, 112. 
Swamp Sparrow, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 206, 208, 

210-211. 
Swan, Trumpeter, 79. 

Whistling, 79. 
Swift, Chimney, 35, 36, 139-140. 

White-throated, 140. 
Sycamore Warbler, 35, 252-253. 
Sylvania canadensis, 37, 241, 262. 

raitrata, 36, 261. 

pusilla, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. 
Symphemia semipalmata inornata, 96. 
Svnthliboramphus antiquus, 54-55. 
Syrnium nebulosum, 121. 

nebulosum alleni, 121. 
Tachycineta bicolor, 34, 227, 229-230. 

thalassina, 230. 
Tanager, Louisiana, 222. 

Scarlet, 36, 37, 222-223. 

Summer, 15, 37, 223. 
Tantalus loculator, 80. 
Tattler, Solitary, 36, 37, 95-96. 
Teal, Blue-winged, 30, 34, 66-67. 

Cinnamon, 67-68. 

Green-winged, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. 
Tennessee Warbler, 36, 37, 243. 
Tern, Black, 58. 

Cabot's, 57. 

Caspian, 57. 

Common, 58. 

Forster's, 57. 

Gull-billed, 57. 

Least, 58. 

Marsh, 57. 

Noddy, 58. 

Royal, 57. 

Sooty, 58. 

White- winged Black, 58. 
Texas Bewick's Wren, 271-272. 
Texas Bob-white or Quail, 102. 
Texas Cardinal, 216. 



Texas Guan, 108. 

Texas Horned Lark, 156. 

Texas Kingfisher, 127. 

Texas Nighthawk, 139. 

Texas Screech Owl, 122. 

Texas Sparrow, 212. 

Texas Tufted Titmouse, 277. 

Texas Woodpecker, 129. 

Thick-billed Parrot, 124. 

Thistle Bird, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. 

Thrasaetus harpyia, 118. 

Thrasher, Brown, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 146, 147, 268-270. 

Curved-billed, 270. 

Long-billed, 270. 

Sage, 265. 
Three-toed Woodpecker, Arctic, 129. 
Thrush, Alice's, 37, 285. 

Brown, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 146, 147, 268, 269-270. 

Dwarf Hermit, 286. 

Golden-crowned, 35, 255-256. 

Gray-cheeked, 37, 285. 

Grinnell's Water, 256-257. 

Hermit, 35, 36, 212, 282, 283, 286-287. 

Large-billed Water, 34, 257. 

Louisiana Water, 34, 257. 

Olive backed, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285. 

Rocky Mountain Hermit, 286. 

Small-billed Water, 35, 36, 37, 256. 

Swainson's, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285-286. 

Water, 35, 36, 37, 256. 

Willow, 284. 

Wilson's, 36, 37, 283, 284. 

Wood, 35, 36, 37, 282-284. 
Thryothorus bewickii, 30, 32, 34, 271, 272. 

bewickii bairdi, 271-272. 

ludovicianus, 34, 271. 

ludovicianus berlandieri, 271. 
Titlark, 263-264. 

Sprague's, 264. 
Titmouse, Black-capped, 33, 277-278. 

Black-crested, 277. 

Bridled, 277. 

Chestnut-fronted, .277. 

Lead-colored Bush, 278, 279. 

Tex*s Tufted, 277. 

Tufted, 34, 277. 

Yellow-headed, 278-279. 
Totanus fiavipes, 34, 95. 

melanoleucus, 95. 

solitarius, 36, 37, 95-96. 
Towhee, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 212-214, 215. 

Arctic, 214-215. 

Canon, 215, 245. 

Green-tailed, 215. 
Townsend's Solitaire, 206, 282. 
Townsend's Warbler, 254. 
Traill's Flycatcher, 36, 37, 154. 
Tree-duck, Black-bellied, 78-79. 

Fulvous, 79. 
Tree Sparrow, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 182, 198-199. 

European, 184. 

Western, 199-200. 
Tree Swallow, 34, 227, 229-230. 
Trisga alpina pacifica, 93-94. 

bairdii, 93. 

canutus, 92. 



311 



Triii ga fuscicollis, 93. 

maculata, 30, 34, 92-93. 
maritima, 92. 
minutilla, 93. 
Trocbilus alexandri, 141. 
colubris, 15, 36, 140-141. 
heloisa, 141. 
platycercus, 141. 
Troglodytes aedon, 35, 36, 271, 272-273, 274. 
aedon parkmanii, 272, 273. 
liieraalis, 34, 35, 272, 273-274. 
Trogon ambiguus, 126. 
Trogon, Coppery tailed, 126. 
Trumpeter Swan, 79. 
Tryngites subruficollis, 97, 
Tafted Titmouse, 34, 277. 

Texas, 277. 
Tardus aliciae 37, 285. 
aonalaschkse, 286. 
aonalascbkae auduboni, 286. 
aonalaschkae pallasii, 35, 36, 212, 282, 283, 286- ! 

287. 
fuscescens, 36, 37, 283, 284. 
fuscescens salicicolus, 284. 
mustelinus, 35, 36, 37, 282-284. 
ustulatu? swainsonii, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285 
286. 
Turkey, Mexican, 107. 

Wild, 107-108. 
Turkey Buzzard or Vulture, 29, 33, 110, 175. 
Turnstone, 101. 
Ti'mpanucbus americanus, 104-106. 

pallidicinctus, 106. 
Tyrannus dominicensis, 148. 
melancbolicus coucbi, 148. 
tyrannus, 35, 37, 142-147, 160. 
verticalis, 148. 
vociferans, 148. 
Ulula (Scotiaptex) cinerea, 121. 
Upland Plover, 30, 34, 96-97. 
Frinator arcticus, 54. 
imber, 35, 54. 
lumme, 54. 
Varied Bunting, 219. 
Verdin, 278-279. 
Vermilion Flycatcher, 155. 
Vesper Sparrow, 30, 34, 187-188. 

Western, 187, 188. 
Violet-green Swallow, 230. 
Vireo atricapillus, 236. 

bellii, 35, 36, 37, 161, 233, 237. 
flavifrons, 35, 235. 
.uavoviridis, 234. 
gilvus, 35, 36, 37, 234. 
huttoni stepbensi, 206, 237. 
noveboracensis, 35, 36. 236-237. 
olivaceus, 35, 36, 37, 233-234. 
solitarius, 36, 37, 235-236. 
swainsoni, 234. 
pbiladelpbicus, 234. 
vicinior, 237. 
Vireo, Bell's, 35, 36, 37, 161, 233, 237. 
Black-capped, 236. 
Blue-beaded, 36, 37, 235-236. 
Gray, 237. 
Philadelphia, 234. 



Vireo, Red-eyed, 35, 36, 37, 233-234. 
Solitary, 36, 37, 235-236. 
Stephens's, 206, 237. 
Warbling, 35, 36, 37, 234. 
Western Warbling, 234. 
White-eyed, 35, 36, 236-237. 
Yellow-green, 234. 
Yellow-throated, 35, 235. 
Virginia Partridge or Quail, 102. 
Virginia Bail. 87. 
Vulture, Black, 112. 

Turkey, 29, 33, 110-112, 175. 
Warbler, Audubou's, 248. 
Bachman's, 239-240. 
Bay-breasted, 34, 37, 250-251. 
Bell's, 263. 
Black and White, 35. 36, 237-238, 245. 

Black and Yellow, 30, 37, 248-249. 

Blackburnian, 37, 252. 

Black-capped Flycatching, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. 

Black-capped Yellow, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. 

Black-poll, 36, 37, 251-252, 258. 

Black-throated Blue, 246. 

Black-throated Green, 35, 36, 37, 246, 247, 248, 
253. 

Blue-winged Vellow, 240. 

Blue Yellow-backed, 35, 36, 243-244. 

Brasher's 263. 

Calaveras, 242. 

Canadian, 37, 241, 262. 

Canadian Flycatching, 37, 241, 262. 

Cape May, 244. 

Cerulean, 35, 36, 249. 

Chestnut-sided, 36, 37, 249-250. 

Connecticut, 37,258. 

Golden, 35, 36, 244-246. 

Golden-cheeked, 253. 

Golden-winged, 36, 240-241. 

Hooded, 36, 261. 

Kentucky, 35, 36, 257. 

Kirtland's, 254. 

Macgillivray's, 258-259. 

Magnolia, 36, 37, 248-249. 

Maryland Yellow-throat, 35, 36, 92, 259. 

Mourning, 37, 258. 

Myrtle, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. 

Nashville, 36, 37, 241-242. 

OUve, 244. 

Orange-crowned, 36, 242. 

Palm, 35, 36, 254-255. 

Parula, 35, 36, 243-244. 

Pine, 35, 36, 254. 

Pine-creeping, 35, 36, 254. 

Prairie, 255. 

Prothonotary, 35, 238-239. 

Bed, 263. 

Bed-faced, 263. 

Bed-poll, 35, 36, 254-255. 

Sennett's, 244. 

Swainson's, 239. 

Sycamore, 35, 252-253. 

Tennessee, 36, 37, 243. 

Townsend's, 254. 

Western Maryland Yellow -throat, 259-260. 

Wilson's, 36, 37, 261-262. 

White-browed Yellow-throated, 35, 252-253. 



312 



"Warbler, Worm-eating, 36, 239. 

Yellow, 35, 36, 244-246. 

Yellow Palm, 255. 

Yellow Red-poll, 255. 

Yellow-rumped, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. 

Yellow-throated, 252. 
Warbling Yireo, 35, 36, 37, 234. 

Western, 234. 
Water Ouzel, 264. 
Water-thrush, 35, 36, 37,256. 

Grinnell's, 256-257. 

Large-billed, 34, 257. 

Louisiana, 34, 257. 

Small-billed, 35, 36, 37, 256. 
Waxwing, Bohemian, 26, 231. 

Cedar, 26, 231-232. 

Northern, 231. 
Western Bluebird, 294-295. 
Western Bobolink, 160. 
Western Chipping Sparrow, 200-201, 233. 
Western Grass Finch, 187-188. 
Western Grebe, 53. 
Western Goshawk, 114. 
Western Grasshopper Sparrow, 191. 
Western Horned Owl, 122. 
Western House Wren, 272, 273. 
Western Kingbird, 148. 
Western Lark Finch, 193. 
Western Maryland Yellow-throat, 259-260. 
Western Meadowlark, 165, 167-168, 273. 
Western Nightbawk, 138. 
Western Red-tailed Hawk, 115. 
Western Robin, 292. 
Western Sandpiper, 94. 
Western Savanna Sparrow, 188, 189. 
Western Tree Sparrow, 199-200. 
Western Vesper Sparrow, 187-188. 
Western Warbling Yireo, 234. 
Western Willet, 96. 
Western Wood Pewee, 152, 153. 
Whip-poor-will, 25, 135-136, 146, 147. 
Whistler (Duck), 31,72. 
Whistling Swan, 79. 
White-bellied Nuthatch, 48, 276. 
White-bellied Swallow, 34, 227, 229-230. 
White-browed Yellow-throated Warbler, 35, 252- 

253. 
White-crowned Sparrow, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 

37, 195-196. 
White-eyed Vireo, 35, 36, 236-237. 
White-faced Glossy Ibis, 80. 
White-fronted Dove, 110. 
White-fronted Goose, 75. 
White Heron, 82. 
White Ibis, 80. 
White-necked Raven, 158. 
White Pelican, 60. 
Whiterumped Sandpiper, 93. 
White-rumped Shrike, 232, 233. 
White-tailed Hawk, 116. 
White-tailed Kite, 113. 
White-throated Horned Lark, 156. 
White-throated Sparrow, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 

37, 196-198. 
White-throated Swift, 140. 
White-throated Wren, 270. 



White-winged Black Tern, 58. 
White-winged Crossbill, 181. 
White-winged Dove, 110. 
White-winged Junco, 203. 
White- winged Scoter, 73. 
Whooping Crane, 84-85. 
Widgeon, 31, 34, 66. 
Wild Pigeon, 108. 
Wild Turkey, 107. 

Mexican, 107-108. 
Willet, 96. 

Western. 96. 
Williamson's Woodpecker or Sapsucker, 130. 
Willow Grouse or Ptarmigan, 104. 
Willow Thrush, 284. 
Wilson's Phalarope, 89. 
Wilson's Plover, 101. 
Wilson's Snipe, 11. 29, 30, 34, 35, 90-92. 
Wilson's Thrush, 36, 37, 283, 284. 
Wilson's Flycatching Warbler, 36, 37, 245, 261- 

262. 
Winter Wren, 34, 35, 272, 273-274. 
Woodcock, 90. 
Wood Duck, 69-70. 
Woodhouse's Jay, 157. 
Wood Ibis, €0. 
Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 129. 

Black- breasted, 130. 

Downy, 128. 

Gairdner's, 128. 

Golden-fronted, 132-133. 

Golden-winged, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. 

Hairy, 128. 

Harris's, 128. 

Ivory-billed, 127-128. 

Lewis's, 132. 

Northern Hairy, 128. 

Pileated, 130. 

Red-bellied, 34, 132. 

Red-coekaded. 128. 

Red-headed, 11, 23, 30, 34, 36, 37, 130-132. 

Rednaped, 130, 206. 

Southern Hairy, 128. 

Texas, 129. 

Williamson's, 130. 

Yellow-bellied, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. 
Wood Pewee, 36, 37, 152-153, 154. 

Western, 152, 153. 
Wood Thrush, 35. 36, 37, 282-284. 
Worm-eating Warbler, 36, 239. 
Wren, Baird's, 271-272. 

Bewick's, 30, 32, 34, 271, 272. 

Berlandier's, 271. 

Cactus, 270. 

Canon, 270-271. 

Carolina, 34, 271. 

House, 35, 36, 271, 272-273, 274. 

Long-billed Marsh, 274. 

Parkman's, 272, 273. 

Rock, 270. 

Short-billed Marsh, 274. 

Texas Bewick's, 271-272. 

Western House, 272, 273. 

White-throated, 270. 

Winter, 34, 35, 272, 273-274. 
Wright's Flycatcher, 155. 



313 



Wiedemann's Heron, 81. 
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. 162-163. 
Xanthoma luxuosa, 157. 
Xema sabinii, 57. 
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 36, 153. 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. 
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. 
Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 36, 125-126. 
Yellowbird, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. 

Summer, 35, 36, 244-246. 
Yellow-breasted Cbat, 35, 36, 37, 260. 
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, 84. 
Yellow-green Yireo, 234. 
Yellow-beaded Blackbird, 162-163. 
Yellow-headed Tit, 278-279. 
Yellow-legs, 34, 95. 

Greater, 95. 

Lesser, 34, 95. 
Yellow Palm Warbler, 255. 



Yellow Rail, 30, 34, 88. 
Yellow Red-poll Warbler, 255. 
Yellow-rumped Warbler, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. 
Yellow-shafted Flicker, 29, 34, 133-134, 135. 
Yellow-throat, Maryland, 35, 36, 92, 259. 
Yellow-throated Yireo, 35, 235 
Yellow-throated Warbler, 252. 

White-browed, 35, 252-253. 
Yellow Warbler, 35, 36, 244-246. 
Yellow-winged Sparrow, 36,190. 
Zenaidura macronra, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. 
Zone-tailed Hawk. 116. 

Zonotrichia albicollis, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 
196-198. 

coronata, 196. 

intermedia, 196. 

leucophrys, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 195- 
196. 

querula, 27, 32, 193-195. 



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